Interstate 278
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Interstate 278 (I-278) is an auxiliary Interstate Highway in New Jersey and New York in the United States. The road runs Template:Convert from US Route 1/9 (US 1/9) in Linden, New Jersey, northeast to the Bruckner Interchange in the New York City borough of the Bronx. The majority of I-278 is in New York City, where it serves as a partial beltway and passes through all five of the city's boroughs.Template:Efn I-278 follows several freeways, including the Union Freeway in Union County, New Jersey; the Staten Island Expressway (SIE) across Staten Island; the Gowanus Expressway in southern Brooklyn; the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway (BQE) across Northern Brooklyn and Queens; a small part of the Grand Central Parkway in Queens; and a part of the Bruckner Expressway in the Bronx. I-278 also crosses multiple bridges, including the Goethals, Verrazzano-Narrows, Kosciuszko, and Robert F. Kennedy bridges.
I-278 was opened in pieces from the 1930s through the 1960s. Some of its completed segments predated the Interstate Highway System and are thus not up to standards, and portions of I-278 have been upgraded over the years. In New York, the various parts of I-278 were planned by Robert Moses, an urban planner in New York City. The segments proposed tore through many New York City neighborhoods, causing controversy. Despite its number, I-278 does not connect to I-78. There were once plans to extend I-278 west to I-78 east of the Route 24 interchange in Springfield, New Jersey. This was canceled because of opposition from the communities along the route. The segment that does exist in New Jersey was opened in 1969. There were also plans to extend I-78 east across Manhattan and into Brooklyn via the Williamsburg Bridge; this would have been a second interchange between I-278 and its parent highway, but these plans were also thwarted. I-78 was also planned to extend east beyond I-278 to John F. Kennedy International Airport, and then curve northward on the Clearview Expressway, ending at the Bruckner Interchange in the Bronx. If these plans were fully completed, I-78 and I-278 would have met at three interchanges.
Two segments of I-278 have had different route number designations formerly planned or designated for it. I-87 was once planned to follow the segment of I-278 between the Williamsburg Bridge and the Major Deegan Expressway, but this ultimately became a part of I-278. Additionally, the Bruckner Expressway portion of I-278 had been designated with different route numbers. At first, it was to be I-895 between I-87 and the Sheridan Expressway and I-678 past there. Later, I-278 was planned to follow the Bruckner Expressway and the Sheridan Expressway to I-95 (with no route number for the Bruckner Expressway past there) before the current numbering took place by 1970, with I-895 designated onto the Sheridan Expressway (which was subsequently downgraded to a state highway in 2017).
Route descriptionEdit
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New JerseyEdit
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The New Jersey segment of I-278 begins in Linden, Union County, at the junction with US 1 and US 9 (US 1/9), where it merges into the southbound direction of that road. The freeway heads east and carries two lanes in each direction, with the eastbound direction widening to three lanes.<ref name="njdot-sld">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> I-278 runs between urban residential areas to the north and Phillips 66's Bayway Refinery to the south as it continues into Elizabeth.<ref name="njdot-sld" /><ref name="gm">Template:Google maps</ref> In this area, the road meets Route 439 and the New Jersey Turnpike (I-95) at the only intermediate interchange that I-278 has in New Jersey.<ref name="njdot-sld" /> This short length is sometimes called the Union Freeway. After this interchange, I-278 turns southeast and crosses the New Jersey Turnpike, Conrail Shared Assets Operations' (CSAO) Chemical Coast Secondary line, a Staten Island Railway freight line that is used by CSAO, industrial areas, CSAO's Bayway Industrial Track line, and finally Arthur Kill on the six-lane Goethals Bridge into Staten Island, a borough of New York City. This bridge is maintained by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ).<ref name="njdot-sld" /><ref name=gm />
Staten Island ExpresswayEdit
Upon coming onto Staten Island, I-278 becomes the SIE.<ref name=gm /> After the Goethals Bridge, the highway passes under the Travis Branch railroad line that is owned by the Staten Island Railway and operated by CSAO and has a toll gantry serving the bridge. At this point, the freeway becomes eight lanes and maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT), coming to an exit for Western and Forest avenues before reaching a directional interchange with the West Shore Expressway (New York State Route 440 (NY 440). NY 440 forms a concurrency with I-278, and the road heads into residential neighborhoods. The road carries four lanes eastbound and three lanes westbound as it comes to the exit serving Richmond Avenue. Immediately after, NY 440 splits from the SIE at a large interchange, heading north on the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Expressway.<ref name="nysdot-2010tvr" /><ref name=gm /> This interchange also provides access to Victory Boulevard.<ref name="nysdot-2010tvr" /> East of this point, the expressway gains a bus lane in each direction. The six-lane I-278 turns to the east past this point, with Gannon Avenue South and Gannon Avenue North serving as frontage roads, and reaches the Bradley Avenue exit.<ref name="nysdot-2010tvr" /><ref name=gm />
The next interchange the SIE is with Todt Hill Road and Slosson Avenue.<ref name="nysdot-2010tvr" /> This exchange was the original terminal of the bus lane in each direction that also serves as a high-occupancy vehicle lane (HOV lane) that was built in 2005.<ref name="sia">Template:Cite news</ref> After Todt Hill Road and Slosson Avenue, I-278 runs through a wooded area where it comes to an incomplete interchange that was to be the northern terminus of the Richmond Parkway.<ref name=gm /><ref name="nyt">Template:Cite news</ref> The road continues back into residential areas and comes to an interchange serving Clove Road and Richmond Road.<ref name="nysdot-2010tvr" /><ref name=gm /> Past this, I-278 passes over the Staten Island Railway rapid transit line. The next interchange the freeway has is with Hylan Boulevard.<ref name="nysdot-2010tvr" /> A short distance later, the SIE comes to a large interchange that serves Lily Pond Avenue and Bay Street. Immediately after, I-278 reaches the former toll plaza for the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge,<ref name="nysdot-2010tvr" /><ref name=gm /> where electronic toll collection is in effect.<ref name="WABC 2016" /> I-278 goes onto the Verrazzano Bridge linking to Brooklyn over The Narrows. This bridge, which is maintained by the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority (TBTA), has six lanes on the lower level and seven lanes on the upper level which includes one HOV lane.<ref name=gm /><ref name="mtabt">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In addition to local traffic on Staten Island, the expressway provides the most direct route from Brooklyn and Long Island to New Jersey. It is widely known throughout the New York City area as one of the most congested roads in the city.<ref name=trc>Template:Cite book</ref>
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Gowanus ExpresswayEdit
After the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, I-278 continues into Brooklyn on the Gowanus Expressway. Immediately after the bridge, the freeway comes to an eastbound exit and westbound entrance for the Belt Parkway. After this, a full interchange serves 92nd Street at which point I-278 becomes a single-level six-lane freeway. Soon after, one of the eastbound lanes becomes an HOV lane, continuing east to the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel.<ref name=nydn>Template:Cite news</ref> restricted to buses, carpools, and vehicles with three or more occupants.<ref name=NYCDOT-HOV/><ref name="Kashiwagi 2018"/> On weekdays, this HOV lane carries eastbound traffic in the morning and westbound traffic in the afternoon. The lane is closed at other times, including certain New York City government holidays.<ref name=NYCDOT-HOV>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Kashiwagi 2018">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Gowanus Expressway continues northeast into urban residential neighborhoods and reaches an eastbound interchange at Fort Hamilton Parkway and a westbound interchange at 86th Street. Turning more to the north, I-278 comes to a partial interchange at 65th Street, with an exit eastbound and entrance eastbound. The road curves northwest at this point and comes to a directional interchange providing access to 3rd Avenue and the Belt Parkway.<ref name="nysdot-2010tvr" /><ref name=gm /> The Gowanus Expressway turns northeast again at the interchange with Belt Parkway, and it continues along an elevated alignment above Third Avenue, running through urban residential and commercial areas.<ref name=gm /> Along this viaduct, I-278 has interchanges with 38th Street/39th Street and the Prospect Expressway (NY 27).<ref name="nysdot-2010tvr" /><ref name="gm" />
After the interchange with the Prospect Expressway (NY 27), the freeway widens to eight lanes and heads north, coming to an interchange with the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel approach (officially the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel, I-478), with the exit ramps splitting from the median of I-278. Westbound access to the tunnel is provided by the Hamilton Avenue exit.<ref name="nysdot-2010tvr" /><ref name="gm" /> In this area, the freeway passes over the Gowanus Canal, an extremely polluted canal that was once used for shipping.<ref name="Held">Template:Cite news</ref> The site has been designated a Superfund site by the Environmental Protection Agency.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Navarro 2010">Template:Cite news</ref>
Brooklyn–Queens ExpresswayEdit
Template:Redirect After the exit for the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel, I-278 heads north onto the six-lane BQE, passing through urban neighborhoods near Downtown Brooklyn on a depressed alignment. The next interchange the highway reaches serves Atlantic Avenue.<ref name="nysdot-2010tvr" /> After Atlantic Avenue, the road runs along the East River harbor in Downtown Brooklyn/Brooklyn Heights and is partially covered to create the Brooklyn Heights Promenade.<ref name=gm /> Template:As of, the roadway has been reduced to two lanes in each direction between Atlantic Avenue and the Brooklyn Bridge as part of efforts to extend the life of the roadway<ref name=gm /> and meet modern safety standards for lane width and shoulders.<ref name=nyt-2022-12-14>Template:Cite news</ref>I-278, at this point maintained by the New York City Department of Transportation, makes a sharp turn to the east away from the East River and comes to an interchange serving the Brooklyn Bridge and Cadman Plaza.<ref name="nysdot-2010tvr" /><ref name=gm /><ref name="nysdot">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The freeway continues on an elevated alignment and makes a turn southeast as it comes to ramps accessing the Manhattan Bridge.<ref name="nysdot-2010tvr" /><ref name=gm /> As of 2022, the city portion is planned to be rebuilt.<ref name=nyt-2022-12-14/>
North of the bridges, the highway becomes state-maintained again and reaches at an exit serving Tillary Street and Flushing Avenue.<ref name="nysdot-2010tvr" /><ref name="nysdot" /> At this point, the BQE continues east through residential areas and turns northeast upon coming to the Wythe Avenue/Kent Avenue exit. The road passes through the Williamsburg neighborhood on a depressed alignment, reaching an interchange that serves the Williamsburg Bridge, with an exit at Metropolitan Avenue a short distance later. I-278 becomes elevated again as it passes through more neighborhoods and comes to the interchange with Humboldt Street/McGuinness Boulevard. The BQE enters more industrial areas as it comes to the Meeker Avenue/Morgan Avenue exit.<ref name="nysdot-2010tvr" /><ref name="gm" />
I-278 crosses the Newtown Creek into Queens on the Kosciuszko Bridge. Upon entering Queens, the BQE runs north between residential neighborhoods to the east and Calvary Cemetery to the west before coming to an interchange with the LIE (I-495).<ref name="nysdot-2010tvr" /><ref name=gm /> After I-495, the freeway makes a turn to the east, passing over a residential street before crossing over New Calvary Cemetery.<ref name=gm /> The road turns northeast through more urban neighborhoods and reaches an interchange at Queens Boulevard (NY 25).<ref name="nysdot-2010tvr" /><ref name=gm /> At this point, I-278 becomes city-maintained again and passes under the Long Island Rail Road's Main Line as it continues into a depressed alignment.<ref name=gm /><ref name=nysdot /> The BQE turns north as it approaches the exit for Broadway and Roosevelt Avenue. I-278 heads back onto a viaduct and comes to a single-point urban interchange at Northern Boulevard (NY 25A). A short distance past Northern Boulevard (NY 25A), the freeway splits into east and west segments with four lanes each that respectively merge into the Grand Central Parkway east- and westbound. Astoria Boulevard is accessible from either leg.<ref name="nysdot-2010tvr" /><ref name=gm /> Both legs receive Interstate funding, though only the western leg is signed as part of I-278.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Grand Central Parkway and Robert F. Kennedy BridgeEdit
I-278 turns west to run along the eight-lane state-maintained Grand Central Parkway, with Astoria Boulevard (and Hoyt Avenue later on) serving as a frontage road.<ref name="gm" /><ref name="nysdot" /> The road runs along a depressed alignment, passing under Amtrak's Northeast Corridor, then the New York City Subway's BMT Astoria Line at 31st Street.<ref name="gm" /> The Grand Central Parkway overlap ends at the interchange with 31st Street, and I-278 continues northwest along the tolled, eight-lane Robert F. Kennedy Bridge, which passes over Astoria.<ref name="nysdot-2010tvr" /><ref name="gm" /> Eastbound tolls are collected electronically at this point.<ref name="Siff 2016" /><ref name="WABC 2016" />
I-278 crosses the East River on the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge, which maintained by the TBTA. It then enters Wards Island, which is a part of the borough of Manhattan.<ref name="gm" /><ref name="mtabt" /> On Wards Island, the highway heads north through Wards Island Park and passes to the east of Manhattan Psychiatric Center as it passes over the border onto Randalls Island, which is connected to Wards Island by land.<ref name="gm" /> I-278 passes through the bridge's former toll plaza before an interchange that provides access to FDR Drive by way of another segment of the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge over the Harlem River. After this interchange, the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge carries the route over the Bronx Kill into the Bronx,<ref name="nysdot-2010tvr" /><ref name="gm" /> where westbound tolls are collected electronically.<ref name="Siff 2016">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="WABC 2016">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Bruckner ExpresswayEdit
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In the Bronx, I-278 becomes the Bruckner Expressway and reaches an interchange with the Major Deegan Expressway (I-87).<ref name="nysdot-2010tvr" /> At this point, the Bruckner Expressway heads northeast on a six-lane elevated alignment through industrial areas with some residences, paralleling the Northeast Corridor.<ref name=gm /> Along this section, there is a westbound exit and eastbound entrance for East 138th Street.<ref name="nysdot-2010tvr" /> Sheridan Boulevard (NY 895) splits from the eastbound direction of I-278 as the Bruckner Expressway makes a turn to the east into residential and commercial neighborhoods on a surface alignment, crossing the Bronx River on a drawbridge.<ref name="nysdot-2010tvr" /><ref name=gm /> The road has an interchange at Hunts Point Avenue before coming to the Bronx River Parkway. Continuing east, the road has an exit serving White Plains Road and Castle Hill Avenue.<ref name="nysdot-2010tvr" />
I-278's eastern terminus is at the Bruckner Interchange further to the east. Here, the Bruckner Expressway becomes I-95 and continues towards the New England Thruway. At this interchange, I-278 also has access to the Clearview Expressway (I-295), the Hutchinson River Expressway (I-678), and the Hutchinson River Parkway itself.<ref name="nysdot-2010tvr" /><ref name="gm" /> Legally, the New York section of I-278 is defined as part of Interstate Route Connector 512 and all of Interstate Route Connector 518 in New York Highway Law § 340-a.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
HistoryEdit
New JerseyEdit
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The New Jersey portion of freeway was planned in 1955 as the Union Freeway and designated as I-278 in 1958. It was to connect the Goethals Bridge west to I-78 at the tripoint of Springfield, Union Township, and Millburn.<ref name="nyt2"/><ref>Template:Cite map</ref> The western part of this planned freeway faced strong opposition.<ref name=tbta/> Even though it was to run along an abandoned railroad right-of-way, it would traverse through dense development in Roselle Park, Kenilworth, and Union Township,<ref>*Template:Cite map
- Template:Cite map</ref> thereby making the project further disliked.<ref name=tbta>Template:Cite book</ref> By 1967, state officials decided not to pursue the continuation of I-278 and used the funds for I-278 to build I-195 across Central Jersey instead.<ref name=NJDOT1967>Template:Cite book</ref> The only section of I-278 in New Jersey was built between US 1/9 in Linden and the Goethals Bridge, opening to traffic in 1969 at a cost of $11.5 million (equivalent to $Template:Formatprice in Template:Inflation/yearTemplate:Inflation/fn).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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The Union Freeway Extension was revived in the late 1960s and was to start at US 1/9 but end at I-287 in Hanover Township, following Route 24 between I-78 and I-287. However, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) rejected the proposal in 1970, thus ending the I-278 project.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The original four-lane Goethals Bridge, which predated the I-278 designation, was replaced with two new three-lane cable-stayed bridges, each carrying traffic in one direction. The new eastbound bridge opened to both directions of traffic in June 2017,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and westbound traffic was shifted to the new westbound bridge in May 2018.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Staten Island ExpresswayEdit
The SIE was first planned in 1941 as the Cross-Richmond Express Highway, a freeway connecting the Goethals and Verrazzano-Narrows bridges that was a part of a comprehensive system of freeways and parkways for the borough of Staten Island.<ref name=nycpd>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1945, Robert Moses took over planning for the freeway and called it the Clove Lakes Expressway.<ref name=tbta2>Template:Cite book</ref> The plan received approval in stages through the mid-1950s, and construction on the expressway began in 1959.<ref name=tbta /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By this time, the SIE had received the I-278 designation.<ref name=nyt2 />
The construction of the SIE was particularly noted for the massive movement of earth required to build the section of the highway between Clove Road and Price Street (now Narrows Road North, a service road of the expressway) between Grymes Hill and Emerson Hill. The earth removed from the cut in the hill was placed in a remote section of central Staten Island adjacent to Sea View Hospital and has since been nicknamed "Moses Mountain".<ref name=tpb>Template:Cite book</ref> Originally, Moses intended for a spur of the expressway, the Richmond Parkway, to follow the central ridge of the island, connecting with the Outerbridge Crossing in the southwestern part of the island. However, there was massive local opposition to this spur, and, unlike previous projects by Moses, the northern half of the spur was canceled when Mayor John Lindsay took office in 1966. The southern half of this proposed spur was built, however.<ref name=nyt /> The aborted section, from the expressway to Richmond Avenue, has become a part of the Staten Island Greenbelt, one of New York City's public parks.<ref name=nyt /> A ramp stub of an interchange on the expressway, cut into the hills of Todt Hill, still exists. Part of the trail system of the greenbelt was using the abandoned overpass bridge as pedestrian crossing of the expressway up until 2013, when it was dismantled for lane widening improvements.<ref name=gm /><ref name=sia3 />
The first link of the SIE opened in January 1964, from the Goethals Bridge to Victory Boulevard. The remainder opened later that year. The freeway had a total cost of $47 million (equivalent to $Template:Formatprice in Template:Inflation/yearTemplate:Inflation/fn).<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> In 1998, bus lanes were created on the eastern part of the SIE near the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge; they were extended west to Todt Hill Road/Slosson Avenue in 2005.<ref name=nydn2>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=sia2>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2008, the bus lanes were opened to high-occupancy vehicles during rush hours.<ref name=sia />
In July 2008, officials announced a $50-million (equivalent to $Template:Formatprice in Template:Inflation/yearTemplate:Inflation/fn) project to improve the severe traffic conditions on a Template:Convert stretch of the expressway. Included in the project is the construction of six new on- and offramps, improvements to and relocations of existing on- and offramps, and other improvements to surrounding roads. This followed numerous minor alterations to alleviate traffic, such as time/distance displays and the designated bus lanes.<ref name=sia3>Template:Cite news</ref> Construction started in November 2010, with the project then expected to cost $75 million (equivalent to $Template:Formatprice in Template:Inflation/yearTemplate:Inflation/fn).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A new exit 15, which served Lily Pond Avenue and Bay Street on the eastern end of Staten Island, opened to traffic on July 9, 2012, replacing a former exit further to the east. Signage was also changed to display Fingerboard Road and Lily Pond Avenue as the outlet for the new exit, rather than Lily Pond Avenue and Bay Street.<ref name="newexit15">Template:Cite press release</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On January 17, 2013, westbound exit 13 was permanently closed in favor of a new interchange setup, which involved two new ramps: exit 13B for Richmond Road and Targee Street and exit 13A for Clove Road.<ref name="exit13B">Template:Cite news</ref>
Gowanus ExpresswayEdit
The Gowanus Expressway was initially the Gowanus Parkway, first planned in the 1930s.<ref name=nycdpr>Template:Cite book</ref> Construction of the road, overseen by Robert Moses, started in 1939, with the parkway being built on top of the BMT Third Avenue Line. The parkway was completed in 1941 and became part of the Belt Parkway that received the NY 27A designation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Gowanus Parkway was to be reconstructed into the Gowanus Expressway in the 1950s to connect the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge to the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel. The first segment of the Gowanus Expressway, from the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel to the Prospect Expressway (NY 27), was opened in May 1950.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The freeway was initially planned to be twelve lanes, with two three-lane roadways in each direction, but it was ultimately reduced to a six-lane highway to reduce disruption to the Bay Ridge neighborhood.<ref name=tbta2 /> The Gowanus Expressway was incorporated into the Interstate Highway System and became a component of I-278.<ref name=nyt2 /> The conversion of Gowanus Expressway to a six-lane freeway configuration was completed in 1964 at a cost of $100 million (equivalent to $Template:Formatprice in Template:Inflation/yearTemplate:Inflation/fn).<ref name=":0" /> The NY 27A designation was removed from the Gowanus Expressway by 1970.<ref name="chevron">Template:Cite map</ref><ref name="esso">Template:Cite map</ref>
By 2000, an HOV lane was added to the eastbound Gowanus Expressway to serve traffic heading toward Manhattan.<ref name=nydn /> Over the years, the viaduct structure of the Gowanus Expressway has deteriorated.<ref name=nylj>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1998, a $16-million (equivalent to $Template:Formatprice in Template:Inflation/yearTemplate:Inflation/fn) feasibility study for a tunnel for the Gowanus Expressway was awarded.<ref name="nyt7">Template:Cite news</ref> NYSDOT was considering putting the road in a tunnel,<ref name="nysdot2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but, in November 2011, the FHWA canceled the project.<ref name="brooklyndaily">Template:Cite news</ref> The viaduct's vertical steel supports show material missing due to rust,<ref name="kunstler">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but the federal government has stated that it is not in danger of collapse.<ref name="brooklynpaper">Template:Cite news</ref> In 2019, the New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) took over maintenance of the Gowanus Expressway from the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT).<ref name="Kashiwagi 2018" />
Brooklyn–Queens Expressway and Grand Central ParkwayEdit
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The BQE was initially planned in 1936 as the Brooklyn–Queens Connecting Highway, a link between the Gowanus Parkway and the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref> The brief portion of I-278 on the Grand Central Parkway, connecting the BQE and the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge, had opened in the 1930s.<ref name="nyt13">Template:Cite news</ref> A part of the Brooklyn–Queens Connecting Highway, namely the Kosciuszko Bridge and the viaducts leading to the bridge, opened in 1939 between Meeker Avenue/Morgan Avenue and Queens Boulevard (NY 25).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 1940, Moses proposed an expressway between Queens and Brooklyn to relieve local streets of congestion from the Manhattan and Williamsburg bridges.<ref name=tba>Template:Cite book</ref> The section between the Kosciuszko and Williamsburg bridges opened on May 25, 1950.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A further extension between the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel and the Brooklyn Bridge, which included the Brooklyn Heights Promenade, was opened on June 23, 1954, connecting to the Gowanus Expressway.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This was followed by a mile-long (Template:Convert) section between the Williamsburg Bridge and Flushing Avenue on September 1, 1958.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Two sections of the expressway opened on August 26, 1959: a segment between the Brooklyn Bridge and Tillary Street in Brooklyn and between the Grand Central Parkway and Roosevelt Avenue in Queens.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The expressway between Tillary Street and Flushing Avenue, around the Brooklyn Navy Yard, was opened shortly thereafter on January 6, 1960.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The road in its entirety was completed on December 23, 1964 at a cost of $137 million (equivalent to $Template:Formatprice in Template:Inflation/yearTemplate:Inflation/fn), with the opening of a mile-long (Template:Convert) underpass connecting Queens Boulevard with Roosevelt Avenue.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The major interchange with the Long Island Expressway was rebuilt in 1966 for $32.7 million (equivalent to $Template:Formatprice in Template:Inflation/yearTemplate:Inflation/fn).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
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The construction of the BQE, overseen by Moses, tore through many residential neighborhoods in Brooklyn and Queens instead of following the East River.<ref name="tpb" /><ref name="nd">Template:Cite news</ref> One portion of the expressway, the two-tiered promenade section in Brooklyn Heights that was designed by Moses, was originally planned to go straight through Hicks Street, then connect to the Brooklyn Bridge at Adams Street. Another route that was proposed by Moses would have continued up Hicks Street past Atlantic Avenue, removing all the buildings on one side of Court Street, then curving east into Tillary Street (at Cadman Plaza). The Brooklyn Heights Association was able to fight these proposed routes, which created the two-tiered section above Furman Street with the promenade over it.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Several tunnels were later proposed to replace the promenade,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but none of the tunnel proposals were supported or funded.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1958, existing segments of the expressway were eligible for Interstate Highway funding. For a short time, the segment of highway between the Robert F. Kennedy and Williamsburg bridges was to be designated I-87 and continue north as the Major Deegan Expressway. By 1959, the I-278 designation was given to the entire length of the highway.<ref name="nyt2">Template:Cite news</ref> Since the roadway was constructed prior to modern expressway standards, the road needed to be upgraded to meet these standards. By the 1990s, a major multiyear project beginning in the 1980s brought upgrades to the BQE.<ref name="nyt11">Template:Cite news</ref>
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In the early 2000s, the expressway underwent another upgrade project that replaced the viaduct within Downtown Brooklyn and Fort Greene.<ref name="qg">Template:Cite news</ref> Simultaneously, the Queens section of the BQE between Queens Boulevard and 25th Avenue was also renovated.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Koscisuzko Bridge was replaced from 2014 to 2017 with a new eastbound span that temporarily served both directions of traffic.<ref name="nydn20170423">Template:Cite news</ref> A second span of the Kosciuszko Bridge opened in 2019 for westbound traffic, adding more lanes to the BQE across the bridge.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Formerly, the frontage road of the Grand Central Parkway between the BQE and the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge served as a truck route, since large trucks are not permitted on the parkway. Exemptions are provided for smaller trucks that conform with strict regulations, but only on the section of the Grand Central Parkway that overlaps with I-278.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In December 2017, the state concluded a $2.5-million (equivalent to $Template:Formatprice in Template:Inflation/yearTemplate:Inflation/fn) project that lowered the roadbed of the section of the parkway that is concurrent with I-278. This section of I-278 now has a Template:Convert vertical clearance, which allows most trucks to stay on I-278.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In late 2024, the NYCDOT began considering a plan to construct freeway caps above parts of the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway, as well as converting the spaces under the expressway into public plazas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Proposed reconstruction in Brooklyn HeightsEdit
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In 1999, the think tank Reason Foundation proposed placing the BQE within Brooklyn Heights in a tunnel.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, NYCDOT did not seriously consider this suggestion until 2016 when it studied six possible tunnel configurations. NYCDOT found that only the tunnel option starting at 21st Street on Third Avenue and ending near Kent Avenue in Williamsburg would be feasible. This option would have served as a bypass, with vehicles heading to Downtown Brooklyn, or the Manhattan and Williamsburg bridges using the triple cantilever structure, which would be tolled.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> At the same time, the Brooklyn Heights Promenade was deteriorating significantly and was set to undergo renovations starting 2020.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The structure is supported by steel rods inside rebar, which is corroding due to the seeping of road salt into widening cracks. If nothing was done on the roadway by 2026, weight restrictions would have to be implemented, with trucks diverted to local roads, and, by 2036, the city would have to shut down this section of the BQE.<ref name="Berger 2018" /><ref name="The New York Times 2018" />
In late 2018, NYSDOT proposed rebuilding the double-decker, Template:Convert section of I-278 running under the Brooklyn Heights Promenade, which had deteriorated severely over the years. Two options were proposed.<ref name="Berger 2018" /><ref name="The New York Times 2018" /> The cheaper option, which would cost $3.3 billion to $3.6 billion (equivalent to $Template:Formatprice to $Template:Formatprice in Template:Inflation/yearTemplate:Inflation/fn) and take six years, entailed building a temporary six-lane highway in the location of the promenade while they repaired the underlying structure.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Berger 2018">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="The New York Times 2018" /> Under this option, lanes would be widened, and shoulders would have been added. In conjunction with the project, NYCDOT hoped to unify Van Voorhees Park, improve safety at the interchange with Atlantic Avenue, and possibly build a pedestrian bridge from Brooklyn Bridge Park to the promenade.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite news</ref> The other, more expensive option, which would cost $3.4 billion to $4 billion (equivalent to $Template:Formatprice to $Template:Formatprice in Template:Inflation/yearTemplate:Inflation/fn) and take over eight years, was to repair the existing six-lane highway one lane at a time.<ref name="The New York Times 2018">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Berger 2018" /> The promenade walkway would be closed for up to six years under the first option and for two years under the second option, with periodic closures for construction use. The NYCDOT commissioner, Polly Trottenberg, called the project "the most challenging project not only in New York City, but arguably in the United States right now".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> For the project, $1.7 billion in city funding was allocated, with the remainder to be footed from the state and federal governments.<ref name="The New York Times 2018" />
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Because of sizable opposition to demolishing the promenade, mayor Bill de Blasio later stated that his administration was open to considering other ideas, including routing the expressway over Brooklyn Bridge Park.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hundreds of people, including Brooklyn Borough President Eric Adams and City Comptroller Scott Stringer, rallied on the promenade, calling for more public review. Local residents are strongly opposed to the construction of the temporary six-lane highway as it would run right up against their homes. In response, the Brooklyn Heights Association came up with an alternate plan, which called for the construction of a temporary bilevel roadway running besides the promenade on land including a parking lot.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Support for reducing the size of or tearing down the BQE increased, with articles in New York and The Wall Street Journal calling for the removal of the highway. They noted how the removal of highways in other cities improved local neighborhoods and led to economic development.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Commissioner Trottenberg had dismissed calls to tear down the highway saying that the city got most of its freight by truck and that "For better or for worse, these Moses-built highways [...] now the city has grown around them and it's not an option to just say we can't deal with that traffic."<ref name=":2" /> City Council Speaker Corey Johnson called for the city to study alternatives, including the removal of the BQE in its entirety, in his State of the City address.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On March 13, 2019, Stringer issued a plan calling for converting the triple cantilever structure and the open cut in Cobble Hill into a truck-only highway between Hamilton Avenue in Carroll Gardens and the Brooklyn Bridge. Under the plan, only the bottom level would be rebuilt and then be decked over by a linear park and boulevard. The report expected passenger vehicles to be diverted into the underused Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel, whose tolls might be lowered when congestion pricing in New York City was implemented.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In early April, de Blasio announced that he would create a panel to formally evaluate each alternative and that the panel's evaluations would end by mid-2019.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In February 2020, officials proposed a Template:Convert tunnel from the Gowanus Expressway to Flushing Avenue. The proposal was expected to cost $11 billion, to be paid by tolls.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In late 2021, the section between Atlantic Avenue and the Brooklyn Bridge was reduced from three to two lanes per direction, a move that city officials said could prolong the viaduct's life by 20 years. The city also planned to ticket overweight vehicles.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There was still no long-term plan for the viaduct by mid-2022,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but three preliminary plans for the highway's reconstruction were announced in December 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> NYCDOT formally presented the three plans to the public in February 2023,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and city officials began issuing summonses to overweight vehicles in August of that year.<ref name="Brachfeld 2023 j962">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Manna 2023 z139">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In February 2024, the Federal Highway Administration rejected the city's request for $800 million to redesign and rebuild the cantilever.<ref name="Brachfeld 2024 w378">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By the next month, no design had been finalized,<ref name="Baird-Remba 2024 o285">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the start date for the triple cantilever's reconstruction had been postponed to 2028.<ref name="NY1 2024 k000">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Brachfeld 2024 x408">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The vehicle restrictions had reduced the number of overweight vehicles on the cantilever by 60% by early 2025.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Bruckner ExpresswayEdit
The Bruckner Expressway was originally Bruckner Boulevard, designated as part of NY 1A.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite map</ref><ref>Template:Cite map</ref> In the 1930s, a freeway was planned on the Bruckner Boulevard alignment in order to provide a connection between the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge and a freeway leading north into Westchester County.<ref name=nycpd /><ref name=":1" /> Moses took over planning for the road in 1951 and called for an elevated freeway between the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge and the Bronx River and a depressed freeway east of there.<ref name=tbta3>Template:Cite book</ref> Construction on the elevated segment of the Bruckner Expressway began in 1957 and on the depressed segment in 1959. The depressed portion was opened in 1961 while the elevated portion of the Bruckner Expressway was opened in 1962.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1972, the large Bruckner Interchange was finished, completing the route.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Over the years, the I-278 portion of the Bruckner Expressway has had different designations. When the Interstate Highway System was first created, the road was to be part of I-895 from I-87 to the Sheridan Expressway and I-678 from there to I-95.<ref name="nyt2" /> Later, I-278 was planned to follow the Bruckner Expressway from I-87 to the Sheridan Expressway, where it would continue on that freeway to I-95, while the Bruckner Expressway was not designated an Interstate north of there.<ref name="chevron" /> By 1970, I-278 was routed onto its current alignment, with I-895 (now NY 895) created along the Sheridan Expressway.<ref name="esso" />
Public transportationEdit
Multiple express buses operated by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority operate along I-278:
- The Template:NYC bus link Staten Island express routes operate on the Staten Island Expressway, Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, and Gowanus Expressway.<ref name=bussi>Template:Cite NYC bus map</ref>
- The Template:NYC bus link Staten Island express routes operate over the Goethals Bridge.<ref name=bussi/>
- The Template:NYC bus link Brooklyn express routes operate on the Gowanus Expressway.<ref>Template:Cite NYC bus map</ref>
- The Template:NYC bus link Bronx express routes operate on the Bruckner Expressway.<ref>Template:Cite NYC bus map</ref>
The Template:NYC bus link local routes operate over the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge.<ref name=bussi/> In addition, the Template:NYC bus link local bus operates on the Kosciuszko Bridge; the Template:NYC bus link operates over a small section of the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway; and the Template:NYC bus link operates on the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge.<ref name=busqns>Template:Cite NYC bus map</ref>
Exit listEdit
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NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
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