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Iochroma

Article Discussion

Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Iochroma is a genus of about 34 species of shrubs and small trees belonging to the nightshade family Solanaceae. Species are native from Mexico to south Brazil.<ref name=POWO_331673-2/> They are found in the forests of Mexico and South America. Their hummingbird-pollinated flowers are tubular or trumpet-shaped, and may be blue, purple, red, yellow, or white, becoming pulpy berries. The cupular (cup-shaped) calyx is inflated in some species. The leaves are alternate, simple, and entire.<ref name= "Hunziker Iochroma">Armando T. Hunziker: The Genera of Solanaceae. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G., Ruggell, Liechtenstein 2001. Template:ISBN pps. 220-226</ref><ref name= "De Witt and Baum Iochrominae">De Witt, S. and Baum, David A. 2006. Phylogenetics of the Florally Diverse Andean Clade Iochrominae ( Solanaceae ) American Journal of Botany 93(8): 1140–1153.</ref>

Iochromas are cultivated as flowering ornamentals and in cooler zones (zones 7–8/9) make useful patio shrubs for summer display or conservatory plants. The majority are not frost-hardy and must be overwintered under protection. In warmer zones (zones 9–10) they can be used as landscape plants.<ref>Christopher Brickell ( Ed.), The Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, pub. Dorking Kindersley 1996 Template:ISBN, pps. 554–555.</ref> They are commonly trained as standards (topiary) to control their size and shape. Iochroma flowers attract hummingbirds (Americas only) and bees to gardens.

Like many plants in the Solanaceae, Iochroma species contain phytochemicals with potential pharmaceutical value but the genus has not been exhaustively studied in this respect. Iochroma fuchsioides is taken by the medicine men of the Kamsa Indians of the Sibundoy valley in the Colombian Andes for difficult diagnoses, the unpleasant side effects lasting several days.<ref>Schultes, R. E. and Hoffman, A. (1992). Plants of the Gods. Their sacred, healing and hallucinogenic powers. Healing Arts Press, Rochester, Vermont. p. 46.</ref> A variety of withanolides <ref>Alfonso, D., Bernardinelli, G. and Kapetanidis, I. (1993). Withanolides from Iochroma coccineum. Phytochemistry 34 (2) : 517–521.</ref> and hydroxycinnamic acid amides <ref>Sattar, E. A., Glasl, H., Nahrstedt, A., Hilal, S. H., Zaki, A. Y. and El Zalabani, S. M. H. (1990). Hydroxycinnamic acid amides from Iochroma cyaneum. Phytochemistry 29 (12) : 3931–3933.</ref> have been isolated from Iochroma species.

TaxonomyEdit

The genus Iochroma was established by George Bentham in 1845.<ref name=POWO_331673-2>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Like other plant families, the Solanaceae is further divided into subfamilies, tribes and subtribes. Iochroma is in the subtribe Iochrominae along with the genera Dunalia, Eriolarynx, Saracha and Vassobia.<ref name= "Hunziker Iochroma"/><ref name= "De Witt and Baum Iochrominae"/> Template:As of, Acnistus, previously treated as a separate genus, was regarded as a synonym of Iochroma.<ref name=POWO_331673-2/>

SpeciesEdit

File:Acnistus arborescens, known as Hollow Heart (11425729463).jpg
Iochroma arborescens
File:Iochroma calycinum flowers Kew.jpg
The Ecuadorian species Iochroma calycinum, syn. I. macrocalyx, Temperate House, Kew Gardens
File:Quinta do Palheiro Ferreiro, Funchal - Madeira, October 2012 (21).jpg
Iochroma cyaneum Quinta do Palheiro Ferreiro, Funchal, Madeira.
File:Iochroma coccinea Scheidw. Kew.jpg
The unresolved Mexican species Iochroma coccinea growing in the Temperate House at Kew Gardens

The genus is currently divided into three sections.Template:Citation needed Template:As of, Plants of the World Online accepts the following species:<ref name=POWO_331673-2/>

Section Iochroma

Section Lehmannia

Section Spinosa

Unclassified

Former speciesEdit

Species formerly placed in the genus Iochroma include:

  • Iochroma australe Griseb. (Bolivia, Argentina) → Eriolarynx australis<ref name="POWO_815966-1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

CultivationEdit

Several forms of Iochroma (some wild collected, some garden hybrids) have been given cultivar names. Some of the cultivars have been assigned to species but others, mainly hybrids, have not. There may be some synonymy in this list.<ref>Shaw, J. M. H. (1998) "A Review of Iochroma in Cultivation". New Plantsman 5(3): 154–192.</ref> Template:Div col

  • Iochroma calycinum 'Vlasta’s Surprise'
  • Iochroma cyaneum 'Album'
  • Iochroma cyaneum 'Apricot Belle'
  • Iochroma cyaneum 'Indigo'
  • Iochroma cyaneum 'Karl Hartweg'
  • Iochroma cyaneum 'John Miers'
  • Iochroma cyaneum 'Royal Blue'
  • Iochroma cyaneum 'Royal Queen' = I. cyaneum 'Indigo'
  • Iochroma cyaneum 'Sky King'
  • Iochroma cyaneum 'Trebah'
  • Iochroma cyaneum 'Woodcote White'
  • Iochroma gesnerioides 'Coccineum'
  • Iochroma gesnerioides var. flavum
  • Iochroma 'Ashcott Red'
  • Iochroma 'Burgundy Bells'
  • Iochroma 'Frosty Plum'
  • Iochroma 'Ilie’s Plum'
  • Iochroma 'Plum Beauty'
  • Iochroma 'Plum Delight'
  • Iochroma 'Purple Haze'
  • Iochroma 'Ruby Red' (I. cyaneum 'Royal Blue' x I. 'Sunset')
  • Iochroma 'Sunset'
  • Iochroma 'Wine Red'

Template:Div col end

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

External linksEdit

Template:Aut (2008): Iochroma - an annotated list of the species and cultivars [1]

Template:Taxonbar

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