Issyk-Kul

Template:Short description Template:About Template:Infobox lake Issyk-Kul (Template:Langx) or Ysyk-Köl (Template:Langx, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Template:Lit) is an endorheic saline lake in the western Tianshan Mountains in eastern Kyrgyzstan, just south of a dividing range separating Kyrgyzstan from Kazakhstan. It is the eighth-deepest lake in the world, the eleventh-largest lake in the world by volume (though not in surface area), the deepest lake whose deepest point is above sea level (939 meters or 3,080 feet), and the third-largest saline lake. Although it is located at a lofty elevation of Template:Convert and subject to severe cold during winter, it rarely freezes over due to high salinity, hence its name, which in the Kyrgyz language means "warm lake".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The lake is a Ramsar site of globally significant biodiversity<ref>Ramsar Site RDB Code 2KG001</ref> and forms part of the Issyk-Kul Biosphere Reserve.

GeographyEdit

Issyk-Kul Lake is Template:Convert long, up to Template:Convert wide and its surface area is Template:Convert. It is the second-largest mountain lake in the world behind Lake Titicaca in South America. It is at an altitude of Template:Convert and reaches Template:Convert in depth.<ref>International Lake Environment Committee Foundation Template:Webarchive</ref>

About 118 rivers and streams flow into the lake; the largest are the Jyrgalang and Tüp. It is fed by springs, including many hot springs and snow melt. The lake has no current outlet, but some hydrologists hypothesize<ref>V. V.Romanovsky, "Water level variations and water balance of Lake Issyk-Kul", in Jean Klerkx, Beishen Imanackunov (2002), p.52</ref> that the lake's water filters deep underground into the Chu River. The bottom of the lake contains the mineral monohydrocalcite: one of the few known lacustrine deposits.<ref name="Sapozhnikov1959">Template:Cite journal</ref>

The lake's southern shore is dominated by the ruggedly beautiful Teskey Ala-Too Range of the Tian Shan mountains. The northern slopes of the range are long and send a considerable flow to Issyk-Kul. Numerous streams taking their rise at the slopes flow together into comparatively large rivers. They deeply dissect the range and flow in wide valleys. On exit from mountains the rivers form large alluvial cones. In eastern part of Issyk-Kul they flow into Jyrgalang river. The Kungey Alatau of the Tian Shan runs parallel to the north shore. The southern slopes of the Kungey Alatau are comparatively short. Therefore, the rivers rising on them are relatively small and do not have a chance to flow together to form larger hydrographic systems. As a result, they separately empty either into Issyk-Kul or into Tüp river flowing along the range.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The lake water's salinity is approx. 0.6% – compared to 3.5% salinity of typical seawater – and, although the lake level is still currently some 8 metres (26 ft) higher than in medieval times, its level now drops by approximately Template:Convert per year due to water diversion.<ref>Template:Usurped</ref>

Administratively, the lake and the adjacent land are within Issyk-Kul Region of Kyrgyzstan.

TourismEdit

During the Soviet era, the lake became a popular vacation resort, with numerous sanitoria, boarding houses and vacation homes along its northern shore, many concentrated in and around the town of Cholpon-Ata. These fell on hard times after the break-up of the USSR, but now hotel complexes are being refurbished and simple private bed-and-breakfast rentals are being established for a new generation of health and leisure visitors.Template:Citation needed

File:Issyk kul Lake 1.jpg

Issyk kul Lake

The city of Karakol (formerly Przhevalsk, after the Russian explorer Przhevalsky, who died there) is the administrative seat of Issyk-Kul Region of Kyrgyzstan. It is near the east tip of the lake and is a good base for excursions into the surrounding area. Its small old core contains an impressive wooden mosque, built without metal nails by the Dungan people and a wooden Orthodox church that was used as a stable during Soviet times.Template:Citation needed

HistoryEdit

File:NestorianTombstoneIssykKul1312.jpg

Nestorian tombstone with inscriptions in Uyghur, found in Issyk-Kul, dated 1312

Issyk-Kul Lake was a stopover on the Silk Road, a land route for travelers from the Far East to Europe. The great Chinese Buddhist scholar-monk Xuanzang passed by this lake and noted the details in the classic travelogue Great Tang Records on the Western Regions in the 7th century. The lake was once a part of the territory of Qing dynasty of China and was ceded to Russia – along with the surrounding territory – after the Treaty of Tarbagatai.Template:Citation needed

Many historians believe that the lake was the point of origin for the Black Death that plagued Europe and Asia during the early and mid-14th century.<ref>The Silk Route – Channel 4</ref> In 2022, researchers reported on the analysis of preserved genetic material from seven individuals buried in two cemeteries near Issyk-Kul and determined that the Black Death was present there in 1338 or 1339.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The plague first infected people in a small, nearby settlement of traders eight years before it devastated Eurasia, killing 60 percent of the population, having traveled along trade routes.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The lake's status as a byway for travelers allowed the plague to spread across these continents via medieval merchants who unknowingly carried infested vermin along with them.

File:Issyk-kull in the Catalan Atlas.jpg

Cropped image of the 1375 Catalan Atlas depicting the lake (North on the top). The inscription says: "The place is named Ysicol. In this place is a monastery of Armenian brothers, which say, in here is Matthew the apostle and evangelist"

The lake level is some Template:Convert higher than in medieval times. Divers have found the remains of submerged settlements in shallow areas around the lake.

Articles identified as the world's oldest extant coins were found underwater, with gold wire rings used as small change and a large hexahedral goldpiece. Also found was a bronze cauldron with a level of craftsmanship that is today achieved by using an inert gas environment.<ref name="ANI2007">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1916 the monastery at Issyk-Kul was attacked by Kyrgyz rebels, and seven monks were killed.<ref>Islam in the Russian Federation and the Post Soviet Republics: a Historical perspective by Spyros Plakoudas, p. 10</ref>

EnvironmentEdit

Specially protected areasEdit

File:Issyk kul Lake mountains.jpg

Mountains near Issyk-Kul

The first nature reserve in Kyrgyzstan, Issyk-Kul State Reserve was established in 1948 to protect unique nature landscapes and waterfowl at Issyk-Kul. In 1975, it was acknowledged as a Ramsar site. Biosphere Reserve Issyk-Kul covered by UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves was established in year 2000 within the administrative borders of Issyk-Kul Region.<ref>Specially protected nature areas in Kyrgyzstan. Template:Webarchive</ref>

FishEdit

The lake contains highly endemic fish biodiversity, and some of the species, including four endemics, are seriously endangered. In recent years yields of all fish species have declined markedly, due to a combination of overfishing, heavy predation by two of the introduced invasive species (the pike perch and the rainbow trout), and the cessation of lake restocking with juvenile fish from hatcheries. At least four commercially targeted endemic fish species are sufficiently threatened to be included in the Red Book of the Kyrgyz Republic — Schmidt's dace (Leuciscus schmidti), Issyk-Kul dace (Leuciscus bergi), Ili marinka (Schizothorax pseudoaksaiensis issykkulensis), and sheer or naked osman (Gymnodiptychus dybowskii). Five other indigenous species — Issyk-kul minnow (Phoxinus issykkulensis), Issykul gudgeon (Gobio gobio latus), spotted thicklip loach (Triplophysa strauchii ulachilicus), grey stone loach (Triplophysa dorsalis), asp (Leuciscus aspius iblioides) — are almost certainly threatened as bycatch or are indirectly impacted by fishing activity and changes to the ecological structure and balance of the lake's fish population.

Sevan trout, a fish endemic to Lake Sevan in Armenia, was introduced into Issyk-Kul in the 1970s. While this fish is an endangered species in its native waters, it has a much better chance to survive in Lake Issyk-Kul where it has actively predated on other species, but is limited in habitat for reproduction and in food.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

BirdsEdit

The lake supports large numbers of wintering waterfowl as well as waders and passerines on passage migration. Both the western and eastern ends of the lake have been recognised as Important Bird Areas (IBAs) by BirdLife International.<ref name=bli>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=bli2>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Dead LakeEdit

There is a small lake below the water level of Issyk Kul at the south-west side of the lake. This lake is called Tyz köl (salt lake) in Kyrgyz due to its very high saline content and swimming in the Issyk Kul salt lake is a very different experience from less salty water. The lake receives its water from small cold springs at the beach which lead the cold, less heavy water to the top of the lake and often the salty, heavy water below is oddly more warm than the water on the surface.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Russian Navy test siteEdit

During the Soviet period, the Soviet Navy operated an extensive facility at the lake's east end, where submarine and torpedo technology was evaluated.<ref>Kommersant-Vlast, 'Vys Rossiya Armia', 2005</ref> In March 2008, Kyrgyz newspapers reported that Template:Convert around the Karabulan Peninsula on the lake would be leased for an indefinite period to the Russian Navy, which is planning to establish new naval testing facilities as part of the 2007 bilateral Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation, Mutual Help, and Protection of Secret Materials. The Russian military will pay $4.5 million annually to lease the area.<ref>RFE/RL NEWSLINE 14 March 2008</ref> India, in 2011, announced plans to invest in the facility to test various types of torpedoes. India is also planning to use the torpedo test facility to test the autonomous underwater vehicle being developed by NSTL. For this, India has proposed to engage local companies with know-how in torpedo technology to further co-develop the facility.<ref>India to develop state of the art torpedo testing centre in Kyrgyzstan. September 18, 2011. Times of India</ref>

File:Issyk Kul at sundown.jpg

Issyk-Kul at sundown (August 2002)

Lakeside townsEdit

Towns and some villages around the lake, listed clockwise from the lake's western tip:

Balykchy (the Template:Linktext at the western end of the lake)
Kosh-Köl
Tamchy
Cholpon-Ata (the capital of the north shore)
Tüp
Karakol (the regional capital near the eastern end of the lake, formerly named Przhevalsk)
Barskoon