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Increase A. Lapham

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Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox scientist Increase Allen Lapham (c. 1811 – September 14, 1875)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> was an American writer, scientist, and naturalist, whose work focused primarily on the what is now the U.S. state of Wisconsin.<ref>Hoy, P. R. Increase A. Lapham, LL. D., Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. v. 3, 1876, pp. 264–267. (copy) (copy)</ref><ref>Quaife, Milo M. Increase Allen Lapham, First Scholar of Wisconsin. Wisconsin Magazine of History, v. 1, n. 1, September 1917, pp. 3–15. (copy) (copy) (copy Template:Webarchive)</ref> He made maps of the area and published numerous books on the archaeology, biology, and geology of the region, and discovered both the Panther Intaglio Effigy Mound and Milwaukee Formation. He founded the Wisconsin Natural History Association, and served as the state's Chief Geologist for two years. He also lobbied Congress and the Smithsonian Institution to establish an agency to predict the weather around the Great Lakes and this became the National Weather Service.Template:Citation needed

BiographyEdit

File:Nuculites laphami.jpg
The bivalve Nuculites laphami (Cleland, 1911) from the Milwaukee Formation, Middle Devonian, Wisconsin.

Born in Palmyra, New York, his family moved to Pennsylvania, back to New York, to Ohio then to Louisville, Kentucky (1827–1830) then back to Ohio while his father, Seneca Lapham, worked on the canals in various locations. Lapham was of entirely English ancestry, all of which had been in what is now the United States since the early 1600s. His ancestors were among the first English colonists to establish Rhode Island.<ref>Graham Parker Hawks, Increase A. Lapham, Wisconsin's first scientist (University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1960)Template:Page needed</ref> He displayed a talent for scientific observation early on while working on the canals and their locks, producing drawings that he could sell at the age of thirteen.Template:Citation needed

In July 1836, Lapham moved to Kilbourntown (which soon incorporated into the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin) and worked closely with Byron Kilbourn in his business and development endeavors.<ref name="summit9">Template:Cite book</ref> The two had worked together previously on the Miami Canal and Lapham considered him a loyal friend and mentor. Before the end of the year, Lapham had published a Catalogue of Plants and Shells, Found in the vicinity of Milwaukee, on the West Side of Lake Michigan, perhaps the first scientific work published west of the Great Lakes.Template:Citation needed

In 1848,<ref>Constitution of the Natural History Association of Wisconsin, 1848 Template:Webarchive. Accessed October 20, 2010.</ref> Lapham founded the Wisconsin Natural History Association, a predecessor of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters,<ref>Shorger, A. W. The Wisconsin Natural History Association Template:Webarchive. Wisconsin Magazine of History, v. 31, n. 2, December 1947, pp. 168–177.</ref> of which he also was a charter member.Template:Citation needed<ref>Wisconsin Magazine of History, v. 53, n. 3, Spring 1970, pp. 163-169.</ref><ref> Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, 1870/1872, v. 1, pp. 188-200.</ref>

Many of his works and early maps were used for various civil projects such as canal and railroad development. In 1844 Lapham published the first substantial book on the geography of the Wisconsin Territory. His first map of Wisconsin was made in 1846.<ref>Smith, Alice E. Two Wisconsin Map Makers Template:Webarchive. The Wisconsin Magazine of History, v. 29, n. 4, June 1946, pp. 402–406.</ref> He published many more papers and books through his life, particularly on geology, archaeology and history, and flora and fauna of Wisconsin, including publication by the Smithsonian Institution.<ref>Winsor, Justin. Narrative and critical history of America, v. 1, 1889, p. 400. (copy) (copy) </ref>

In 1850, he discovered the Panther Intaglio Effigy Mound, which is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Lapham was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1853,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and he was Chief Geologist of the State of Wisconsin from 1873 to 1875.<ref name=GassKluessendorfMikulicBrett2019>Template:Cite book</ref> He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1874.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Lapham was one of the first people to recognize the cement potential of certain rock strata seen along the banks of the Milwaukee River. Those strata, now known as belonging to the Milwaukee Formation, were later mined for high quality natural hydraulic cement. Milwaukee thus went on to become the country's leading producer of natural hydraulic cement from 1876 to 1910.<ref name=GassKluessendorfMikulicBrett2019/>

HonorsEdit

Lapham is considered "Wisconsin's first great scientist"<ref>Janik, Erika, Citizen Scientist – Wisconsin's First Renaissance Man, Increase A. Lapham Merits Renown... Template:Webarchive Wisconsin Natural Resources Magazine, February 2007.</ref> and the "Father of the U.S Weather Service,"<ref>Hintz, Martin. Hiking Wisconsin. Human Kinetics, 1997, p. 159. Template:ISBN</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> based upon his lobbying to Congress and the Smithsonian Institution to create such an agency to forecast storms on the Great Lakes and both coasts.<ref>Miller, Eric R. New light on the beginnings of the Weather Bureau from the papers of Increase A. Lapham Template:Webarchive. Monthly Weather Review, v. 59, iss. 2, February 1931, pp. 65–70.</ref> When the agency was created through the U.S. Secretary of War, Lapham made the first such accurate Great Lakes storm warning from Chicago.<ref>First Official Weather Warning in the United States Template:Webarchive, November 8, 1870. Accessed October 10, 2010.</ref>

Since his death, numerous landmarks throughout the southeastern Wisconsin area have been named after him, including Lapham Peak, the highest point in Waukesha County, Wisconsin,<ref>McGrath, Wm. Chad. Great Wisconsin Walks: 45 Strolls, Rambles, Hikes, and Treks. Trail Books, 1997, p. 108.</ref> a major University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee building,<ref>UWM Campus Maps, Lapham Hall Profile (Virtual Tour) Template:Webarchive. Accessed October 10, 2010.</ref> and streets.<ref>Baehr, Carl & Baehr, Ellen. Milwaukee Streets: The Stories Behind Their Names. Wisconsin: Cream City Press, 1995, pp. 149–150. Template:ISBN</ref> In Madison, Wisconsin, he currently has an elementary school named after him.<ref>Heggland, Timothy F. and Rankin, Katherine H. The Tenney-Lapham Neighborhood: A Walking Tour Template:Webarchive, Madison Landmarks Commission, 1997, p. 35.</ref><ref>Proceedings of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin at its Fifty-Second Annual Meeting, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1905, p. 35.</ref>

A genus of North American plants, Laphamia,<ref>Meehan, Thomas, Horticulture at Milwaukee, The Gardener's Monthly, v. 12, n. 2, 1870, p. 52.</ref> was named for him by Asa Gray.<ref>"A Cabinet of Natural History": The UW-Madison Herbarium's Sesquicentennial, 1849–1999 Template:Webarchive, Wisconsin Academy Review, v. 45, iss. 2, 1999, p. 31. {{#if:0512-1175|Template:Catalog lookup link{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Template:Error-small}}</ref> Several species of invertebrates from the Paleozoic rocks of Wisconsin, such as Nuculites laphami (Cleland, 1911)<ref name=GassKluessendorfMikulicBrett2019/> and Ekwanoscutellum laphami (Whitfield, 1877),<ref name=BerglandHayes2014>Template:Cite book</ref> were also named in honor of him. Certain markings found on iron meteors were designated by J. Lawrence Smith<ref>Smith, J. Lawrence A New Meteoric Iron—"The Wisconsin Meteorites"—with some remarks on the Widmannstättan Figures. American Journal of Science and Arts, v. 47 (97), n. 140, March 1869, pp. 271–272. (copy)</ref> as Laphamite markings.<ref>Farrington, Oliver C. Handbook and Catalogue of the Meteorite Collection., Chicago: Field Columbian Museum, pub. 3, Geological Series, v. 1, n. 1, August 1895, pl. 2, fig. 1.</ref> A formerly existing glacial lake was provisionally named Lake Lapham.<ref>Edwards, Ira. Glacial Lake Lapham a Preliminary Announcement, Year Book of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 1921, v. 1, July 1922, pp. 94–99.</ref> The Wisconsin Archeological Society awards the Lapham Research Medal,<ref>Increase A. Lapham Award, Society Awards and Grants Template:Webarchive, Wisconsin Archeological Society. Accessed October 20, 2010.</ref> first doing so in 1926.<ref>Barret, S. A. The Lapham Research Medal Template:Webarchive, American Anthropologist, v. 28, iss. 3, 1926, pp. 576–577. {{#invoke:doi|main}}</ref> The U.S. Navy named a ship SS Increase A. Lapham during World War II.<ref>Alkes (SS Increase A. Lapham) Template:Webarchive, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Accessed October 12, 2010.</ref> The University of Wisconsin has an Increase A. Lapham Professorship.<ref>Memorial Resolution of the Faculty of the University of Wisconsin—Madison Template:Webarchive, April 7, 2008. Accessed October 30, 2010.</ref> Lapham was inducted in 1992 into the Wisconsin Conservation Hall of Fame<ref>Increase A. Lapham Template:Webarchive, Wisconsin Conservation Hall of Fame, inducted 1992. Accessed April 19, 2011.</ref> and in 2003 into the Wisconsin Forestry Hall of Fame.<ref>Increase A. Lapham, 2003 Inductee Template:Webarchive, Wisconsin Forestry Hall of Fame. Accessed October 12, 2010.</ref>

The centennial of Lapham's birth was celebrated in 1911.<ref>The Dr. Lapham CentennialTemplate:Dead link, The Milwaukee Sentinel, March 12, 1911, part 3, p. 4.</ref> In 2011, celebration of the bicentennial was planned, including an Increase A. Lapham Day at Aztalan State Park.<ref>Nurre, Rob. Increase A. Lapham's Legacy and the Wisconsin Archeological SocietyTemplate:Dead link, WisArch News, v. 11 n. 1, Spring 2011, pp. 5–6.</ref>

Lapham Junction (Template:Coord) in Knapp, Jackson County, Wisconsin, is now defunct railroad junction on the Goodyear branch of the Milwaukee Road which branch ran to Zeda, where lumbering operations took place,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and was named for Lapham.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Selected worksEdit

Some works of Increase A. Lapham:

Title Date
Notice of the Louisville and Shipping sport Canal and of the Geology of the vicinity 1828 <ref>Lapham, Increase A. Notice of the Louisville and Shipping sport Canal and of the Geology of the vicinity, American Journal of Science, v. 14, 1828, pp. 65–69.</ref>
A Catalogue of Plants & Shells, Found in the Vicinity of Milwaukee, on the West Side of Lake Michigan 1836 <ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
A Geographical and Topographical Description of Wisconsin 1844 <ref>Lapham, Increase A. A geographical and topographical description of Wisconsin. Milwaukee: P. C. Hale, 1844.</ref>
Wisconsin: its geography and topography, history, geology, and mineralogy 1846 <ref>Lapham, Increase A. Wisconsin: its geography and topography, history, geology, and mineralogy. Milwaukee: I. A. Hopkins, 1846. (copy) (copy) (copy) </ref>
Fauna and Flora of Wisconsin 1852 <ref>Lapham, Increase A. Fauna and flora of Wisconsin Template:Webarchive, Transactions of the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society, v. 2, 1852, pp. 337–419. (copy) (copy) (copy)</ref>
The Antiquities of Wisconsin 1855 <ref>Lapham, I. A. The Antiquities of Wisconsin, as surveyed and described by I. A. Lapham, Civil Engineer, etc, on behalf of the American Antiquarian Society. Washington, D. C.: The Smithsonian Institution, June 1855.

(copy) (copy)</ref>

On the Man-shaped Mounds of Wisconsin 1859 <ref>Lapham, I. A. On the Man-shaped Mounds of Wisconsin. Report and Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin for the years 1857 and 1858, v. 4, 1859, pp. 365–368. (copy) </ref>
Opening an Ancient Mound Near Madison, Wisconsin 1860 <ref>Lapham, I. A. Opening an Ancient Mound Near Madison, Wisconsin. Milwaukee Daily Sentinel Template:Webarchive, January 2, 1860. Reprinted in the Wisconsin Archeologist, v. 14, n. 3, September 1915, pp. 85–87.</ref>
Geological Map of Wisconsin 1855 <ref>Lapham, I. A. A Geological Map of Wisconsin Template:Webarchive, 1855. Great Lakes Maps exhibit of the Wisconsin's Water Library. Accessed October 26, 2010.</ref>
Report on the Disastrous Effects of the Destruction of Forest Trees 1867 <ref>Lapham, I. A., J. G. Knapp, and H. Crocker, Report on the disastrous effects of the destruction of forest trees, now going on so rapidly in the state of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.: Atwood & Rublee, state printers, 1867. (copy) (copy)</ref>
New Geological Map of Wisconsin 1869 <ref>Lapham, I. A. Geologic map of Wisconsin 1869 Template:Webarchive. UWM Libraries Digital Collections, American Geographical Society Library Digital Map Collection. Accessed April 24, 2011.</ref>
Oconomowoc and other Small Lakes of Wisconsin 1876 <ref>Lapham, I. A. Oconomowoc Lake, and Other Small Lakes of Wisconsin, Considered with Reference to Their Capacity for Fish-Production, Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. v. 3, 1876, pp. 31–36. (copy) (copy)</ref>

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See alsoEdit

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