Intelligence assessment

Intelligence assessment, is a specific phase of the intelligence cycle which oversees the development of behavior forecasts or recommended courses of action to the leadership of an organization, based on wide ranges of available overt and covert intelligence (also known as "intel").

There are two types of assessment;

• In the beginning of the intelligence cycle, during the direction phase (also known as tasking or planning), intelligence officers assess past intelligence, identify gaps in information, and determine what new intelligence is needed.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Intelligence assessment also occurs toward the end of the intelligence cycle, during the analysis & production phase.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> This phase comes after collection and processing but before dissemination to policymakers.<ref name=":0" />

Assessments develop in response to leadership declaration requirements to inform decision-making. Assessment may be executed on behalf of a state, military or commercial organisation with ranges of information sources available to each.

An intelligence assessment reviews available information and previous assessments for relevance and currency. Where there requires additional information, the analyst may direct some collection.

Process

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The intelligence cycle

Intelligence assessment is based on a customer requirement or need, which may be a standing requirement or tailored to a specific circumstance or a Request for Information (RFI).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The "requirement" is passed to the assessing agency and worked through the intelligence cycle, a structured method for responding to the RFI.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The RFI may indicate in what format the requester prefers to consume the product.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The RFI is reviewed by a Requirements Manager, who will then direct appropriate tasks to respond to the request.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This will involve a review of existing material, the tasking of new analytical product or the collection of new information to inform an analysis.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

New information may be collected through one or more of the various collection disciplines; human source, electronic and communications intercept, imagery or open sources.<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The nature of the RFI and the urgency placed on it may indicate that some collection types are unsuitable due to the time taken to collect or validate the information gathered.<ref name=":2" /> Intelligence gathering disciplines and the sources and methods used are often highly classified and compartmentalised, with analysts requiring an appropriate high level of security clearance.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The process of taking known information about situations and entities of importance to the RFI, characterizing what is known and attempting to forecast future events is termed "all source" assessment, analysis or processing.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The analyst uses multiple sources to mutually corroborate, or exclude, the information collected, reaching a conclusion along with a measure of confidence around that conclusion.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Where sufficient current information already exists, the analysis may be tasked directly without reference to further collection.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref>

The analysis is then communicated back to the requester in the format directed, although subject to the constraints on both the RFI and the methods used in the analysis, the format may be made available for other uses as well and disseminated accordingly.<ref name=":3" /> The analysis will be written to a defined classification level with alternative versions potentially available at a number of classification levels for further dissemination.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Target-centric intelligence cycle

The F3EA Cycle

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Target-centric intelligence cycle

This approach, known as Find-Fix-Finish-Exploit-Assess (F3EA),<ref name=":4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is complementary to the intelligence cycle and focused on the intervention itself, where the subject of the assessment is clearly identifiable and provisions exist to make some form of intervention against that subject, the target-centric assessment approach may be used.<ref name=":4" />

• Find
  • The subject for action, or target, is identified and efforts are initially made to find the target for further development. This activity will identify where intervention against the target will have the most beneficial effects.<ref name=":4" />
• Fix
  • When the decision is made to intervene, action is taken to fix the target, confirming that the intervention will have a high probability of success and restricting the ability of the target to take independent action.<ref name=":4" />
• Finish
  • During the finish stage, the intervention is executed, potentially an arrest or detention or the placement of other collection methods.<ref name=":4" />
• Exploit
  • Following the intervention, exploitation of the target is carried out, which may lead to further refinement of the process for related targets. The output from the exploit stage will also be passed into other intelligence assessment activities.<ref name=":4" />

The F3EAD Cycle

The F3EAD cycle—Find, Fix, Finish, Exploit, Analyze, and Disseminate—is an alternative intelligence cycle commonly used within Western militaries, particularly in operations that result in lethal action, such as drone strikes and special forces missions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Analyze
  • The collected information is analyzed to identify patterns, assess credibility, and produce intelligence reports.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Disseminate
  • The output from the exploit stage is disseminated to key stakeholders and other intelligence assessment activities.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Intelligence information cycle theory around the world

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United States Intelligence Community

The U.S. intelligence community (IC) follows a structured six-step intelligence cycle;<ref name=":5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Planning & Direction<ref name=":5" />
• Collection (Espionage)<ref name=":5" />
• Processing & Exploitation<ref name=":5" />
• Analysis & Production<ref name=":5" />
• Dissemination, and Feedback.<ref name=":5" />

The IC has a heavy reliance on technological collection (SIGINT, IMINT, MASINT) alongside HUMINT.<ref name=":0" />

Centralized analysis through agencies like the CIA, DIA, and NSA, but intelligence dissemination is highly structured through national security briefings.<ref name=":1" />

The Intelligence Information Cycle leverages secrecy theory and U.S. regulation of classified intelligence to re-conceptualize the traditional intelligence cycle under the following four assumptions:

1. Intelligence is secret information
2. Intelligence is a public good
3. Intelligence moves cyclically
4. Intelligence is hoarded

Information is transformed from privately held to secretly held to public based on who has control over it. For example, the private information of a source becomes secret information (intelligence) when control over its dissemination is shared with an intelligence officer, and then becomes public information when the intelligence officer further disseminates it to the public by any number of means, including formal reporting, threat warning, and others. The fourth assumption, intelligence is hoarded, causes conflict points where information transitions from one type to another. The first conflict point, collection, occurs when private transitions to secret information (intelligence). The second conflict point, dissemination, occurs when secret transitions to public information. Thus, conceiving of intelligence using these assumptions demonstrates the cause of collection techniques (to ease the private-secret transition) and dissemination conflicts, and can inform ethical standards of conduct among all agents in the intelligence process.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

United Kingdom

The UK intelligence process is similar but often less bureaucratic, with MI6 (SIS) focusing on HUMINT, GCHQ on SIGINT, and MI5 on domestic security.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) plays a key role in assessing intelligence for policymakers, rather than each agency handling it independently.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Russia (FSB/GRU/SVR)

The Russian approach integrates intelligence directly into active measures (deception, subversion, and disinformation) more than Western counterparts.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Analysis and dissemination tend to be more centralized, with intelligence feeding directly into the Kremlin’s strategic decision-making.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

China (MSS and PLA Intelligence)

China’s Ministry of State Security (MSS) and military intelligence units prioritize long-term strategic intelligence gathering, especially industrial espionage and cyber warfare.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The fusion of intelligence and policy-making is stronger, with the Chinese Communist Party exerting tight control over the process.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

France (DGSE & DRM)

The French intelligence cycle closely resembles the U.S. and UK models, but with a greater focus on economic intelligence to support national industries.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> More autonomy is given to field operatives to gather and assess intelligence in real-time without excessive central oversight.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Israel (Mossad, Aman, Shin Bet)

Intelligence operations in Israel are highly operationally integrated, meaning the cycle often skips steps (e.g., collection may immediately lead to direct action, such as assassinations or preemptive strikes).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Intelligence is designed for rapid-action scenarios, given Israel’s security threats.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

See also

• All-source intelligence
• Intelligence cycle
• List of intelligence gathering disciplines
• Military intelligence
• Surveillance
• Threat assessment
• Futures studies
• Intelligence literature

External links

• Intelligence Literature: Suggested Reading List (CIA)
• The Literature of Intelligence: A Bibliography of Materials, with Essays, Reviews, and Comments by J. Ransom Clark, Emeritus Professor of Political Science, Muskingum College