Israel Russell

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File:ICRussellUSGSMalaspinaGlacierMoraine1890ric00568.jpg

Israel Russell and exploring party on Malaspina Glacier Moraine, approach route to Mount St Elias, Alaska, 1890

Israel Cook Russell, LL.D. (December 10, 1852 – May 1, 1906) was an American geologist and geographer who explored Alaska in the late 19th century.

Early life and educationEdit

Russell was born at Garrattsville, New York, on December 10, 1852. He received B.S. and C.E. degrees in 1872 from the University of the City of New York (now New York University), and later studied at the School of Mines, Columbia College.

CareerEdit

In 1874 he accompanied one of the parties sent out by the United States government to observe the transit of Venus, and was stationed at Queenstown, New Zealand. On his return in 1875 he was appointed assistant in geology at the School of mines, and in 1878 he became assistant geologist on the United States geological and geographical survey west of the 100th meridian.

In 1880, he became a member of the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Between 1881 and 1885 he worked at the Mono Lake in east-central California. Originally employed for work with regard to surveying and building the Bodie Railway connecting the Lake with Bodie, he stayed for four years and wrote the seminal work Quaternary History of Mono Valley, California (1884).<ref>John Hart: Storm over Mono: The Mono Lake Battle and the California Water Future. University of California Press, Berkeley 1996, Template:ISBN, pp 27/28 (online at the University of California Press E-Books Collection)</ref> He represented the USGS in 1889 in an expedition sent to Alaska by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey to establish a portion of Alaska's eastern boundary. During the next two years, he explored, under the joint auspices of the USGS and the National Geographic Society, the slopes of Mount Saint Elias and the Yakutat Bay area. In 1890 he made the first reported sighting of Mount Logan, the highest mountain in Canada, and gave the mountain its name.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In 1892 he became professor of geology at the University of Michigan. At the time of his death, he was President of the Geological Society of America.<ref>Fairchild, Herman LeRoy, 1932, The Geological Society of America 1888-1930, a Chapter in Earth Science History: New York, The Geological Society of America, 232 p.</ref><ref>Eckel, Edwin, 1982, GSA Memoir 155, The Geological Society of America — Life History of a Learned Society: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 155, 168 p., Template:ISBN.</ref>

In May 1902, Russell was one of a party of scientists who travelled on the USS Dixie to document the eruptions of La Soufriere, St Vincent and Mont Pelee, Martinique.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Russell was sent by the National Geographic Society along with Robert T. Hill and Carsten Borchgrevink.

DeathEdit

Russell died suddenly on May 1, 1906, after suffering pneumonia.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

HonoursEdit

In 1902, Marcus Baker of the USGS named Russell Fiord in his honor. Mount Russell in Alaska, Mount Rainier's Russell Glacier in Washington,<ref>Baker, Marcus. Geographical Dictionary of Alaska; 1st ed 1902, 2nd ed 1906</ref><ref>The art and science of natural discovery: Israel Cook Russell and the emergence of modern environmental exploration by Sylvestre, Patrick David</ref><ref name=majors>Template:Cite book</ref> Mount Russell (California), and the prehistoric Lake Russell in California's Mono Basin are also named for him.

WritingEdit

Besides many contributions on geological subjects to various scientific periodicals, he published scientific memoirs, which were issued as annual reports of the Geological Survey, or as separate monographs.