Iniidae

Iniidae is a family of river dolphins containing one living genus, Inia, and four extinct genera. The extant genus inhabits the river basins of South America, but the family formerly had a wider presence across the Atlantic Ocean.

Iniidae are highly morphologically different from marine dolphins by way of adaptations suited to their freshwater riverine habitat.<ref name=Hamilton2001/> They also display a high amount of sexual dimorphism in the form of color and size.<ref name=Martin2006>Template:Cite journal</ref> Seasonal movement between flooded plains and rivers is common, due to the variation of seasonal rain.<ref name=Rice1998>Template:Cite book Template:Isbn</ref> There has been little research done on the family, in particular the species aside from the Amazon river dolphin.<ref name=Martin2006/>

Evolution

The South American river basins were flooded by marine waters,Template:When creating a new brackish habitat that allowed marine mammals to move into them. During the Miocene era, the sea level began to recede, trapping the mammals within the continent.<ref name="Hamilton2001">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Morphology

Their necks are flexible, since their cervical vertebra are movable; this is remarkable since nearly all cetaceans' neck vertebra are fused, which rigidly aims most other cetaceans' heads forward.<ref name=Gomez2011/> The Iniidae have other morphology common to species adapted to freshwater riverine habitats;<ref name=Gutstien2011>Template:Cite journal</ref> which include highly reduced or absent dorsal fins, so they do not become entangled in vegetation from the flooded terrestrial plains; and large, wide, paddle-like pectoral fins that allow maneuverability in confined areas cramped by vegetation.<ref name=Gomez2011>Template:Cite journal</ref> Other riverine adaptations including a long rostrum, skull and jaw and reduced orbits.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Iniidae share many other characteristics in common with their marine odontocete relatives: Their stomachs include a fore-stomach, singled chambered main stomach, and a pyloric stomach with connecting channels. Like most other cetaceans Iniidae have lost their fur and lack true vocal cords.<ref name=Kaiya-1982>Template:Cite journal</ref> They share the similar structure of the tympanic bulla and lung shape, the position of their diaphragm and the position of the blowhole to the back of the head with their marine ancestors.

The dentition of Iniidae dolphins is heterodont,Template:Citation needed having conical, small teeth that differ slightly in the front of the mouth. The teeth extend lingually in the back and in the front they have a small depression on the side of each. These mammals are carnivorous, finding prey by using echolocation.

Speciation

There is scientific debate on the number of species within the genus Inia: The main issue is whether there are two or three species, or whether those can be considered sub-species. According to some researchers

• Inia geoffrensis
• Inia humboldtiana
• Inia boliviensis

are three separate species, while many consider I. geoffrensis and I. boliviensis to be the only two.<ref name=Gravena2014>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal </ref><ref name=Rice1998/> Martin in 2004 found supporting evidence that genetic exchange occurs between multiple sites on the Amazon, even places hundreds of kilometres apart.Template:Cn

Taxonomy

The family was described by John Edward Gray in 1846.<ref name=TPBDB>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Current classifications include a single living genus, Inia, with one to four species and several subspecies.<ref name=Hrbek2014> Template:Cite journal </ref><ref> Template:Cite mdd </ref> The family also includes three extinct genera described from fossils found in South America, Florida, Libya, and Italy.<ref name=TPBDB/>

• Superfamily Inioidea
  • Family Iniidae
    • Genus †Goniodelphis
      • G. hudsoni
    • Genus Inia
      • Inia araguaiaensis - Araguaian river dolphin
      • Inia boliviensis - Bolivian river dolphin
      • Inia geoffrensis - Amazon river dolphin
      • Inia humboldtiana - Orinoco river dolphin
    • Genus †Isthminia
      • †Isthminia panamensis
    • Genus †Meherrinia
    • Genus †Ischyrorhynchus (syn. Anisodelphis)
      • I. vanbenedeni (syn. Anisodelphis brevirostratus)
    • Genus †Saurocetes (syn. Saurodelphis, Pontoplanodes)
      • S. argentinus (syn. Pontoplanodes obliquus)
      • S. gigas