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ANSI C

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ANSI C, ISO C, and Standard C are successive standards for the C programming language published by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 14 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Historically, the names referred specifically to the original and best-supported version of the standard (known as C89 or C90). Software developers writing in C are encouraged to conform to the standards, as doing so helps portability between compilers.

History and outlookEdit

The first standard for C was published by ANSI. Although this document was subsequently adopted by ISO/IEC and subsequent revisions published by ISO/IEC have been adopted by ANSI, "ANSI C" is still used to refer to the standard.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> While some software developers use the term ISO C, others are standards-body neutral and use Standard C.

Informal specification: K&R C (C78)Edit

Template:Main article Informal specification in 1978 (Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie book The C Programming Language).

Standardizing CEdit

In 1983, the American National Standards Institute formed a committee, X3J11, to establish a standard specification of C. In 1985, the first Standard Draft was released, sometimes referred to as C85. In 1986, another Draft Standard was released, sometimes referred to as C86. The prerelease Standard C was published in 1988, and sometimes referred to as C88.<ref name=PCMag-198809-pp116p117>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

C89Edit

The ANSI standard was completed in 1989 and ratified as ANSI X3.159-1989 "Programming Language C." This version of the language is often referred to as "ANSI C". Later on sometimes the label "C89" is used to distinguish it from C90 but using the same labeling method.

C90Edit

The same standard as C89 was ratified by ISO/IEC as ISO/IEC 9899:1990, with only formatting changes,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which is sometimes referred to as C90. Therefore, the terms "C89" and "C90" refer to a language that is virtually identical.

This standard has been withdrawn by both ANSI/INCITS<ref name="ref1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and ISO/IEC.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

C95Edit

In 1995, the ISO/IEC published an extension, called Amendment 1, for the C standard. Its full name finally was ISO/IEC 9899:1990/AMD1:1995 or nicknamed C95. Aside from error correction there were further changes to the language capabilities,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> such as:

  • Improved multi-byte and wide character support in the standard library, introducing <wchar.h> and <wctype.h> as well as multi-byte I/O
  • Addition of digraphs to the language
  • Specification of standard macros for the alternative specification of operators, e.g. and for &&
  • Specification of the standard macro __STDC_VERSION__

In addition to the amendment, two technical corrigenda were published by ISO for C90:

  • ISO/IEC 9899:1990/Cor 1:1994 TCOR1 in 1994<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • ISO/IEC 9899:1990/Cor 2:1996 in 1996<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Preprocessor test for C95 compatibilityEdit

<syntaxhighlight lang="c">

  1. if defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199409L

/* C95 compatible source code. */

  1. elif defined(__STDC__)

/* C89 compatible source code. */

  1. endif

</syntaxhighlight>

C99Edit

Template:Main article In March 2000, ANSI adopted the ISO/IEC 9899:1999 standard.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This standard is commonly referred to as C99. Some notable additions to the previous standard include:

Three technical corrigenda were published by ISO for C99:

  • ISO/IEC 9899:1999/Cor 1:2001(E)
  • ISO/IEC 9899:1999/Cor 2:2004(E)
  • ISO/IEC 9899:1999/Cor 3:2007(E), notable for deprecating the standard library function gets

This standard has been withdrawn by both ANSI/INCITS<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and ISO/IEC<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in favour of C11.

C11Edit

Template:Main article C11 was officially ratified and published on December 8, 2011. Notable features include improved Unicode support, type-generic expressions using the new _Generic keyword, a cross-platform multi-threading API (threads.h), and atomic types support in both core language and the library (stdatomic.h).

One technical corrigendum has been published by ISO for C11:

  • ISO/IEC 9899:2011/Cor 1:2012<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

C17Edit

Template:Main article C17 was published in June 2018.<ref name="ISO2018">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Rather than introducing new language features, it only addresses defects in C11.<ref name="iso-9899info">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

C23Edit

Template:Main article C23 was published in October 2024, and is the current standard for the C programming language.<ref name="ISO2024">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Other related ISO publicationsEdit

As part of the standardization process, ISO/IEC also publishes technical reports and specifications related to the C language:

  • ISO/IEC TR 19769:2004,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> on library extensions to support Unicode transformation formats, integrated into C11

  • ISO/IEC TR 24731-1:2007,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> on library extensions to support bounds-checked interfaces, integrated into C11

  • ISO/IEC TR 18037:2008,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> on embedded C extensions

  • ISO/IEC TR 24732:2009,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> on decimal floating point arithmetic, superseded by ISO/IEC TS 18661-2:2015

  • ISO/IEC TR 24747:2009,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> on special mathematical functions,

  • ISO/IEC TR 24731-2:2010,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> on library extensions to support dynamic allocation functions

  • ISO/IEC TS 17961:2013,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> on secure coding in C

  • ISO/IEC TS 18661-1:2014,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> on IEC 60559:2011-compatible binary floating-point arithmetic

  • ISO/IEC TS 18661-2:2015,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> on IEC 60559:2011-compatible decimal floating point arithmetic

  • ISO/IEC TS 18661-3:2015,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> on IEC 60559:2011-compatible interchange and extended floating-point types

  • ISO/IEC TS 18661-4:2015,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> on IEC 60559:2011-compatible supplementary functions More technical specifications are in development and pending approval, including the fifth and final part of TS 18661, a software transactional memory specification, and parallel library extensions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Support from major compilersEdit

ANSI C is supported by almost all the widely used compilers. GCC and Clang are two major C compilers popular today, both based on the C11 with updates including changes from later specifications such as C17.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Any source code written only in standard C and without any hardware dependent assumptions is virtually guaranteed to compile correctly on any platform with a conforming C implementation. Without such precautions, most programs may compile only on a certain platform or with a particular compiler, due, for example, to the use of non-standard libraries, such as GUI libraries, or to the reliance on compiler- or platform-specific attributes such as the exact size of certain data types and byte endianness.

Compliance detectabilityEdit

To mitigate the differences between K&R C and the ANSI C standard, the __STDC__ ("standard c") macro can be used to split code into ANSI and K&R sections.

<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> 

#if defined(__STDC__) && __STDC__
extern int getopt(int, char * const *, const char *);
#else
extern int getopt();
#endif

</syntaxhighlight>

In the above example, a prototype is used in a function declaration for ANSI compliant implementations, while an obsolescent non-prototype declaration is used otherwise. Those are still ANSI-compliant as of C99. Note how this code checks both definition and evaluation: this is because some implementations may set __STDC__ to zero to indicate non-ANSI compliance.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Compiler supportEdit

List of compilers supporting ANSI C:

  • Acornsoft ANSI C (first version in 1988, revised in 1989)
  • Amsterdam Compiler Kit (C K&R and C89/90)
  • ARM RealView
  • Clang (full C89/C90, partial C99, C11, C17, C23 and C2y), using LLVM backend
  • GCC (full C89/90, C99, C11, partial C17 and some C23 and experimental/incomplete C2y)
  • HP C/ANSI C compiler (C89 and C99)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See alsoEdit

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ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

Further readingEdit

External linksEdit

Template:ISO standards Template:List of International Electrotechnical Commission standards Template:CProLang Template:Authority control

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