Template:Redirect Template:Distinguish Template:Use dmy dates Template:Short descriptionTemplate:Sidebar An isolating language is a type of language with a morpheme per word ratio close to one, and with no inflectional morphology whatsoever. In the extreme case, each word contains a single morpheme. Examples of widely spoken isolating languages are Yoruba<ref name="eajor">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in West Africa and Vietnamese<ref name=brit/><ref name=silglos>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (especially its colloquial register) in Southeast Asia.
A closely related concept is that of an analytic language, which uses unbound morphemes or syntactical constructions to indicate grammatical relationships. Isolating and analytic languages tend to overlap in linguistic scholarship.<ref name=brit>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>
Isolating languages contrast with synthetic languages, also called inflectional languages, where words often consist of multiple morphemes.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Synthetic languages are subdivided into the classifications fusional, agglutinative, and polysynthetic, which are based on how the morphemes are combined.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ExplanationEdit
Although historically, languages were divided into three basic types (isolating, inflectional, agglutinative), the traditional morphological types can be categorized by two distinct parameters:
- morpheme per word ratio (how many morphemes there are per word)
- degree of fusion between morphemes (how separable the inflectional morphemes of words are according to units of meaning represented)
A language is said to be more isolating than another if it has a lower morpheme per word ratio.
To illustrate the relationship between words and morphemes, the English term "rice" is a single word, consisting of only one morpheme (rice). This word has a 1:1 morpheme per word ratio. In contrast, "handshakes" is a single word consisting of three morphemes (hand, shake, -s). This word has a 3:1 morpheme per word ratio. On average, words in English have a morpheme per word ratio substantially greater than one.
It is perfectly possible for a language to have one inflectional morpheme yet more than one unit of meaning. For example, the Russian word vídyat/видят "they see" has a morpheme per word ratio of 2:1 since it has two morphemes. The root vid-/вид- conveys the imperfective aspect meaning, and the inflectional morpheme -yat/-ят inflects for four units of meaning (third-person subject, plural subject, present/future tense, indicative mood). Effectively, it has four units of meaning in one inseparable morpheme: -yat/-ят.
Languages with a higher tendency toward isolation generally exhibit a morpheme-per-word ratio close to 1:1. In an ideal isolating language, visible morphology would be entirely absent, as words would lack any internal structure in terms of smaller, meaningful units called morphemes. Such a language would not use bound morphemes like affixes.
The morpheme-to-word ratio operates on a spectrum, ranging from lower ratios that skew toward the isolating end to higher ratios on the synthetic end of the scale. A larger overall ratio suggests that a language leans more toward being synthetic rather than isolating. <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ExamplesEdit
Some isolating languages include:
- Classical Chinese<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Vietnamese<ref name=brit/><ref name="silglos" />
- Yoruba<ref name=eajor/>
- Khmer language
- Thai language
- Central Flores languages
- Malay trade and creole languages of Eastern Indonesia, including:<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Sapir, Edward (1921). Chapter 6: "Types of linguistic structure". In Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech.