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Ibis

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File:N190 w1150.jpg
Ibises illustration, c.1835-1840

The ibis (Template:IPAc-en) (collective plural ibises;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> classical plurals ibides<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="morris"/> and ibes<ref name="morris">Template:Cite book</ref>) are a group of long-legged wading birds in the family Threskiornithidae that inhabit wetlands, forests and plains.<ref name=long>Template:Cite journal</ref> "Ibis" derives from the Latin and Ancient Greek word for this group of birds. It also occurs in the scientific name of the western cattle egret (Ardea ibis) mistakenly identified in 1757 as being the sacred ibis.<ref name=job>Template:Cite book</ref>

DescriptionEdit

Ibises all have long, downcurved bills, and usually feed as a group, probing mud for food items, usually crustaceans. They are monogamous and highly territorial while nesting and feeding.<ref name=long/> Most nest in trees, often with spoonbills or herons. All extant species are capable of flight, but two extinct genera were flightless, namely the kiwi-like Apteribis in the Hawaiian Islands, and the peculiar Xenicibis in Jamaica.<ref name=long/> The word ibis comes from Latin ibis<ref>"ibis". Chambers Dictionary.</ref> from Greek ἶβις ibis from Egyptian hb, hīb.<ref name=":0">Beekes, R. S. P. (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, p. 575. Template:ISBN.</ref>

Species in taxonomic orderEdit

There are 29 extant species and 4 extinct species of ibis.

Image Genus Living species
File:Threskiornis molucca - Perth.jpg Threskiornis Template:Small
File:Indian Black Ibis Pseudibis papillosa by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN2445 (26).jpg Pseudibis Template:Small
File:Hermit Ibis in Vienna Zoo on 2013-05-14.png Geronticus Template:Small
File:Nipponia nippon.jpg Nipponia Template:Small
File:Hadeda Ibis Portrait, crop.jpg Bostrychia Template:Small
File:Wildlife in and around Reserva Laguna Nimez in El Calafate, Argentina - there is some uncertainty here amongst some authorities- is this the Black Faced Ibis (Theristicus melanops) - OR - the (24560030193).jpg Theristicus Template:Small
File:Cercibis oxycerca Tarotaro Sharp-tailed Ibis (6288776691).jpg Cercibis Template:Small
File:Green Ibis (Mesembrinibis cayennensis) (30903118634).jpg Mesembrinibis Template:Small
File:Bare-faced Ibis (Phimosus infuscatus) (28370845522).jpg Phimosus Template:Small
File:American White IbisII.jpg Eudocimus Template:Small
File:Plegadis chihi -California, USA-8.jpg Plegadis Template:Small
File:Lophotibis cristata -Bronx Zoo-8.jpg Lophotibis Template:Small
File:Apteribis sp. (5212794163).jpg † Apteribis Template:Small
  • †A. glenos Olson & Wetmore, 1976 Molokai flightless ibis
  • †A. brevis Olson & James, 1991 Maui flightless ibis

An extinct species, the Jamaican ibis or clubbed-wing ibis (Xenicibis xympithecus) was uniquely characterized by its club-like wings. Extinct ibis species include the following:

EcologyEdit

HabitatEdit

Most ibises are freshwater wetland birds using natural marshes, ponds, lakes, riversides for foraging.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> Some ibis species such as the white-faced ibis,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and black-headed ibis<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> benefit from flooded and irrigated agriculture. The Andean ibis is unusual in being found in high altitude grasslands of South America.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The foraging and nesting behaviour, and fluctuating numbers of the white ibis matches closely with water levels in the Everglades ecosystem leading to its selection as a potential indicator species for the system.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Few ibis species such as the olive ibis and green ibis are also found in dense forests. The Llanos grasslands of Venezuela have the highest global ibis diversity with seven species sharing the marshes and grasslands.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Multiple ibis species manage to use the same area by exhibiting differences in the habitats used and the prey eaten. In Indian agricultural landscapes, three ibis species manage to live together by altering the habitats they use seasonally with the Black-headed Ibises and Glossy preferring shallow wetlands throughout the year, while the endemic Red-naped Ibises preferred upland areas thereby entirely avoiding potential competitive interactions.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

BreedingEdit

Ibises breeding habits are very diverse. Many ibises such as the black-headed Ibis, scarlet ibis, glossy ibis, American white ibis and Australian white ibis breed in large colonies on trees.<ref name=":1" /> Nest trees are located either in large wetlands or in agricultural fields, with many species like the red-naped ibis breeding inside cities.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The Australian white ibis also breeds extensively inside cities and has greatly expanded its population.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The white-faced ibis sometimes nests on dry land and on low shrubs in marshes.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In cultureEdit

The African sacred ibis was an object of religious veneration in ancient Egypt,<ref name=":03">Template:Cite book</ref> particularly associated with the deity Djehuty or otherwise commonly referred to in Greek as Thoth. He is responsible for writing, mathematics, measurement, and time as well as the moon and magic.<ref name=BMA>Template:Cite book</ref> In artworks of the Late Period of Ancient Egypt, Thoth is popularly depicted as an ibis-headed man in the act of writing.<ref name="BMA"/> However, Mitogenomic diversity in sacred ibis mummies indicates that ancient Egyptians captured the birds from the wild rather than farming them.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

At the town of Hermopolis, ibises were reared specifically for sacrificial purposes, and in the Ibis Galleries at Saqqara, archaeologists found the mummies of one and a half million ibises.<ref>Fleming, Furgus; Alan Lothian (1997) The Way to Eternity: Egyptian Myth. Amsterdam: Time-Life Books. pp. 66–67</ref>

According to local legend in the Birecik area, the northern bald ibis was one of the first birds that Noah released from the Ark as a symbol of fertility,<ref name= Shuker>Template:Cite book "Dreams of a feathered Geronticus"</ref> and a lingering religious sentiment in Turkey helped the colonies there to survive long after the demise of the species in Europe.<ref name=aewa6>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The mascot of the University of Miami is an American white ibis named Sebastian. The ibis was selected as the school mascot because of its legendary bravery during hurricanes. According to legend, the ibis is the last of wildlife to take shelter before a hurricane hits and the first to reappear once the storm has passed.<ref>Sebastian the Ibis. Hurricane sports</ref>

Template:Anchor Harvard University's humor magazine, Harvard Lampoon, uses the ibis as its symbol. A copper statue of an ibis is prominently displayed on the roof of the Harvard Lampoon Building at 44 Bow Street.

The short story "The Scarlet Ibis" by James Hurst uses the red bird as foreshadowing for a character's death and as the primary symbol.

The African sacred ibis is the unit symbol of the Israeli Special Forces unit known as Unit 212 or Maglan (Hebrew מגלן).

According to Josephus, Moses used the ibis to help him defeat the Ethiopians.<ref>Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. 2.10.</ref>

The Australian white ibis has become a focus of art, pop culture, and memes since rapidly adapting to city life in recent decades, and has earned the popular nicknames "bin chicken" and "tip turkey".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In December 2017, the ibis placed second in Guardian AustraliaTemplate:'s inaugural Bird of the Year poll, after leading for much of the voting period.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In April 2022, Queensland sports minister Stirling Hinchliffe suggested the ibis as a potential mascot for the 2032 Olympic Games, which are scheduled to be held in Brisbane.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Hinchcliffe's suggestion prompted much discussion in the media.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

GalleryEdit

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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