Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Infobox character encoding ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998, Information technology—8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets—Part 1: Latin alphabet No. 1, is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 1987. ISO/IEC 8859-1 encodes what it refers to as "Latin alphabet no. 1", consisting of 191 characters from the Latin script. This character-encoding scheme is used throughout the Americas, Western Europe, Oceania, and much of Africa. It is the basis for some popular 8-bit character sets and the first two blocks of characters in Unicode.
Template:As of, 1.1% of all web sites use Template:Nowrap.<ref name="encoding">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is the most declared single-byte character encoding, but as Web browsers and the HTML5 standard<ref name="WHATWG">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> interpret them as the superset Windows-1252, these documents may include characters from that set. Some countries or languages show a higher usage than the global average, in 2025 Brazil according to website use, use is at 2.9%,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and in Germany at 2.3%.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ISO-8859-1 was (according to the standard, at least) the default encoding of documents delivered via HTTP with a MIME type beginning with <syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">text/</syntaxhighlight>, the default encoding of the values of certain descriptive HTTP headers, and defined the repertoire of characters allowed in HTML 3.2 documents. It is specified by many other standards.Template:Examples In practice, the superset encoding Windows-1252 is the more likely effective defaultTemplate:Citation needed and it is increasingly common for UTF-8 to workTemplate:Clarify whether or not a standard specifies it.Template:Citation needed
ISO-8859-1 is the IANA preferred name for this standard when supplemented with the C0 and C1 control codes from ISO/IEC 6429. The following other aliases are registered: iso-ir-100, csISOLatin1, latin1, l1, IBM819, Code page 28591 a.k.a. Windows-28591 is used for it in Windows.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> IBM calls it code page 819 or CP819 (CCSID 819).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref> Oracle calls it WE8ISO8859P1.<ref name="Oracle_2002_ISO8859">Template:Cite book</ref>
CoverageEdit
Template:See also Each character is encoded as a single eight-bit code value. These code values can be used in almost any data interchange system to communicate in the following languages (while it may exclude correct quotation marks such as for many languages including German and Icelandic):
Modern languages with complete coverageEdit
NotesEdit
Languages with incomplete coverageEdit
ISO-8859-1 was commonly usedTemplate:Citation needed for certain languages, even though it lacks characters used by these languages. In most cases, only a few letters are missing or they are rarely used, and they can be replaced with characters that are in ISO-8859-1 using some form of typographic approximation. The following table lists such languages.
| Language | Missing characters | Typical workaround | Supported by |
|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | Ŀ, ŀ (deprecated) | L·, l· | |
| Danish | Ǿ, ǿ (the accent is optional and ǿ is very rare) | Ø, ø or øe | |
| Dutch | IJ, ij (debatable), j́ (in emphasized words like "blíj́f") | digraphs IJ, ij or ÿ; blíjf | |
| Estonian, Finnish | Š, š, Ž, ž (only present in loanwords) | Sh, sh, Zh, zh | ISO-8859-15, Windows-1252 |
| French | Œ, œ, and the very rare Ÿ | digraphs OE, oe; Y or Ý | ISO-8859-15, Windows-1252 |
| German | ẞ (capital ß, used only in all capitals) | digraph SS or SZ | |
| Hungarian | Ő, ő, Ű, ű | Ö, ö, Ü, ü Õ, õ, Û, û (the characters replaced in Template:Nowrap) |
ISO-8859-2, Windows-1250 |
| Irish (traditional orthography) | Ḃ, ḃ, Ċ, ċ, Ḋ, ḋ, Ḟ, ḟ, Ġ, ġ, Ṁ, ṁ, Ṗ, ṗ, Ṡ, ṡ, Ṫ, ṫ | Bh, bh, Ch, ch, Dh, dh, Fh, fh, Gh, gh, Mh, mh, Ph, ph, Sh, sh, Th, th | ISO-8859-14 |
| Maltese | Ċ, ċ, Ġ, ġ, Ħ, ħ, Ż, ż | C, c, G, g, H, h, Z, z | ISO-8859-3 |
| Welsh | Ẁ, ẁ, Ẃ, ẃ, Ŵ, ŵ, Ẅ, ẅ, Ỳ, ỳ, Ŷ, ŷ, Ÿ | W, w, Y, y, Ý, ý | ISO-8859-14 |
The letter ÿ, which appears in French only very rarely, mainly in city names such as L'Haÿ-les-Roses and never at the beginning of words, is included only in lowercase form. The slot corresponding to its uppercase form is occupied by the lowercase letter ß from the German language, which did not have an uppercase form at the time when the standard was created.
Quotation marksEdit
Typographical (6- or 9-shaped) quotation marks are missing, as are any baseline quotation marks used by some of the supported languages. Only <syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">« »</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">" "</syntaxhighlight>, and <syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">' '</syntaxhighlight> are included. Some fonts will display the spacing grave accent (0x60) and the apostrophe (0x27) as a matching pair of oriented single quotation marks (see Template:Section link), but this is not considered part of the modern standard.
Superscript digitsEdit
Only 3 superscript digits have been encoded: ² at 0xB2, ³ at 0xB3, and ¹ at 0xB9, lacking the superscript digit 0 and digits 4–9. Additionally, none of the subscript digits have been encoded. A workaround would be to use rich text formatting for the digits not covered by this standard.
Euro signEdit
The euro sign was first presented to the public on 12 December 1996.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Due to this character set being introduced in 1987, it does not include the euro sign. Later character sets similar to ISO/IEC 8859-1 include a euro sign, such as Windows-1252 and ISO/IEC 8859-15.
HistoryEdit
ISO 8859-1 was based on the Multinational Character Set (MCS) used by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in the popular VT220 terminal in 1983. It was developed within the European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA), and published in March 1985 as ECMA-94,<ref name="ECMA_1985_ECMA94_R1" /> by which name it is still sometimes known. The second edition of ECMA-94 (June 1986)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> also included ISO 8859-2, ISO 8859-3, and ISO 8859-4 as part of the specification.
The original draft of ISO 8859-1 placed French Œ and œ at code points 215 (0xD7) and 247 (0xF7), as in the MCS. However, the delegate from France, being neither a linguist nor a typographer, falsely stated that these are not independent French letters on their own, but mere ligatures (like fi or fl), supported by the delegate team from Bull Publishing Company, who regularly did not print French with Œ/œ in their house style at the time. An anglophone delegate from Canada insisted on retaining Œ/œ but was rebuffed by the French delegate and the team from Bull. These code points were soon filled with × and ÷ under the suggestion of the German delegation. Support for French was further reduced when it was again falsely stated that the letter ÿ is "not French", resulting in the absence of the capital Ÿ. In fact, the letter ÿ is found in a number of French proper names, and the capital letter has been used in dictionaries and encyclopedias.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> These characters were added to ISO/IEC 8859-15:1999. BraSCII matches the original draft.
In 1985, Commodore adopted ECMA-94 for its new AmigaOS operating system.<ref name="Amiga-1251">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Seikosha MP-1300AI impact dot-matrix printer, used with the Amiga 1000, included this encoding.Template:Citation needed
In 1990, the first version of Unicode used the code points of ISO-8859-1 as the first 256 Unicode code points.
In 1992, the IANA registered the character map ISO_8859-1:1987, more commonly known by its preferred MIME name of ISO-8859-1 (note the extra hyphen over ISO 8859-1), a superset of ISO 8859-1, for use on the Internet. This map assigns the C0 and C1 control codes to the unassigned code values thus provides for 256 characters via every possible 8-bit value.
Code page layoutEdit
Similar character setsEdit
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ISO/IEC 8859-15Edit
ISO/IEC 8859-15 was developed in 1999, as an update of ISO/IEC 8859-1. It provides some characters for French and Finnish text and the euro sign, which are missing from ISO/IEC 8859-1. This required the removal of some infrequently used characters from ISO/IEC 8859-1, including fraction symbols and letter-free diacritics: <syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">¤</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">¦</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">¨</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">´</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">¸</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">¼</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">½</syntaxhighlight>, and <syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">¾</syntaxhighlight>. Ironically, three of the newly added characters (<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">Œ</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">œ</syntaxhighlight>, and <syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">Ÿ</syntaxhighlight>) had already been present in DEC's 1983 Multinational Character Set (MCS), the predecessor to ISO/IEC 8859-1 (1987). Since their original code points were now reused for other purposes, the characters had to be reintroduced under different, less logical code points.
ISO-IR-204, a more minor modification (called code page 61235 by FreeDOS),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> had been registered in 1998, altering ISO-8859-1 by replacing the universal currency sign (¤) with the euro sign<ref>Template:Cite iso-ir</ref> (the same substitution made by ISO-8859-15).
Windows-1252Edit
The popular Windows-1252 character set adds all the missing characters provided by ISO/IEC 8859-15, plus a number of typographic symbols, by replacing the rarely used C1 controls in the range 128 to 159 (hex 80 to 9F). It is very common for Windows-1252 text to be mislabelled as ISO-8859-1. A common result was that all the quotes and apostrophes (produced by "smart quotes" in word-processing software) were replaced with question marks or boxes on non-Windows operating systems, making text difficult to read. Many Web browsers and e-mail clients will interpret ISO-8859-1 control codes as Windows-1252 characters, and that behavior was later standardized in HTML5.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Mac RomanEdit
The Apple Macintosh computer introduced a character encoding called Mac Roman in 1984. It was meant to be suitable for Western European desktop publishing. It is a superset of ASCII, and has most of the characters that are in ISO-8859-1 and all the extra characters from Windows-1252, but in a totally different arrangement. The few printable characters that are in ISO/IEC 8859-1, but not in this set, are often a source of trouble when editing text on Web sites using older Macintosh browsers, including the last version of Internet Explorer for Mac.
OtherEdit
DOS has code page 850, which has all printable characters that ISO-8859-1 has, albeit in a totally different arrangement, plus the most widely used graphic characters from code page 437.
Between 1989<ref name="HP82240B_1989"/> and 2015, Hewlett-Packard used another superset of ISO-8859-1 on many of their calculators. This proprietary character set was sometimes referred to simply as "ECMA-94" as well.<ref name="HP82240B_1989">Template:Cite book</ref> HP also has code page 1053, which adds the medium shade (▒, U+2592) at 0x7F.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Several EBCDIC code pages were purposely designed to have the same set of characters as ISO-8859-1, to allow easy conversion between them.
See alsoEdit
- Latin script in Unicode
- Unicode
- Universal Coded Character Set
- UTF-8
- Windows code pages
- ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998
- ISO/IEC FDIS 8859-1:1998 Template:Webarchive — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets, Part 1: Latin alphabet No. 1 (draft dated February 12, 1998, published April 15, 1998)
- Standard ECMA-94: 8-Bit Single Byte Coded Graphic Character Sets — Latin Alphabets No. 1 to No. 4 2nd edition (June 1986)
- ISO-IR 100 Right-Hand Part of Latin Alphabet No.1 (February 1, 1986)
- The Letter Database
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation