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ISO 15919

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Template:Short description Template:Use British English Oxford spelling Template:Use dmy dates ISO 15919 is an international standard for the romanization of Indic scripts. Published in 2001, it is part of a series of romanization standards by the International Organization for Standardization.

OverviewEdit

ISO 15919 transliterations
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ISO 		Devanagari Nastaliq Bengali Gurmukhi Gujarati Odia Tamil Telugu Malayalam Kannada Kaithi Sinhala Tibetan Thai
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Relation to other systemsEdit

ISO 15919 is an international standard for the romanization of many Brahmic scripts, which was agreed upon in 2001 by a network of the national standards institutes of 157 countries.Template:Cn However, the Hunterian transliteration system is the "national system of romanization in India" and a United Nations expert group noted about ISO 15919 that "there is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products."<ref name="ref04xufam">Template:Citation</ref><ref name="ref48luvep">Template:Citation</ref><ref name="ref65puqac">Template:Citation</ref>

Another standard, United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names (UNRSGN), was developed by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and covers many Brahmic scripts.

The ALA-LC romanization was approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association and is a US standard. The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is not a standard (as no specification exists for it) but a convention developed in Europe for the transliteration of Sanskrit rather than the transcription of Brahmic scripts.

As a notable difference, both international standards, ISO 15919 and UNRSGN<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> transliterate anusvara as ṁ, while ALA-LC and IAST use ṃ for it. However, ISO 15919 provides guidance towards disambiguating between various anusvara situations (such as labial versus dental nasalizations), which is described in the table below.

Comparison with UNRSGN and IASTEdit

The table below shows the differences between ISO 15919, UNRSGN<ref name=":0" /> and IAST for Devanagari transliteration.

Devanagari ISO 15919 UNRSGN IAST Comment
lang}} Template:Translit e Template:IAST To distinguish between long and short 'e' in Dravidian languages, 'e' now represents {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (short). The use of Template:Translit is considered optional in ISO 15919, and using Template:Translit for {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (long) is acceptable for languages that do not distinguish long and short e.
lang}} Template:Translit o Template:IAST lang}} (short). The use of Template:Translit is considered optional in ISO 15919, and using Template:Translit for {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (long) is acceptable for languages that do not distinguish long and short o.
lang}} Template:Translit ṛ Template:IAST lang}}.
lang}} Template:Translit ṝ Template:IAST For consistency with r̥
lang}} Template:Translit l̤ Template:IAST lang}}.
lang}} Template:Translit l̤̄ Template:IAST For consistency with l̥
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Translit ṁ Template:IAST ISO 15919 has two options about anusvāra. (1) In the simplified nasalization option, an anusvāra is always transliterated as ṁ. (2) In the strict nasalization option, anusvāra before a class consonant is transliterated as the class nasal—ṅ before k, kh, g, gh, ṅ; ñ before c, ch, j, jh, ñ; ṇ before ṭ, ṭh, ḍ, ḍh, ṇ; n before t, th, d, dh, n; m before p, ph, b, bh, m. ṃ is sometimes used to specifically represent the Gurmukhi tippi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.
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lang}} Template:Translit Template:IAST Vowel nasalization is transliterated as a tilde above the transliterated vowel (over the second vowel in the case of a digraph such as aĩ, aũ), except in Sanskrit.

Font supportEdit

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Only certain fonts support all Latin Unicode characters for the transliteration of Indic scripts according to this standard. For example, Tahoma supports almost all the characters needed. Arial and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later also support most Latin Extended Additional characters like ḍ, ḥ, ḷ, ḻ, ṁ, ṅ, ṇ, ṛ, ṣ and ṭ.

There is no standard keyboard layout for ISO 15919 input but many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method.

See alsoEdit

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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