Intercession

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A German votive offering thanks to the Virgin Mary in the form of a painting (1796)

Intercession or intercessory prayer is the act of praying on behalf of others, or asking a saint in heaven to pray on behalf of oneself or for others.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The Apostle Paul's exhortation to Timothy specified that intercession prayers should be made for all people. Template:Quote

ChristianityEdit

In the early ChurchEdit

The early Christians continued to practice intercessory prayer on behalf of others after Jesus' death. Ignatius of Antioch was one man who exhorted Christians to continue to pray for others, and especially for those who became Docetists or held other heretical beliefs.<ref>Shepherd, Jr. Massey Hamilton. "Smyrna in the Ignatian Letters: A Study in Church Order". The Journal of Religion 20.2 (1940): 151. Web.</ref> In his letter to the churches of Smyrna, St. Ignatius exhorts the Christians there to pray for other people: "only you must pray to God for them, if by any means they may be brought to repentance, which, however, will be very difficult. Yet Jesus Christ, who is our true life, has the power of [effecting] this".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Throughout all of Ignatius's letters, the word for prayers of intercession appears nineteen times, and Ignatius asks for prayer "for himself (eight times), for the Christian church in Syria (seven times), for persecutors, heretics, and all people generally (once each)".<ref>"Smyrna in the Ignatian Letters: A Study in Church Order". The Journal of Religion 20.2 (1940): 152.</ref>

St. Ignatius and the other church fathers, such as Paul the Apostle, who were keen on intercessory prayer based this practice on Jesus' own teachings which required that one pray for others, especially one's enemies:

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According to Lionel Swain, of St. Edmund's College, Ware, St. Paul believed intercession to be one of the most important aspects of faith and praying life, as praying for others is a recurring theme in his works.<ref>John Greehy, John Quinlan, Lionel Swain and S. Purcell. "Homiletic Notes", 17 The Furrow Vol. 19, No. 11, Supplement: The Bible, No. 6 (Autumn, 1968), pp. 14–19</ref> Prayer acts as a way for St. Paul to acknowledge God's power. Intercessory prayer also acts as a way for the Apostle to "share in ... the Father's redemptive love".<ref name="Homiletic Notes 17">"Homiletic Notes" 17</ref> Paul believed that prayer transformed the person doing the praying, as much as the one being prayed for, which creates a stronger bond between him and God.<ref name="Homiletic Notes 17"/>

Prof. Dr Johannes van Oort, Professor Extraordinarius in the Department of Church History and Church Polity of the Faculty of Theology at the University of Pretoria, South Africa, adds that, in addition to praying for wisdom, the early church was very much involved with different charismas, one of which being healing. Praying for other people's illnesses was another way that intercessory prayer was important in the early church, as healing was a sign of "the power of God's Kingdom".<ref>van Oort, Johannes. "The Holy Spirit and the Early Church: The Experience of the Spirit". Hervormde Teologiese Studies 68.1 (2012): 1–7.</ref> This gift of healing is specifically mentioned, among the other charismata, as a sign of being a true Christian by Irenaeus of Lyons in his text, Against Heresies.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

A very powerful intercessory prayer scripture in the Bible is Bible Verse James 5:16: Pray for each other so that you may be healed. The prayer of a righteous person is powerful and effective.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

SaintsEdit

Intercession of the saints is a doctrine held by the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Roman Catholic churches, as well as by some Lutheran and Anglican churches (chiefly those of Evangelical Catholic or Anglo-Catholic churchmanship, respectively).<ref name="ECCL2007">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It teaches that saints may be asked to intercede (or pray) for others. The doctrine of requesting intercession from saints can be found in Christian writings from the 3rd century AD, such as from Origen and Clement of Alexandria.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The deadEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} In addition to praying for each other in life, early Christians would pray for those who had died.<ref>G. F. Hamilton. "Prayers of the Ancient Church for the Faithful Departed". The Irish Church Quarterly Vol. 9, No. 35 (July 1916), p. 201</ref> There is no unequivocal evidence that Christians began to pray for the dead before the third century AD.<ref name="Hamilton 203">Hamilton 203</ref> G. F. Hamilton argues that the earliest example of Church prayer on behalf of dead Christians is found in the Sacramentary of Serapion of Thmuis (350 AD).<ref>Hamilton 209</ref> Rather than pray for the departed in regular church services on Sunday, these early Christians would hold special commemorative occasions during the week. There was a sharp distinction drawn between remembering and praying on behalf of the dead, and those who were the Template:"'faithfully' departed",<ref>Hamilton 202</ref> where Christians would only pray for those who had died as believers. The First Epistle of Clement (95 AD) contains a prayer which, while mainly for protection for the living, also includes the dead.<ref name="Hamilton 203"/> Even quite early, a distinction was drawn between those who had died as Christians, and those who had died as unbelievers. In the Martyrdom of Polycarp (155 AD), Polycarp is killed and his bones are taken by fellow Christians and a shrine is set up to him, where they may remember his martyrdom.<ref name="Hamilton 203"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In contrast, the "Apology of Aristides" shows how those who were not Christians were grieved for, while the dead faithful were rejoiced over.<ref>Hamilton 204</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Theological perspectiveEdit

In an article in Theological Studies, Catholic theologian Patricia A. Sullivan warns that saints should not be built up in a way that brings down God. Saint Augustine had famously said that we pray not to instruct God but to get our will in line with God's.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Sullivan warns away from the dictionary meanings of "intercession" as “intervention, mediation, arbitration, negotiation”, all of which sound like we are dealing with a hostile or unfriendly God, whom we need to manipulate to get what we need. Such is not the meaning of the hapax legomenon in the New Testament of the word for intercession.<ref>Cf. 1Tim 2.1–2: https://biblehub.com/greek/enteuxeis_1783.htm.</ref> Sullivan goes on:<ref>Patricia A. Sullivan, "A Reinterpretation of Invocation and Intercession of the Saints", Theological Studies, 66.2 (2005) 381–400. cdn.theologicalstudies.net/66/66.2/66.2.6.pdf. See also Lumen gentium, 51.</ref>

When we ask a saint to intercede for us, what is happening at a deeper level is that we are taking refuge in the all-enfolding community of the redeemed, approaching God thru saintly symbols of Christ's victory and of our hope. Saints want always what God wants, what is best for us whether we pray for it or not. They are in a perpetual attitude of praise for God’s love and care, to which we join ourselves, praying, more precisely, with them rather than to them. The value of our petitions is that they turn us in confidence toward the God who loves us, allowing God’s work to be more effective in us, and thru us in others.

It would be anathema to ask God to try any harder to do good. By invocation of a saint "we take refuge in faith in the all-enfolding community of all the redeemed," where "each is responsible for all". They are "creative models of holiness".<ref>Karl Rahner, "Why and How Can We Venerate the Saints?" Theological Investigations 8, trans. David Bourke (New York, Seabury), 1977, 23.</ref><ref>Karl Rahner, "The Church of the Saints," Theological Investigations 3, trans. Karl-H. and Boniface Kruger (New York, Seabury), 1974. 100.</ref>

IslamEdit

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Although the idea of intercession or mediation (Arabic: s̲h̲afāʿa) has historically played a very prominent role in Islamic thought,<ref name="auto">Wensinck, A.J., Gimaret, D. and Schimmel, Annemarie, “S̲h̲afāʿa”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs.</ref> it is not universally accepted by all Muslims in the present day.<ref name="auto"/>

The Quran says that the pre-Islamic Arab pagan gods will not be able to intercede with God on behalf of humankind,<ref>See Quran 19:87, Q36:23</ref> and that "the guilty" (al-mujrimīn, Q74:41) will not benefit from any intercession on the Day of Judgment.<ref>See Q74:48</ref> Other passages that deny the efficacy of intercession include Q32:4 and Q39:44. Still others say that God is the only intercessor (Q6:51, Q6:70; Q32:4; Q39:44).<ref name=LSQ>Template:Cite book</ref> However, the Quran is not to be understood literally and an exegesis is necessary for proper interpretation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

For example, "intercession is mentioned in the Qurʾān with respect to angels praying for the believers and the Prophet praying for erring but repentant Muslims."<ref name="auto1">Hoffman, Valerie J., “Intercession”, in: Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington DC.</ref> Furthermore, it became an orthodox Islamic doctrine or "cardinal belief"<ref name="auto1"/> that "Muḥammad will intercede for all Muslims on the Day of Resurrection."<ref name="auto1"/> While this particular tenet practically remained unchallenged throughout Islamic history, the widespread Sunni and Shia practice of asking deceased prophets and saints for intercession by praying at their tombs have become contentious issues in the modern Islamic world. All these different types of intercession are often labelled by Salafi/Wahhabi Muslims as a type of polytheism,<ref name="auto1"/> in a manner akin to the attitude of many Protestants towards the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox practice of saint-intercession.

StudiesEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Some religions claim that praying for somebody who is sick can have positive effects on the health of the person being prayed for.

Meta-studies of the literature in the field have been performed showing evidence only for no effect or a potentially small effect. For instance, a 2006 meta analysis on 14 studies concluded that there is "no discernible effect" while a 2007 systemic review of intercessory prayer reported inconclusive results, noting that 7 of 17 studies had "small, but significant, effect sizes" but the review noted that the most methodologically rigorous studies failed to produce significant findings.<ref name="Masters">K. Masters, G. Spielmans, J. Goodson "Are there demonstrable effects of distant intercessory prayer? A meta-analytic review." Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2006 Aug;32(1):21–26. [1]</ref><ref name=DRHodge>David R. Hodge, "A Systematic Review of the Empirical Literature on Intercessory Prayer" in Research on Social Work Practice March 2007 vol. 17 no. 2 174–187 {{#invoke:doi|main}} Article abstract Template:Webarchive Full length article</ref>