Infancy Gospel of Thomas

Template:Short description Template:Distinguish Template:Italic title Template:More citations needed Template:Infobox religious text

Template:New Testament Apocrypha Template:Gnosticism The Infancy Gospel of Thomas is an apocryphal gospel about the childhood of Jesus. The scholarly consensus dates it to the mid-to-late second century, with the oldest extant fragmentary manuscript dating to the fourth or fifth century, and the earliest complete manuscript being the Codex Sabaiticus from the 11th century.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="survival">Template:Cite book</ref> There are references in letters by Hippolytus of Rome and Origen of Alexandria to a "Gospel of Thomas", but it is unclear whether those letters refer to the Infancy Gospel or the Gospel of Thomas, a sayings gospel discovered near Nag Hammadi, Egypt in 1945.<ref>Carlson, Stephen C. (1 January 2014). "Origen's Use of the Gospel of Thomas". Sacra Scriptura: How "Non-Canonical" Text Functioned in Early Judaism and Early Christianity.</ref>

Early Christian writers regarded the Infancy Gospel of Thomas as inauthentic and heretical. Eusebius rejected it as a heretical "fiction" in the third book of his fourth-century Church History, and Pope Gelasius I included it in his list of heretical books in the fifth century.

Date of creationEdit

The first known quotation of the Infancy Gospel of Thomas is from Irenaeus of Lyon around AD 180, who calls it spurious and apocryphal.<ref name="Cousland2017"/> Scholars generally agree on a date in the mid-to-late-2nd century AD. There are two 2nd-century documents, the Epistula Apostolorum and Irenaeus' Adversus haereses, that refer to a story of Jesus's tutor telling him, "Say alpha," and Jesus replied, "First tell me what is beta, and I can tell you what alpha is."<ref name="Cousland2017"/> At least some period of oral transmission of the source material is generally believed to have occurred, either wholly or as several different stories before it was first transcribed and over time redacted.<ref name="Infancy"/> Thus, both of these documents and the Infancy Gospel of Thomas possibly all refer to the oral versions of this story. The area of origin for the work is unknown and many proposed locations of origin have been put forward.<ref name="Cousland2017"/>

Besides the difficulty in its name, given that the work is not related to the Gospel of Thomas, the work is not a gospel but possibly an appendage to the Gospel of Luke or a stand-alone work that has a dependent association to the canonical Gospel texts.<ref name="Cousland2017"/> This infancy story ends with Jesus in the temple at age 12 quoting parts of the gospel of Luke. (see Infancy 19:1–12 and Template:Bibleverse).

AuthorshipEdit

The author of the gospel is unknown. In the earliest Syriac manuscripts, no author is indicated at all, indicating either a truncated introduction, an author who wished to remain anonymous, or a compilation of existing stories by an editor.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In later manuscripts dating from the Middle Ages, the Gospel opens with a prologue where "Thomas the Israelite" introduces himself, but with no further explanation. It is possible that this was meant to hint that the author was Judas Thomas, better known as Thomas the Apostle, thought by some Christians to be a brother of Jesus and thus familiar with young Jesus's activities.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Manuscript traditionEdit

Whether the original language of the Infancy Gospel of Thomas was Greek or Syriac is unknown. The few surviving Greek manuscripts provide no clues themselves because only one small scrap on papyrus<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> predates the 13th century, whereas the earliest authorities, according to the editor and translator Montague Rhodes James, are a much abbreviated sixth-century Syriac version, and a Latin palimpsest of the fifth or sixth century, which has never been fully translated and can be found in Vienna.<ref name="auto">Template:Cite book</ref> Many manuscripts, translations, shortened versions, alternates, and parallels have slight, nuanced differences.<ref name="Cousland2017">Template:Cite book</ref> James found that their large number makes the compilation of an urtext very difficult. This number of texts and versions reflects the great popularity of the work during the High Middle Ages.

Of the many different versions and alternate forms (e.g. Greek, Syriac, Latin, Slavonic, etc.),<ref name="Cousland2017"/> the three principal forms are commonly referred to as given by Constantin von Tischendorf. Two of those are Greek texts which are called Greek Text A (Greek A); Greek Text B (Greek B); and the third is Latin.<ref name="auto"/> The first known publication of the Infancy Gospel of Thomas was by J Fabricius and has come to be known as Greek A.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Greek A is the most well-known form often used and in its full form is the longer of the two Greeks, based on at least 2 manuscripts. It consists of nineteen chapters with several alternate other manuscripts with abbreviated forms.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Greek B was found by Tischendorf on a trip to Mount Sinai in 1844, which is not only shorter (11 chapters), but is a different version of the well-known A text. It has some chapters abbreviated, other entire chapters left out completely, and few new lines.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Latin translations has two distinct form of versions from the Old Latin with the Late Latin. The Latin was notable as it was the first discovered with an Egyptian prologue.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Parts of the Latin version were translated into Old Irish poetry, probably around 700 AD according to James Carney, making this translation one of the earliest of this gospel.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

An earlier manuscript of the infancy gospel has since been discovered, dating to the fourth or fifth century.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

ContentEdit

The text describes the life of the child Jesus from the ages of five to twelve,<ref name="Aasgaard2011">Template:Cite book</ref> with fanciful, and sometimes malevolent, supernatural events. He is presented as a precocious child who starts his education early.<ref name="Aasgaard2011"/> The stories cover how the young Incarnation of God matures and learns to use his powers for good and how those around him first respond in fear and later with admiration.<ref name="Infancy">The Infancy Gospels of Jesus: Apocryphal Tales from the Childhoods of Mary and Jesus--annotated & Explained. SkyLight Paths Publishing; 2009. Template:ISBN. p. 10–.</ref> One of the episodes involves Jesus making clay birds, which he then proceeds to bring to life, an act also attributed to Jesus in Template:Qref,<ref name="hartsem">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Aasgaard">Aasgaard, Reidar. "The Childhood of Jesus: Decoding the Apocryphal Infancy Gospel of Thomas" James Clarke & Co, 2009, p. 179-180.</ref> and in a medieval Jewish work known as Toledot Yeshu, although Jesus's age at the time of the event is not specified in either account. In another episode, a child disperses water that Jesus has collected. Jesus kills this first child, when at age one he curses a boy, which causes the child's body to wither into a corpse. Later, Jesus kills another child via curse when the child apparently accidentally bumps into Jesus, throws a stone at Jesus, or punches Jesus (depending on the translation).

When Joseph and Mary's neighbors complain, Jesus miraculously strikes them blind. Jesus then starts receiving lessons, but tries to teach the teacher, instead, upsetting the teacher who suspects supernatural origins. Jesus is amused by this suspicion, which he confirms, and revokes all his earlier apparent cruelty. Subsequently, he resurrects a friend who is killed when he falls from a roof, and heals another who cuts his foot with an axe.

After various other demonstrations of supernatural ability, new teachers try to teach Jesus, but he proceeds to explain the law to them instead. Another set of miracles is mentioned, in which Jesus heals his brother, who is bitten by a snake, and two others, who have died from different causes. Finally, the text recounts the episode in Luke in which Jesus, aged 12, teaches in the temple.

Although the miracles seem quite randomly inserted into the text, three miracles are before and three are after each of the sets of lessons. The structure of the story is essentially:

Bringing life to a dried fish (this is present only in later texts)
(First group)
- Three Miracles – Breathes life into birds fashioned from clay; curses a boy, who then becomes a corpse (not present in Greek B); curses a boy who falls dead and his parents become blind
- Attempt to teach Jesus, which fails, with Jesus doing the teaching
- Three Miracles – Reverses his earlier acts (this would include resurrecting the two boys and healing the blind parents), resurrects a friend who fell from a roof, heals a man who chopped his foot with an axe<ref>Gospel of Thomas Greek Text A(Archive), Wesley Center Online, Northwest Nazarene University</ref>
(Second group)
- Three Miracles – carries water on cloth, produces a feast from a single grain, and stretches a beam of wood to help his father finish constructing a bed
- Attempts to teach Jesus, which fail, with Jesus doing the teaching
- Three Miracles – heals James from snake poison, resurrects a child who died of illness, and resurrects a man who died in a construction accident
Incident in the temple paralleling Luke

Episodes from Jesus's childhood as depicted in the Klosterneuburger Evangelienwerk, a 14th-century gospel translation:

Sbs-0008 026r Jesus trägt Wasser in seinem Schoss heim.TIF

Jesus is carrying water in his lap, after his water jar got broken; other children are watching in surprise.
Sbs-0008 026r Jesus überreicht Maria das Wasser.TIF

Jesus hands the water in his lap over to Mary.
Sbs-0008 026r Jesus setzt die zerbrochenen Krüge zusammen.TIF

Jesus reassembles the water jars of the children who, in an attempt to imitate him, smashed their jars on purpose.
Sbs-0008 028r Jesus macht die Tonvögelchen lebendig.TIF

Jesus raises the clay birds of his playmates to life.
Sbs-0008 026v Jesus befiehlt Joseph einen toten Mann aufzuerwecken.TIF

Jesus tells Joseph to raise a dead man.
Sbs-0008 026v Joseph erweckt den Toten auf der Bahre.TIF

Joseph raises the man on the stretcher from the dead.
Sbs-0008 026v Zenon fällt vom Dach eines Hauses.TIF

During play, a child Zenon falls off the roof of a house; two Jews accuse Jesus of having pushed him.
Sbs-0008 026v Jesus erweckt das tote Kind.TIF

Jesus raises the dead child from the dead, so he can testify that Jesus is innocent.
Sbs-0008 027r Jesus fängt mit anderen Kindern am Sabbat Fische.TIF

Together with other children, Jesus is catching fish on Sabbath.
Sbs-0008 027r Ein Jude, der die Kinder tadelt, fällt tot um.TIF

A Jew who scolds the children dies on the spot.
Sbs-0008 027r Die Kinder verklagen Jesus bei den Erwachsenen.TIF

The children complain about Jesus to adult Jews.
Sbs-0008 027v Jesus erweckt den Toten wieder.TIF

At Mary's and Joseph's request, Jesus raises the dead man.
Sbs-0008 028r Jesus führt die Löwen bis vor das Stadttor.TIF

Jesus plays with lions and guides them up to the town gates. The town people are scared.
Sbs-0008 028v Jesus streitet mit dem Lehrer.TIF

Jesus quarrels with his teacher in front of other pupils about the nature of the letters.

ReferencesEdit

External linksEdit

Template:Sister project

Template:Wikisource-inline, translation and commentary by M. R. James in the 1924 book The Apocryphal New Testament
"Infancy Gospel of Thomas", overview and bibliography by Tony Burke. NASSCAL: e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha.
Early Christian Writings: Infancy Gospel of Thomas

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