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Iskandar of Johor

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Template:Short description Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox royalty Sultan Iskandar ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Negara Brunei Darussalam: A Biographical Dictionary (1860–1996), Horton, pg 290</ref><ref>Siapa kebal, Mahathir atau raja-raja Melayu?, Yahaya Ismail, pg 42</ref> (Jawi: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; 8 April 1932 – 22 January 2010) was Sultan of Johor, succeeding his father Sultan Ismail upon the latter's death in 1981. He reigned as the eighth Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the constitutional monarch of Malaysia, from 1984 to 1989. Sultan Iskandar's reign as Sultan of Johor lasted almost 29 years until his death in 2010.

His children are married into the different royal houses of Malaysia. His eldest daughter Tunku Kamariah married the Tengku Laksamana of Selangor, Tengku Sulaiman Shah. His successor and eldest son Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar married Raja Zarith Sofiah of the Perak royal family. His daughter Tunku Azizah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah married the heir apparent of Pahang, now Sultan Abdullah. His younger son Tunku Abdul Majid married a member of the Kedah royal family, Tunku Teh Mazni.

As was the case with his grandfather, Sultan Ibrahim,<ref> Johore and the Origins of British Control, Nesalamar Nadarajah, pg 128</ref> Sultan Iskandar's independent mindset resulted in strained relations with the Malaysian federal government on numerous occasions. This was most prevalent during his time as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong,<ref>Asian Recorder (1984), pg 17808</ref> as there were a number of notable public incidents involved Sultan Iskandar.<ref name="Low_185">Constitutional Heads and Political Crises: Commonwealth Episodes, 1945–85 (1988), Low, pg 185</ref> Nevertheless, Sultan Iskandar was reputed to show great concern for his subjects, and was held in high esteem by many of his subjects–particularly the Malays and Orang Aslis.<ref name="Thanam Visvanathan">Thanam Visvanathan, Ruler with deep concern for people–Sultan Iskandar revered as protective guardian and helpful to all his subjects, pg 1, 8 April 2001, New Sunday Times Special (Sultan of Johor's Birthday)</ref> His time as the Sultan of Johor was marred by accusations of violence and brutality. Sultan Iskandar was notorious for his bad temper which often resulted in violent episodes of rage and brutality to members of his staff and the general public. The 1992 Gomez incident surrounding the Sultan eventually culminated in the removal of "legal immunity" for members of the royal family.

Sultan Iskandar is reputed to have been a staunch disciplinarian, with willingness to occasionally voice personal opinions on governmental issues. On the personal side, subjects who approached the Sultan in his later years described him as a person with a warm<ref name="InspiringRuler">Inspiring ruler Template:Webarchive, Nelson Benjamin, 8 April 2007, The Star (Malaysia)</ref> and generous personality.<ref name="thestar.com.my">Johor Sultan's birthday celebration at Dataran Bandaraya in JB today Template:Webarchive, 8 April 2008, The Star (Malaysia)</ref> However, past critics had also argued that Sultan Iskandar was a person with a turbulent temper.<ref name="TanCK5">Tan, Chee Khoon (1985), pg 5</ref><ref>Milne, Mauzy (1999), pg 32</ref> These claims were made by citing records of notorious incidents,<ref>Clad (1989), pg 57</ref> which include an experience of being disinherited from being the Tunku Mahkota of Johor (or Crown Prince in English) by his father, in 1961, as well as a series of alleged criminal acts occurring between the 1970s and the 1990s which were published in the press and provoked widespread moral outrage within the Malaysian public.<ref name="KamarulAbdullah">Abdullah (2003), pg 148</ref><ref>Kershaw (2001), pg 102–3</ref>

During his younger days as a prince,<ref name="Tunku">Tunku is spelled as in Johor. Tengku Ahmad Rithauddeen: His Story, K.N. Nadarajah, pg 50</ref> Iskandar was commonly known by his first name, "Mahmood"<ref>Facts on File Yearbook, by Facts on File, inc., 1957, Phrase: "Married: Prince Tunku Mahmud, 24, grandson of the Sultan of Johore, & Josephine Ruby Trevorrow, 21, daughter of an English textile ..."</ref><ref>Malaysia, by British Association of Malaysia, British Association of Malaysia and Singapore, Phrase: " Mahmood of Jo-hore. On 5 August 1960, at the Istana Bukit ..."</ref> or his full name "Mahmood Iskandar". He largely discontinued the use of his first name after he became Sultan in 1981,<ref>Andresen (1992), pg 138</ref> although some people occasionally referred to him by his full name.<ref>Demolish causeway: Johor Sultan Template:Webarchive, 5 November 2006, Dailyexpress</ref><ref name="_Azizah"/>

Early lifeEdit

Sultan Iskandar (known as Tunku Mahmood IskandarTemplate:Ref label until 1981) was the third and eldest surviving son of Sultan Ismail, (he had two older brothers, both of whom died in infancy)Template:Citation needed and was born on at 11:30 a.m. 8 April 1932 in the Istana Semayam, Johor Bahru.<ref name="Rosnah Haji Ahmad71">Pemerintah dan pemimpin-pemimpin kerajaan Malaysia, Siti Rosnah Haji Ahmad, pg 71</ref> Mahmood received his primary and lower secondary education in Ngee Heng Primary School and the English College Johore Bahru (now Maktab Sultan Abu Bakar) in Johor Bahru. In 1952, he was sent to Australia for higher secondary education at Trinity Grammar School. After completing high school in 1953, Mahmood travelled to the Isle of Wight in the United Kingdom, where he was enrolled in the Upper Chine School for three years.<ref>Information Malaysia (1985), pg 58</ref>

Sultan of JohorEdit

File:Keluargamahkota56.jpg
The Royal family of Johor on celebrating the birthday of Dr Heah Hock Chye in 1956. From left: Tunku Mahmood Iskandar, Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sultanah Aminah, Che Khalsom binti Abdullah (Josephine Ruby Trevorrow, wife to Tunku Mahmood Iskandar), Tunku Maimunah, Sultan Ismail of Johor.

Mahmood returned to Malaysia in 1956 upon completing his studies, and briefly served as a cadet officer in the Johor Civil Service,<ref>His Majesty and Her Majesty Template:Webarchive, Website of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Retrieved 3 January 2009</ref> taking charge of affairs in District Affairs, Land and Treasury departments until his appointment as the Tunku Mahkota of Johor in May 1959.<ref name="Thanam Visvanathan"/> Mahmood was appointed the Tunku Mahkota of Johor from 1959 to 1961, and Raja Muda of Johor from 1966 to 1981, by Sultan Ismail. On 29 April 1981, he was re-appointed as the Tunku Mahkota shortly before his father's death.<ref>Duli Yang Maha Mulia Seri Paduka Baginda Almutawakkil Alallah, Sultan Iskandar Ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Ismail Portal Rasmi Kerajaan Negeri Johor Darul Ta'zim Template:Webarchive</ref>

On 10 May 1981, Mahmood was appointed as the Regent of Johor following the death of his father, and was sworn in as Sultan a day later, shortly before his father was buried.<ref name="IskandarMahkota">Asian RecorderPublished by K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press, 1981, pg 16108</ref> In turn, his younger brother, Tunku Abdul Rahman (not to be confused with Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia's first prime minister), formerly the Tunku Mahkota of Johor for twenty years under Sultan Ismail, was demoted to a lower position, the Tunku Bendahara of Johor, a post which he held until his death in 1989.<ref name="TanCK5"/> In the same year on 12 December, Sultan Iskandar was appointed as the Chancellor of the University of Technology Malaysia.<ref>Information Malaysia (1990), pg 906</ref> Unlike the other preceding Sultan of Johors who had their own coronation ceremony, he did not have one.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Under the council of rulers, the elective monarchy system of Malaysia, Sultan Iskandar was elected on 9 February 1984 as the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong, shortly before his predecessor's term expired on 26 April 1984. He succeeded the Sultan of Pahang as the Yang-Di Pertuan Agong on 26 April.<ref>The Europa Year Book: A World Survey (1984), pg xiv</ref> A royal investiture was held shortly after that, in which he donned the traditional suit of the Agong, whereby he was officially installed.<ref>Milne, Mauzy (1999), pg 35</ref> Sultan Iskandar served in the capacity as the Yang-Di Pertuan Agong until 1989, being succeeded by the Sultan of Perak.<ref>DYMM Seri Paduka Baginda Almutawakkil Alallah, Sultan Iskandar Ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Ismail Template:Webarchive, Kerajaan Negeri Johor Darul Ta'zim, Retrieved 3 January 2009</ref> As the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Sultan Iskandar was automatically designated under constitutional provisions as the Supreme Commander of the Malaysian Armed Forces, holding the rank of the Marshal of the Royal Malaysian Air Force, Admiral of the Fleet of the Royal Malaysian Navy and Field Marshal of the Army.<ref>Alagappa (2001), pg 267</ref>

On 8 April 2006, the Sultan appointed his grandson Tunku Ismail Idris—the son of the Tunku Mahkota then—as the Raja Muda during an investiture in conjunction with his birthday. The rank of Raja Muda denoted that Ismail Idris was second in the line of succession to the Johorean royal throne.<ref name="star_rajamuda">Template:Usurped, The Star online, Star Publications, 9 April 2006.</ref>

State affairsEdit

Sultan Iskandar held annual open house events either at the Istana Bukit Serene, his official residence, or at the Istana Besar.<ref>Thousands at PM's open house (update 4) Template:Webarchive, Manjit Kaur, Royce Cheah and Ng Si Hooi, 13 October 2007, The Star (Malaysia)</ref> On these days, the Sultan and his eldest son, the Tunku Mahkota, held special sessions whereby Johoreans came up to pay their respects to him.<ref>Template:Usurped, Teh Eng Hock and Meera Vijayan, 15 October 2007, The Star (Malaysia)</ref> The Sultan also bestowed honorary awards on distinguished Malaysians from his annual birthday honours list on his birthday.<ref>Sultan of Johor's birthday honours list Template:Webarchive, 9 April 2004, The Star (Malaysia)</ref> As a matter of convention, the state government made 8 April a state public holiday to mark his birthday.<ref>Anniversaries and Holidays (2000), pg 109</ref><ref>Event: 'Sultan Of Johor's Birthday' Template:Webarchive, Minerals and Geoscience Department Malaysia (JMG), 13 February 2009</ref>

Shortly before he became Agong in April 1984, Sultan Iskandar issued a proposal for the Orang Aslis to be referred to as the "Bumiputera Asli" (literally, Original Sons of the Soil). The proposal was made as Sultan Iskandar suggested that the Orang Aslis maintained a distinct identity from the Malays as the majority of them were not Muslims. The proposal was subsequently scrapped, and the government made subsequent attempts to assimilate the Orang Aslis with the mainstream Malay society.<ref>Benjamin, Chou, (2002), pg 121</ref> After his inauguration as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, he donated his Agong's salary to various scholarship boards that were open to Malaysians of all races.<ref>Low (1988), pg 192</ref>

File:JBIstana Besar.jpg
Steps to the main hall of Istana Besar, Johor Bahru

Sultan Iskandar issued a decree in 2007 which only allowed residences and properties owned by the Sultan and the Tunku Mahkota to be called Istana, while properties belonging to other members of the royal family are to be known as "Kediaman". The terms "Istana" and "Kediaman" are translated as "Palace" and "Residences" in English, respectively.<ref>A palace in the sun Template:Webarchive, Fauziah Ismail, JohorBuzz, New Straits Times</ref> The following December, Sultan Iskandar gave his endorsement for the state government to pass a law which would ban Muslims in the state from practising Yoga, citing that Hindu elements in the exercise went against Islamic teachings. Applications to seek the Sultan's consent came from the state religious council, who acted under the instructions of the National Fatwa Council.<ref>Ban on yoga likely in Johor Template:Webarchive, 5 December 2008, New Straits Times</ref><ref>Johor prepares to enforce yoga ban Template:Webarchive, JohorBuzz, New Straits Times</ref>

Sultan Iskandar graced the official landmark opening of the Sultan Iskandar customs, immigration and quarantine complex on 1 December 2008, in the presence of the Tunku Mahkota and several key cabinet ministers. The complex was named in honour of the Sultan,<ref>Bangunan Sultan Iskandar Jadi Pintu Masuk Kepada Sembilan Juta Pengunjung Template:Webarchive, Hamirul Hairi Mohd Noh, 2 December 2008</ref> who expressed optimism for its success during his opening speech.<ref>Glaring glitches mar historic opening Template:Webarchive, Syed Umar Ariff, 21 December 2008, New Straits Times</ref><ref>DYMM Sultan Iskandar Sultan Ismail Merasmikan Bangunan Sultan Iskandar Template:Webarchive, 2 December 2008, MedKom</ref>

Foreign relationsEdit

Since his ascension to the throne, Sultan Iskandar fostered particularly close ties with Singapore, by developing a personal rapport with top Singaporean leaders. This practice was also taken up by his sons, the Tunku Mahkota and Tunku Aris Bendahara.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Media reports highlighted the particularly warm reception which leaders of both countries received whenever they visited each other's domains,<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead link</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> particularly in July 1988, when Sultan Iskandar's visit to Singapore marked<ref>The Little Red Dot: Reflections by Singapore's Diplomats, Koh, Chang, pg 417</ref> the first official visit by any Yang di-Pertuan Agong since 1957.<ref>Singapore-Malaysia Relations Under Abdullah Badawi, pg 77, Saw, Kesavapany</ref><ref>Political Handbook of Asia 2007, Banks, Muller, Overstreet, pg 423</ref> Between these years, Sultan Iskandar has been awarded or been given the following awards by Singaporean political leaders:

  • 1988: Singapore Deputy Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong received the Dato' Paduka Mahkota Johor (Kehormat) from the Sultan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • 2007: Sultan Iskandar was presented with the Honorary Master Parachutist Wing by Singapore Defence Minister Teo Chee Hean.<ref name="Sultan of Johor Visits HQ Commando">Template:Cite news</ref>
  • 2007: Conferred the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws by the National University of Singapore.<ref name="Sultan of Johor Visits HQ Commando"/>

Relations with Singapore soured after the International Court of Justice ruled in Singapore's favour following a long legal battle over the sovereignty of Pedra Branca. At the inaugural session of the 12th Johor State Assembly in 2008, the Sultan stated his continued support of Malaysia's claim to Pedra Branca, and vowed to find legal means to retrieve the island's sovereignty.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Sultan Iskandar also fostered a fairly close relationship with the Sultan of Brunei, Hassanal Bolkiah, particularly during his days as the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong.<ref>Negara Brunei Darussalam: A Biographical Dictionary (1860–1996) (1996), pg 290</ref> In 2006, they were again seen together in public, after Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah made a state visit to Johor to express his interest in the Iskandar Development Region.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

ControversiesEdit

SuccessionEdit

Prior to being the Sultan or Agong, and even during the 1980s and early 1990s, Mahmood's reputation was marred by a number of controversial incidents which received occasional attention from the media. One of these earliest incidents was the loss of his status as Mahkota in 1961—a position which his father, Sultan Ismail, appointed him to two years earlier, citing reasons of alleged misbehaviour<ref name="Low_185"/> after confidential reports accusing him of incarcerating a policeman reached the Sultan.<ref name="Kershaw103">Kershaw (2001), pg 103</ref> Iskandar's younger brother, Abdul Rahman (Tunku Mahkota of Johor)<ref name="Tengku">Tengku is spelled as in Johor. Tengku Ahmad Rithauddeen: His Story, K.N. Nadarajah, pg 50</ref> was appointed as the Tunku Mahkota in favour of him. Nevertheless, in 1966, Mahmood Iskandar was appointed the Raja Muda—which put him second in line to the throne.<ref name="The International Who pg 827"/> In April 1981, Mahmood was reinstated as Mahkota shortly before his father's death the following month and was subsequently installed as the Sultan of Johor,<ref>His Majesty and Her Majesty Template:Webarchive, Retrieved 3 January 2009</ref> under the orders of his father.<ref name="IskandarMahkota"/>

However, some eyewitnesses challenged the legitimacy of Mahmood's reappointment as the Mahkota, by arguing that they witnessed Sultan Ismail already having lapsed into coma at the time of his appointment as the regent.<ref name="Kershaw103"/> Records stated that Sultan Ismail lapsed into a coma on 8 May, three days before his death.<ref>Who's who in Malaysia (1982), pg 463</ref> Relations with the Menteri Besar of Johor, Othman Saat deteriorated when the latter questioned Iskandar's legitimacy to the throne, which led to an incident which saw the Sultan issuing an order to the Menteri Besar to vacate his office within 24 hours, shortly after Sultan Ismail's death, citing that he needed that office space for himself. The Menteri Besar heeded his order, though the Sultan did not move in as he had said.<ref>Southeast Asian Affairs (1982), pg 251</ref> Othman Saat subsequently resigned the following year as the Menteri Besar.<ref name="Low_185"/>

Criminal misconductEdit

In 1972, Mahmood was charged with assault for using chemical mace on two men for overtaking his car and was convicted for his offence the following year.<ref>Aliran Monthly, Aliran Kesedaran Negaran, 1992, Malaysia, pg3</ref> A year later, reports surfaced of another similar attack on a young couple, when Iskandar, together with his bodyguard, attacked them after they allegedly offended him. Another incident took place at about this time when Mahmood restrained two policemen in a dog kennel for a day after they had angered him.<ref>Downton (1986), pp 203–4</ref>

Five years later, Mahmood was charged and convicted for manslaughter<ref>Crouch (1996), pg 144</ref> for shooting and killing a man near his private helicopter, whom he took to be a smuggler. In both cases, his father, Sultan Ismail, intervened and granted official pardons to Mahmood.<ref>Copetas, Rich (2001), pg 145</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Clad (1989), pg 15</ref> Similarly, his eldest son, Tunku Ibrahim Ismail, was convicted in the 1980s for shooting a man to death in a nightclub during a feud, but was quickly pardoned.<ref>De Ledesma, Lewis, Savage (2003), pg 366</ref>

In 1987, Sultan Iskandar was further accused of causing the death of a golf caddy in the Cameron Highlands by assault, following an incident in which the golf caddy laughed when the Sultan missed a shot.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia's first Prime Minister, pointed out that the Sultan, at the time serving as Yang di-Pertuan Agong, could not be prosecuted due to immunity that was accorded to rulers, while at the same time condemning Sultan Iskandar's actions. Eventually, the matter passed without much further public attention. The brother of the caddy – who also suffered injuries during the incident, being distressed from what he saw, subsequently ran amok in Kuala Lumpur and had to be quarantined in a mental hospital.<ref name="Crouch_146">Crouch (1996), pg 146</ref><ref>World of Information (Firm), (1993), pg 124</ref>

Gomez IncidentEdit

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AssaultEdit

In late 1992, two separate assault cases by the Sultan as well as his younger son, Tunku Abdul Majid Idris, on hockey coaches culminated in the stripping of immunity of rulers from prosecution. Both cases received considerable attention in the local and international news which was dubbed as "The Gomez Incident".<ref>Crouch (1996), pg 146–7</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The incident was kicked off on 10 July 1992, when Sultan Iskandar's second son, the Tunku Bendahara– Tunku Abdul Majid Idris, lost his temper during a hockey match with the Perak hockey team after Perak won the match by a penalty stroke, and assaulted the Perak goalkeeper, Mohamed Ja'afar Mohamed Vello.<ref>Prince to appear before MHF board, by Gerald Martinez, 10 August 1992, New Straits Times</ref> The goalkeeper later lodged a police report on 30 July. The incident received public attention, especially when the matter was debated in parliament.<ref name="Kershaw110">Kershaw (2001), pg 110</ref> The incident resulted in the Malaysian Hockey Federation issuing Majid — then second-in line to the throne after his elder brother — a ban of five years from participating in any tournaments following investigations.<ref>MHF ban Majid for five years, by Lazarus Rokk, 19 October 1992, New Straits Times</ref> Tunku Abdul Majid was later convicted of assault in January 1993, of which the chief justice sentenced him to a year in prison, on top of a RM 2,000 fine. He was released on a bail, and these charges were later dropped on grounds of immunity, which was still applicable at the time when the act was committed.<ref name="Asian_Bulletin">Asian Bulletin, Asian Peoples' Anti-Communist League, Asian Peoples' Anti-Communist League (China: Republic: 1949– ), Asian-Pacific Anti-Communist League, APLFD (Organization), Published by APACL Publications, 1993, pg 30</ref>

The Sultan responded to the ban by putting pressure on the state authorities to pull Johorean hockey teams from all national tournaments.<ref name="Kershaw110"/> In November 1992, Douglas Gomez, a coach for the Maktab Sultan Abu Bakar field hockey team, expressed his displeasure at being called to withdraw from a semi-final national hockey match by the Director of the Johor Education Department. The incident attracted the attention of the Sultan, who personally summoned Gomez to his palace, the Istana Bukit Serene, where he was promptly reprimanded and assaulted by the Sultan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Following Gomez's meeting with the Sultan, Gomez sought treatment to his face and stomach. Subsequently, he lodged a police report against the Sultan for assault. Gomez elaborated that the Sultan's bodyguards and members of the Johor Military Force present were merely onlookers, and that the Sultan was solely responsible for the injuries.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Public responses and follow upsEdit

The assault resulted in a public outcry over the event<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> which pressured all levels of the government up to the top ranks of the federal government to investigate into the matter.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In the closing months of 1992, and also the opening months of 1993, dozens of articles mentioning misdeeds by the royal families of several states–but in particular Sultan Iskandar himself were published.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A good deal of these alleged misdeeds that were mentioned included the charging of exorbitant fines–way above the prescribed legal limits–upon offenders who had obstructed the Sultan's car, amongst others.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Sultan Iskandar, bore the brunt of the backlash by the numerous references centred towards alleged acts of criminal wrongdoings even though many of the listed acts were committed by other members of the royal family.<ref>Aliran Monthly, Aliran Kesedaran Negaran, 1984, pg 30</ref>

The criticisms roused by the press prompted Members of Parliament of the Dewan Rakyat to convene a special session on 10 December 1992. All 96 parliamentarians present passed a unanimous resolution<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> which called for action to curb the powers of the rulers if necessary. During the special meeting, parliamentarians disclosed past criminal records of Sultan Iskandar and his two sons, all of whom had been involved in a total of at least 23 cases of assault and manslaughter,<ref>Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei (2004), Rowthorn, Benson, Benson, Kerr, Niven, pg 235</ref><ref name="Asian_Recorder">Asian Recorder (1993), pg 22904</ref> five of which were committed by the Sultan after 1981, two by the Mahkota and three by the Bendahara.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

A bill was passed by both the Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Negara on 19 and 20 January 1993 respectively.<ref>Change to take its course: PM tables amendment Bill despite Rulers' disagreement, New Straits Times, 19 January 1993, pg 1, 4.</ref> The bill, which proposed to remove legal immunity was approved by six out of nine sultans<ref>Six Rulers say 'Yes', New Straits Times, 16 January 1993, pg 1, 2</ref>—but saw stiff opposition from three, two of which included Sultan Ismail Petra of Kelantan and the Sultan Iskandar himself. Sultan Iskandar took up the initiative to obtain more royal support to stall the implementation of the proposed bill. The bill, which proposed to strip rulers and members of the royal families of legal immunity, would make them prosecutable by the law in any cases of proven criminal wrongdoings.<ref>Kershaw (2001), pg 110–2</ref>

Sultan Iskandar organised a rally which was to be held outside the palace with the aim of garnering public support to stall the bill's implementation. However, this was cancelled after intense pressure from the government. A report made during the rally quoted Sultan Iskandar calling upon all local civil servants to boycott state and federal functions in a show of support for his motion.<ref>Summary of World Broadcasts (1993), Phrase: "... Straits Times of 21 January, the Sultan of Johor is reported as"</ref> Meanwhile, the federal government continued to pressure the rulers into assenting to the bills, which they did after several revisions of the bill were made by the government. Following which, the proposed bill was enshrined into the Federal Constitution in March 1993.<ref>Crouch (1996), pg 147</ref>

The bill allowed rulers who violated the laws to be prosecuted, while the Sedition Act of 1948 was also amended to allow public criticism of the rulers.<ref>Mahathir, the Secret of the Malaysian Success: The Secret of the Malaysian Success, Somun, Somun-Krupalija, pg 155</ref> A special court was created–presided by the Lord President of the Federal Court–to empower and prosecute members of the rulers and immediate members of the royal household.<ref>A BILL intituled: An Act to amend the Federal Constitution. Template:Webarchive, Dewan Rakyat, January 1993, Retrieved 7 January 2009</ref>

AftermathEdit

Sultan Iskandar and his family members were not prosecuted for their past violations of the law on grounds that the royal immunity was still applicable when those incidents occurred.<ref>Jendela masa: kumpulan esei sempena persaraan (2001), Othman, Khoo, pg 393</ref> Nevertheless, shortly after the incident, Sultan Iskandar was prompted to take steps to rehabilitate his public image, which was more or less tarnished by the incident. In a public speech shortly after the episode, the Sultan was noted to have somewhat toned down his hardline image and appeared to be somewhat more humble, appealing to Johoreans to maintain their loyalty to him.<ref name="Asian_Bulletin"/>

The Gomez incident also led to a review and proposal by the Federal Government in August 1993 to disband the Johor Military Forces (JMF).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, the bill to disband the JMF was subsequently repealed by parliament.<ref>Rang Undang-Undang Askar Timbalan Setia Negeri Johor (Pembubaran Dan Pemansuhan) 1994 Template:Webarchive, Susunan Fasal, Dewan Rakyat, 1994</ref><ref>Johore Military Forces (Disbandment And Repeal) Bill 1994 Template:Webarchive, Dewan Rakyat, 1994, Retrieved 7 January 2009</ref>

PoliticalEdit

Yang di-Pertuan Agong (1980s)Edit

Shortly before his election as the Yang-Di Pertuan Agong in 1983, a spate of reports alleging Sultan Iskandar's intention to launch a coup d'état by launching a state of emergency to overthrow the government circulated within political circles, which reached Prime Minister of Malaysia Mahathir Mohamad. The Sultan reportedly fostered close relations with several key military personnel, including the Army chief Jeneral Zain Hashim.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The government subsequently took action to curb constitutional loopholes within the constitution and took to task of reducing the power of the royal veto in passing legislation, culminating in a constitutional crisis in late 1983.<ref>Milne, Mauzy (1999), pg 32–33</ref> Nevertheless, during his inaugural speech as the Agong in 1984, about a month after the constitutional amendments were passed in parliament, Sultan Iskandar voiced public support for the revised constitution and pledged to act in accordance to the Prime Minister's advise.<ref>Shome, Shome (2002), pg 137</ref>

A diplomatic scandal between the United Kingdom and Malaysia broke out in 1984, when several British newspapers published pieces on Sultan Iskandar's coronation, citing the headlines such as "Killer becomes King" and "King a Killer", which enraged the Malaysian government, who demanded an apology from the British government. The British government refused to apologise on behalf of the newspapers, triggering tensions between the two countries.Template:Citation needed Two months later, in June 1984, Sultan Iskandar in his capacity as the Agong, surprised the Malaysian public when he publicly called upon Deputy Prime Minister, Musa Hitam, to make a public apology in front of the entire congregation present at the National Mosque. Sultan Iskandar, on his part, was angry over remarks which Musa made during the course of the 1983 constitutional crisis that he deemed to be disrespectful. Musa abided to the Agong's demand and boldly came forward to make the apology, which was greeted by a thunderous applause from the entire congregation. The event, which was broadcast live throughout the nation on Malaysian Radio (although the television stations abruptly terminated its broadcast halfway), was seen by many observers as an act of confrontation by the Agong to put Musa in his place.<ref>Milne, Mauzy (1999), pg 35–36</ref>

In 1988, also serving in his capacity as the Yang-Di Pertuan Agong, the Lord President of the Federal Court Tun Salleh Abas was sacked by the Agong in what led to the 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis.<ref>Anwar's Second Sex Case Puts Malaysia Courts on Trial, Bloomberg, Angus Whitley, 20 August 2008</ref> However, observers suggested a remarkably warm relationship<ref name="Crouch_146">Crouch (1996), pg 146</ref> between Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and the Agong, both of whom shared common resentment towards the chief justice, Salleh Abas. In 1973, Iskandar was convicted of assault and was sentenced to six months imprisonment, to which Salleh Abas served as the public prosecutor hearing the case. As the public prosecutor, Salleh had appealed to the chief justice, Raja Azlan Shah, for handing down a heavier sentence for Iskandar, which earned his wrath.<ref name="KamarulAbdullah"/><ref>Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation, Means, pg 239</ref><ref>Kershaw (2001), pg 224</ref> The sacking of the Lord President, was however not without controversy, given the alleged manner in which the Agong and Prime Minister had handled the matter–including an incident which the Agong had refused to forgive the Lord President in spite of Salleh's willingness to offer his apology to the Agong, which he turned down.<ref>Press Statement of Tun Salleh Abas, The Malaysian Bar, Tun Salleh Abas, 26 September 2006</ref><ref>Comment: Tun Salleh and the judiciaryTemplate:Dead link, The Malaysian Bar, Suppiah s/o Pakrisamy, 29 April 2008</ref>

Later years (2000 onwards)Edit

Sultan Iskandar's public call to support Abdullah Badawi's administration in October 2006 created a minor stir among Mahathir's supporters, when he remarked that "Mahathir should act like a pensioner". The call came at a time when Mahathir's spate of criticisms against Abdullah's was at its most intense.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Sultan was the first state ruler to publicly defend the policy of the government during the period of Mahathir's criticisms against the Abdullah administration.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Earlier sources however, noted Sultan Iskandar's concerns with the deepening rift between Mahathir and Abdullah and had asked to be photographed together with the two leaders during the United Malays National Organisations (UMNO) 60th anniversary celebrations in Johor Bahru.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

A month later, in November 2006, another small stir erupted during the launching ceremony of the Iskandar Development Region, when Sultan Iskandar voiced his opinion that the Causeway, which connects Johor and Singapore, should be removed to allow ships to pass through to promote development of the state. He also remarked that the people should be wary of all foreigners as they were "vultures" and also urged the people not to hold them in high regard, citing his displeasure that his ancestors were "deceived" by dirty tactics employed by colonialists to build the Causeway.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

At the inaugural 12th Johor State Assembly Seating in April 2008, a minor controversy erupted when one opposition state assemblyman (ADUN), Gwee Tong Hiang, flouted dress regulations by appearing in a lounge suit and tie instead of the usual official attire and songkok. This resulted in him being dismissed from the assembly chamber shortly before the Sultan's arrival.<ref>DAP rep thrown out of assembly Template:Webarchive, Gladys Tay and Farik Zolkepli, 20 June 2008, The Star (Malaysia)</ref> Gwee, a Democratic Action Party (DAP) ADUN, reportedly argued that there was no stated order to wear the official attire and songkok and stated his desire to wear a western suit,<ref>No uniform or songkok? Please leave assembly Template:Webarchive, 22 June 2008, The Electric New Paper</ref> promptly drew flak from other ADUNs and the Menteri Besar, Abdul Ghani Othman who had earlier on met to agree to don in the official attire and songkok prior to the assembly, whereby Gwee was absent.<ref>Johor DAP reps can wear songkok Template:Webarchive, Nelson Benjamin, 10 June 2008, The Star (Malaysia)</ref> The Sultan, apparently angry at Gwee, sharply criticised him two days later<ref>Sultan Reprimands Bentayan State Assemblyman Over Attire, 21 June 2008, Bernama</ref> and publicly called upon Gwee to seek an audience with him.<ref>Johor Sultan unhappy with DAP's Gwee Template:Webarchive, Meera Vijayan, 21 June 2008, The Star (Malaysia)</ref>

LifestyleEdit

During his time as the Agong, Sultan Iskandar was often seen in public carrying a pistol in his waistband, which drew considerable concern and discomfort from the Malaysian public due to his past record of criminal offences.<ref name="Asia & Pacific 1984, pg 229">Asia & Pacific (1984), pg 229</ref> He was also reputed to have led a flamboyant lifestyle, which also drew similar criticism.<ref name="Asia & Pacific 1984, pg 229"/> He was also known to be a motorbike enthusiast; documentaries on national patriotism would feature Sultan Iskandar, the then-Agong, riding out on a police motorbike and his flamboyant appearance during a few public ceremonies. These documentaries drew criticisms from the Malaysian public, who felt that the television clips of Sultan Iskandar were inappropriate for its theme and national image.<ref>Kershaw (2001), pg 225</ref>

Personal lifeEdit

In 1956, Mahmood married Josephine Ruby Trevorrow, from Cornwall, United Kingdom, with whom he had four children, including his successor, Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor, King of Malaysia (as of 31 January 2024), and Tunku Azizah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah. The marriage ended in divorce in 1962.<ref>Andresen (1992), pg 123</ref> He married again in 1961 – shortly before his divorce to Trevorrow, to Tengku Zanariah, who came from the Kelantan royal family. Tengku Zanariah had six children with the Sultan.<ref name="The International Who pg 827">Sleeman (2004), pg 827</ref> Analysts such as Kate Wharton have observed that any literal references to Trevorrow's association with Sultan Iskandar were carefully omitted in all official biographies.<ref>Abdul Rahman, Solomon (1985), pg 21</ref>

As a youth, Mahmood qualified as a pilot, having trained in handling light and medium aircraft and helicopters. He was also apt in handling motorcycles, reportedly possessing the skills to strip a motorcycle down to its component parts and then reassemble it.<ref name="Thanam Visvanathan"/>

The Sultan is also well-known for his passion in many types of open-air sports, especially polo and golf. In his later years, he spent much of his free time at the Royal Johor Country Club.<ref name="Thanam Visvanathan"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In addition, he also played tennis and squash on a regular basis.<ref name="The International Who pg 827"/> Within private circles, Sultan Iskandar was fondly known as "Moody", a testimony to his first name "Mahmud."<ref name="_Azizah">Template:Usurped, The Star, Kee Hua Chee, 19 March 2005</ref> His son, Abdul Majid, inherited his interest in amateur golf and once served as the President of the Malaysian Golf Association.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

He kept a large collection of pets, particularly peacocks, at the Istana Bukit Serene compound, where he lived with the Sultanah.<ref name="InspiringRuler" /><ref name="thestar.com.my" /> In his youth, Iskandar resided at the Istana Bukit Coombe, located at the top of Coombe Hill. It was built based on Dutch architectural designs, and was later renamed Istana Bukit Iskandar. The palace was later demolished in 1987, six years after Sultan Iskandar succeeded his late father as Sultan.<ref>Magnificent abode for royals Template:Webarchive, Fauziah Ismail, JohorBuzz, New Straits Times</ref>

He made a personal friendship with Philippine opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. His son picked Aquino up at Changi airport and drove to Johor where he and Aquino had a meeting with the latter days before the former Philippine senator was assassinated.

IssueEdit

Mahmood Iskandar had ten children, the elder four by his first wife Khalsom binti Abdullah and the younger six by his second wife Tengku Zanariah.

Name Birth Date Birth Place Death Date Death Place Marriage
Date		 Spouse Their children Their grandchildren
YAM Tunku Puteri Kamariah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah, Tengku Puan Laksamana Selangor Template:Birth date and age Johor Bahru, Johor 2 May 1977 YAM Tengku Sulaiman Shah, Tengku Laksamana Selangor
  • YM Tengku Haji Shakirinal'Amin Mahmood Ismail Ahmad Shah
  • YDM Tengku Salehuddin Ismail Shah, Tengku Indera Bijaya Diraja Selangor
  • YM Tengku Shahrain Ismail Ibrahim Iskandar Hishamuddin Shah
  • YM Tengku Shariffuddin Ibrahim Ismail Iskandar Abdul Aziz Shah
  • YM Tengku Kathira Zanariah Ehsan Maimunah Aminah Iskandar Putri
  • YM Tengku Mahmood
  • YM Tengku Sulaiman
  • YM Tengku Abdulaziz
  • YM Tengku Ibrahim
  • YM Tengku Kamiliah Zanariah Ruby Ehsan Putri
  • YM Tengku Kamariah
  • YM Tengku Saidatul’Ihsan Zabedah Fauziah Putri
YAM Tunku Besar Zabedah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah Template:Birth date and age Johor Bahru, Johor
KDYMM Sultan Ibrahim, The Yang di-Pertuan Agong XVII
Sultan Johor		 Template:Birth date and age Sultanah Aminah Hospital, Johor Bahru, Johor 22 September 1982 KDYMM Raja Zarith Sofiah, Raja Permaisuri Agong
Permaisuri Johor
  • DYAM Tunku Ismail Idris Abdul Majid Abu Bakar, Tunku Mahkota Johor
  • YAM Tunku Tun Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah
  • YAM Tunku Idris Iskandar Ismail, Tunku Temenggong Johor
  • Almarhum YAM Tunku Abdul Jalil Iskandar,Tunku Laksamana Johor
  • YAM Tunku Abdul Rahman Hassanal Jeffri,Tunku Panglima Johor
  • YAM Tunku Abu Bakar Mahmood Iskandar, Tunku Putera Johor
  • YAM Tunku Khalsom Aminah Sofiah
  • DYAM Tunku Iskandar Abdul Jalil Abu Bakar Ibrahim, Raja Muda Johor
  • YAM Tunku Abu Bakar Ibrahim
  • Layla Sofiah
  • the second child (undeclared name) of Tunku Tun Aminah
  • YAM Tunku Zahrah Zarith Aziyah
KDPB Tunku Azizah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah, Tengku Ampuan Pahang Template:Birth date and age Istana Bukit Stulang, Johor Bahru, Johor 6 March 1986 KDPB Al-Sultan Abdullah Ri’ayatuddin Al-Mustafa Billah Shah, Sultan of Pahang
  • YAM Tengku Amir Nasser Ibrahim (Adopted), Tengku Panglima Raja
  • Almarhum YAM Tengku Ahmad Iskandar Shah (born and died 24 July 1990)
  • KDPM Tengku Hassanal Ibrahim Alam Shah, Tengku Mahkota Pahang
  • YAM Tengku Muhammad Iskandar Ri’ayatuddin Shah,Tengku Arif Bendahara
  • YAM Tengku Ahmad Ismail Mu’adzam Shah,Tengku Panglima Muda
  • YAM Tengku Puteri Afzan Aminah Hafizatullah
  • YAM Tengku Puteri Jihan Azizah Athiyatullah
  • YM Tengku Adam Ibrahim Shah
  • YM Tengku Sulaiman Abdullah Shah
  • YM Tengku Nuh Muhammad Shah
YAM Tunku Mariam Zahrah Template:Birth date and age Johor Bahru, Johor 1999 – divorced YM Tengku Ahmad Zainul Abidin
  • YM Tengku Sofiyya Meryam Zanariah
YAM Tunku Noraini Fatimah Template:Birth date and age Johor Bahru, Johor 2000 Mr. Ramlan
YAM Tunku Maimunah Ismailiah Template:Birth date and age Johor Bahru, Johor 7 May 2004 – divorced Dato’ Mizan
  • Puteri Wan Makhzanah Huriyah
YAM Tunku Abdul Majid Idris Ismail Ibrahim, Tunku Aris Bendahara Johor Template:Birth date and age Sultanah Aminah Hospital, Johor Bahru, Johor 13 January 2006 YM Tunku Teh Mazni
  • YM Tunku Mahmood Iskandar
  • YM Tunku Aisha Menjalara Iskandar
  • YM Tunku Abdul Mateen Idris Ismail Ibrahim Iskandar
YAM Tunku Muna Najiah Template:Birth date and age Johor Bahru, Johor 5 October 2001 citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>||

  • Putera Wan Iskandar Abdul Rahman Uwais Sirajuddin
  • Puteri Wan Zanariah Imanina Munawarrah Nora Iskandariah
  • Putera Wan Muhammad Umayr Sharaf uddin
  • Puteri Wan Najiah Umayra Munawarrah
YAM Tunku Aminah Kalsom Masera Marian Zahira Iskandariah Template:Birth date and age Johor Bahru, Johor

HealthEdit

After undergoing a coronary bypass operation in the United States in 2000, close aides reported that Sultan Iskandar slowed down somewhat in his pace of life and took to playing golf only on an occasional basis.<ref name="Thanam Visvanathan"/> A bout of bronchitis in January 2008 saw the Sultan being briefly admitted and treated in a local hospital.<ref>Johor Sultan Recovering From Bronchitis (Southern Region News), 13 January 2008, Bernama</ref>

DeathEdit

Sultan Iskandar died on 22 January 2010 at 7:15 pm at the Puteri Specialist Hospital, Johor Bahru after being admitted earlier in the day following an illness at age 77.<ref name="Death">Template:Cite news</ref> His death was officially announced at 11:20 pm by Menteri Besar of Johor Datuk Abdul Ghani Othman it was also announced that flags in Johor would be put at mast Johor starting from 6:00 am until 6:00 pm. He was brought to the Istana Besar, Johor Bahru for laying in state and was buried in the Mahmoodiah Royal Mausoleum the next day at 2:00 pm. Before that, the public was allowed to pay their last respects to Sultan Iskandar from early morning.<ref name="Laidtorest">Template:Cite news</ref>

Among the royal family and other dignitaries present to give their last respects was the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong Mizan Zainal Abidin and Raja Permaisuri Agong Nur Zahirah, the Sultan of Brunei Hassanal Bolkiah, the Raja of Perlis Sirajuddin, the Sultan of Pahang Ahmad Shah, the Sultan of Kedah Abdul Halim, the Sultan of Perak Azlan Shah, the Sultan of Selangor Sharafuddin, the Yang Dipertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan Muhriz, the Regent of Perlis Syed Faizuddin Putra Jamalullail, the Tengku Mahkota of Pahang Abdullah, and the Tengku Mahkota of Kelantan Tengku Muhammad Faris Petra. Prime Minister Najib Razak,<ref>Najib Cuts Short Visit To India, Arrives Home Early Saturday Bernama</ref> cut his visit to India short to attend his funeral. Also present were Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Hsien Loong and Senior Minister Goh Chok Tong.<ref name="Laidtorest"/>

His son the Tunku Mahkota of Johor Ibrahim Ismail was proclaimed Sultan of Johor on 23 January.<ref>Tengku Ibrahim Proclaimed As The Sultan Of Johor Bernama</ref>

LegacyEdit

Several projects and institutions were named after the Sultan, including:

Educational institutionsEdit

BuildingsEdit

File:SultanIskandarCIQ.JPG
Bangunan Sultan Iskandar–Customs, Immigration and Quarantine centre was opened in December 2008.

|CitationClass=web }}, Search everysingleplace – Takungan Air Sultan Iskandar, 27. Februar 2011</ref>

RoadsEdit

OthersEdit

One of his grandsons (the son of his second son, Abdul Majid), Mahmood Iskandar, was named after him.<ref>Q&A with HRH Abdul Majid, President of the Malaysian Golf Association Template:Webarchive, Sunday, 25 May 2008, Malaysian Golf Association</ref> Some of his children and grandchildren are also similarly named after his forebears, notably his older son, Ibrahim, who was named after the Sultan's grandfather, Sultan Ibrahim.<ref name="_Azizah"/> Sultan Iskandar also followed his grandfather's and father's footsteps of using the royal monogram "S.I.". The monogram's letters represent the initials of their title and names respectively.<ref>A physical symbol of loyalty and posterity Template:Webarchive Fauziah Ismail, JohorBuzz, New Straits Times</ref>

HonoursEdit

Johor honoursEdit

National and Sultanal honoursEdit

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Grand Master (1984-1989) of the Order of the Crown of the Realm

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Foreign honoursEdit

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

AncestryEdit

Sultan Iskandar is a fourth generation descendant of Sultan Abu Bakar, who in turn was the son of Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim, the Temenggong of Johor.Template:Ref label<ref>Malays/Muslims in Singapore: Selected Readings in History, 1819–1965, Khoo, Abdullah, Wan, pg 43</ref> In turn, some of Daeng Ibrahim's patrilineal ancestors were also Temenggongs of Johor serving under their respective sultans. It is from this ancestral heritage that the name of his dynasty, the Temenggong dynasty, comes from.<ref name="NNadarajah">Johore and the Origins of British Control, Nesalamar Nadarajah, pg 44</ref> The Temenggong dynasty is also related to the prior ruling Bendahara dynasty as genealogical records show that Sultan Abdul Jalil IV was also a direct patrilineal ancestor of Sultan Iskandar.<ref>Winstedt (1992), pg 181, 187</ref>

Template:Iskandar ancestry Template:Portal bar

FootnotesEdit

α. Template:Note label Al-Mutawakkil Alallah (also spelled in Arabic as Motawakkil Alallah), which means "He who puts his trust in God" is an Islamic title used by the Sultan. (Najeebabadi, pg 465)

β. Template:Note label In Islamic cultures, the title Al-Marhum means "to one whom mercy has been shown. This is used for Muslim rulers who are deceased. (Schimmel (1989), pg 59)

γ. Template:Note labelTemplate:Note labelTemplate:Note label His first name, Mahmud, is also sometimes spelled as Mahmood by some sources. Bowker-Saur, pg 297

δ. Template:Note label In Malaysian royalty, ibni means "son of" in English, derived from the Arabic term "ibn. Most laymen would otherwise use the term "bin" to denote "son of" in their names. Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (1978), pg 390

ε. Template:Note label Template:Usurped, Iskandar Malaysia, pg 6, "... This was followed later by the 21st Sultan of Johor – Sultan Abu Bakar (1862–1895) who laid the foundation for developing Johor into a modern state. ..." NB: Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor is the great-grandfather of Sultan Iskandar.

ζ. Template:Note label On Sultan Iskandar's 69th birthday, various companies and organisations published congratulatory advertisements wishing him well for the birthday. In these advertisements, the Sultan was addressed by his honorary titles and name: Duli Yang Maha Mulia Baginda Al Mutawakkil Alallah Sultan Iskandar Ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail, D.K. Sultan Dan Yang Dipertuan Bagi Negeri Dan Jajahan Takluk Johor Darul Ta'zim. (His first name "Mahmud" was not mentioned.) Advertisements, 8 April 2001, pg 2–3, 5–7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17–19, New Sunday Times Special (Sultan of Johor's Birthday)

η. Template:Note label The Temenggong is a high-ranking Malay official in ancient times, who is responsible to the Sultan. The duty of the Temenggong is to maintain law and order within the kingdom. In the case of Johor during the 19th century, the Sultan's powers were gradually diminished over the decades and it was under Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim when his authority supersedes those of the Sultan, effectively becoming Johor's paramount ruler. (Sardesai (1989), pg 58)

CitationsEdit

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