Innervisions

Template:Short description Template:For Template:Use mdy dates {{safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst-infobox||$params=italic_title,name,type,longtype,artist,cover,border,alt,caption,released,recorded,venue,studio,genre,length,language,label,director,producer,compiler,chronology,prev_title,prev_year,year,next_title,next_year,misc|$extra=italic_title,longtype,border,caption,language,director,compiler,chronology,year,misc|$aliases=italic title>italic_title,Italic title>italic_title,Name>name,Type>type,image>cover,Cover>cover,Border>border,Alt>alt,Caption>caption,Longtype>longtype,Artist>artist,Released>released,Recorded>recorded,Venue>venue,Studio>studio,Genre>genre,Length>length,Language>language,Label>label,Director>director,Producer>producer,Compiler>compiler,Chronology>chronology,Misc>misc|$flags=override|$B={{#ifeq:{{#invoke:Is infobox in lead|main|[Ii]nfobox [Aa]lbum}}|true|{{#if:Template:Has short description | |Template:Short description|noreplace}}}}{{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template other Template:Category handler Template:Main other{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox album with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y|italic_title |type |name |image |cover |border |alt |caption |longtype |artist |released |recorded |venue |studio |genre |length |language |label |director |producer |compiler |prev_title|prev_year|next_title|next_year|chronology|year|misc}}{{#if:{{#invoke:String|match|error_category=Music infoboxes with Module:String errors|A|1=Talking Book1972Fulfillingness' First Finale1974studioInnervisionsSteviewonder innervisions.jpgStevie WonderAugust 3, 1973April 17, 1972 – May 25, 1973<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>*Record Plant, New York City

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Innervisions is the sixteenth studio album by American singer, songwriter, and musician Stevie Wonder, released on August 3, 1973, by Tamla, a subsidiary of Motown Records. A landmark recording of Wonder's "classic period",<ref>Some observers count six classic albums, some count five, and others count four.
Template:Cite book
Template:Cite book
Template:Cite book</ref> the album has been regarded as completing his transition from the "Little Stevie Wonder" known for romantic ballads into a more musically mature, conscious, and grown-up artist. On the album, Wonder continued to experiment with the revolutionary T.O.N.T.O. (The Original New Timbral Orchestra) synthesizer system developed by Malcolm Cecil and Robert Margouleff, and Innervisions became hugely influential on the future sound of commercial soul and black music.

The album peaked at number four on the Billboard Top LPs & Tapes chart and number one on the Billboard Soul LPs chart, eventually finishing at number four on the magazine's Top Pop Albums chart for 1974. At the 16th Grammy Awards, it won Album of the Year and Best Engineered Non-Classical Recording, while "Living for the City" won Best R&B Song. Innervisions is widely considered by fans, critics, and colleagues to be one of Wonder's finest works and one of the greatest albums of all time. It was ranked number 34 on Rolling Stone's list of "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" in 2020 and was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

RecordingEdit

As with many of Wonder's albums, the lyrics, composition, and production of Innervisions are almost entirely his own work, and he also played all, or virtually all, the instruments on many of the album's tracks. He made prominent use of synthesizers throughout the album.

The nine tracks of Innervisions encompass a wide range of themes and issues: from drug abuse in "Too High", through inequality and systemic racism in "Living for the City", to love in the ballads "All in Love Is Fair" and "Golden Lady". The album's closer, "He's Misstra Know-It-All", is thought by some to be a scathing attack on then-US President Richard Nixon, similar to Wonder's song "You Haven't Done Nothin'" from the following year.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> "Living for the City" was one of the first soul music songs to deal explicitly with systemic racism and to incorporate everyday sounds of the street, such as traffic, voices, and sirens, in with music recorded in the studio.<ref name="Williams_2002" />Template:Rp<ref name="Sullivan_2013" />Template:Rp<ref name="Owsinki_2013" />Template:Rp

Post-release car crashEdit

On August 6, 1973, three days after the commercial release of Innervisions, Wonder played a concert in Greenville, South Carolina. Afterward, he fell asleep in the front seat of the car of his friend John Harris, who was snaking along a road just outside Durham, North Carolina behind a truck loaded high with logs. Suddenly, the trucker jammed on his brakes, and the two vehicles collided. Logs went flying, and one smashed through the windshield of Wonder's car and hit him in the forehead. He was bloodied and unconscious when he was pulled from the wrecked car, and lay in a coma caused by severe brain contusion for ten days.<ref name="bio">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

It was Wonder's friend and tour director Ira Tucker who first elicited some response from him: Template:Quote

When Wonder regained consciousness, he discovered that he had lost his sense of smell (which he later largely recovered),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and he was deeply afraid that he might have lost his musical abilities, too. Tucker said: Template:Quote

Wonder's climb back to health was long and slow. He had to take medication for a year, tired easily, and suffered severe headaches. The crash also changed his way of thinking, as his deep faith and spiritual vision made him doubt that it was "an accident". He stated: "You can never change anything that has already happened. Everything is the way it's supposed to be...Everything that ever happened to me is the way it is supposed to have been."<ref name="bio"/> In an interview with The New York Times, Wonder commented that "the accident opened my ears up to many things around me. Naturally, life is just more important to me now...and what I do with my life."<ref name="bio"/> He also said: Template:Quote

Confirming Wonder's belief in destiny, Michael Sembello, Wonder's lead guitarist at the time, said: Template:Quote

Before the crash, Wonder had been scheduled to do a five-week, 20-city tour in March and April 1974. It was postponed, with the exception of one date in Madison Square Garden in late March. That concert began with Wonder pointing to his scarred forehead, looking up, grinning, and giving "thanks to God that I'm alive". 21,000 people in the crowd roared with applause, and, as a PostTemplate:Clarify critic noted, "it was hard not to be thrilled."<ref name="bio"/>

Critical receptionEdit

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As with both Music of My Mind and Talking Book from the previous year, Innervisions was received warmly by music critics, many of whom praised Wonder's versatile musical skills. Billboard wrote that "the liner credits Stevie with playing all the instruments on seven of the nine tunes. So in essence this is a one-man band situation and it works. His skill on drums, piano, bass, and ARP synthesizers are outstanding, and all the tracks work within the thematic framework."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (Two ARP synthesizers were incorporated into the T.O.N.T.O. system.) The New York Times said: "At the center of his music is the sound of what is real. ... Stevie identifies himself as a gang and a genius, producing, composing, arranging, singing and, on several tracks, playing all the accompanying instruments. ... Vocally, he remains inventive and unafraid, he sings all the things he hears: rock, folk and all forms of Black music. The sum total of these varying components is an awesome knowledge, consumed and then shared by an artist who is free enough to do both."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Many critics praised the variety of musical styles and themes present in the album. A reviewer from Playboy wrote: "Stevie Wonder's Innervisions is a beautiful fusion of the lyric and the didactic, telling us about the blind world that Stevie inhabits with a depth of musical insight that is awesome. It's a view that's basically optimistic, a constant search for the 'Higher Ground', but the path is full of snares: dope ('Too High'), lies ('Jesus Children of America') and the starkly rendered poison of the city ('Living for the City'). Wonder seems to say that all people delude themselves but have to be well to pay their dues and existentially accept the present. 'Today's not yesterday,/And all things have an ending' is the way he puts it in 'Visions,' the key tune of the album—pretty yet serious, harmonically vivid. There's a lot of varied music here—Latin, reggae, even a nod to Johnny Mathis ('All in Love is Fair')—but it's all Stevie, unmistakably."<ref name=Superseventies>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Some reviewers were less enthusiastic. Jon Tiven from Circus argued that there was a lack of memorable material on the album: "Just when Stevie had some momentum going, he went and put together a concept album of homogeneous music and rather typical lyrics. Unlike his last two albums, there are no real low spots on this album, which I suppose is an improvement, but there are no songs on Innervisions which are truly outstanding either. There's no 'Superstition,' no 'I Believe (When I Fall in Love It Will Be Forever).' By constructing a solid ground from which to work, Stevie has lowered the ceiling, and put a damper on his talents."<ref name=Superseventies />

Musicians also showed consummate respect for the achievements of the album, with Roberta Flack saying to Newsweek that "It's the most sensitive of our decade ... it has tapped the pulse of the people."Template:Citation needed

Innervisions won Grammy Awards for Album of the Year and Best Engineered Non-Classical Recording in 1974, while "Living for the City" won the Grammy for Best R&B Song.

Commercial performanceEdit

Following Talking Book, which hit the top 5 of the Billboard albums chart in early 1973 and achieved steady sales throughout the rest of the year, Innervisions became another considerable hit on the charts for Wonder. It debuted on the Billboard albums chart on August 18, 1973, at number 85, then climbed to number 22, number 14, number nine, and number six, before reaching its peak position of number four on September 15. The album remained in the top 20 until the end of the year, and remained in the top 200 during the entire calendar year of 1975. Innervisions was Wonder's second consecutive album to reach the top of the Billboard Black Albums chart, where it remained for two weeks. On the Cashbox chart, it reached number one near the end of 1973. In the UK, the album also found success, and became Wonder's first to reach the UK top 10, peaking at number eight.

{{#invoke:Listen|main}} Three hit singles were issued from the album. "Higher Ground", which was released several weeks before Innervisions, reached number four on the Billboard singles chart in late October 1973, and number one on the Cashbox singles chart. "Living for the City" reached number eight on the Billboard singles chart in early January 1974. These first two singles both reached number one on the Billboard Soul Singles chart. Finally, "Don't You Worry 'Bout a Thing", released in March 1974, reached number 16 in early June, and also peaked at number two on the Soul Singles chart. In the UK, "Higher Ground" and "Living for the City" were released as singles, but only achieved modest success, reaching numbers 29 and 15, respectively. Only the third single issued there, "He's Misstra Know-It-All", managed to reach the top 10, peaking at number eight on the UK Singles Chart.

"All in Love Is Fair" was a hit for Barbra Streisand when she recorded it and released it as a single in 1974.

LegacyEdit

Innervisions is considered by many fans, critics, and colleagues to be one of Stevie Wonder's finest works, and one of the greatest albums ever made.Template:CN The Washington Post critic Geoffrey Himes called it an exemplary release of the progressive soul development from 1968 to 1973.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The album has been regarded as completing his transition from the "Little Stevie Wonder" known for romantic ballads into a more musically mature, conscious, and grown-up artist.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In his Rock & Roll Review: A Guide to Good Rock (1991), Bill Shapiro wrote: "This recording represents the pinnacle of a very important artist's career, and of his physically blind, but nonetheless extraordinary humane vision. For all intents and purposes, and for all of its richness and variety of texture, it is essentially all Stevie Wonder. He personally created and arranged every sound heard. His canvas stretches from the tough realities of ghetto streets to the transcendent joy of spiritual acceptance, each rendered with an original, unique musical palette. The feel is a little more jazz than funk, the result is simply glorious pop music – uplifting sound and message."

The album has been included on many lists of the greatest albums of all time. It was voted number 143 in the third edition of Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000).<ref name="Larkin">Template:Cite book</ref> In 2001, VH1 named the album the 31st-greatest album of all time, saying: "The whole message of this album seems to be caution – Wonder seems to be warning the black community to be aware of their own plight, strive for improvement, and take matters into their own hands. But this is all against the backdrop of the harsh social realities of America circa 1973, and nowhere does this conflict hit home more than in Wonder's magnum opus, 'Living for the City', a raw piece of modern blues on which Wonder played every instrument. The message of urban struggle resonates even more strongly now than it did thirty years ago, proving that the 'inner-visions' of this LP were visionary as well."

In 2003, the album was ranked number 23 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time; it was number 24 on the 2012 version of the list,<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and number 34 on the 2020 edition.<ref name="Rolling Stone">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The magazine wrote on the occasion of the initial list:

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The album was re-released in the UK on September 15, 2008, to coincide with Wonder's critically acclaimed autumn 2008 European tour.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Track listingEdit

Innervisions track listingTemplate:Track listing Template:Track listing

PersonnelEdit

Template:Div col "Too High"

Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, Fender Rhodes electric piano, harmonica, drums, Moog bass
Lani Groves, Tasha Thomas, & Jim Gilstrap – background vocals

"Visions"

Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, Fender Rhodes electric piano
Malcolm Cecil – upright bass
Dean Parks – acoustic guitar
David T. Walker – electric guitar

"Living for the City"

Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, background vocals, Fender Rhodes electric piano, drums, Moog bass, T.O.N.T.O. synthesizer, handclaps
Calvin Hardaway – additional voices
Ira Tucker Jr. – additional voices
Jonathan Vigoda – additional voices<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> "Golden Lady"

Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, acoustic piano, Fender Rhodes electric piano, drums, Moog bass, T.O.N.T.O. synthesizer
Clarence Bell – Hammond organ
Ralph Hammer – acoustic guitar
Larry "Nastyee" Latimer – congas

"Higher Ground"

Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, Hohner clavinet, drums, Moog bass, tambourine, handclaps

"Jesus Children of America"

Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, background vocal, Fender Rhodes electric piano, Hohner clavinet, drums, Moog bass, handclaps, tambourine

"All in Love Is Fair"

Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, acoustic piano, Fender Rhodes electric piano, drums
Scott Edwards – electric bass

"Don't You Worry 'Bout a Thing"

Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, background vocal, piano, drums, Moog bass
Yusuf Roahman – shaker
Sheila Wilkerson – bongos, Latin gourd

"He's Misstra Know-It-All"

Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, background vocal, piano, drums, handclaps, T.O.N.T.O. synthesizer, congas
Willie Weeks – electric bass

Technical personnel

Associate producers, programming of T.O.N.T.O. system containing ARP, Moog and other synthesizers, and engineering of electronic music – Robert Margouleff and Malcolm Cecil
Recordists – Dan Barbiero, Austin Godsey
Tape operator – Gary Olazabal
Mastering – George Marino
Recording coordinators – John Harris, Ira Tucker Jr.
Album art – Efram Wolff

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ChartsEdit

Weekly chartsEdit

Chart (1973)	Peak position
Australian Albums (Kent Music Report)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	26
UK Albums (BMRB)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	8
Cashbox Pop Albums	1
Billboard Soul LPs<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>	1
Billboard Top LPs & Tape<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>	4