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Istanbul University

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Istanbul University, also known as University of Istanbul (Template:Langx), is a public research university located in Istanbul, Turkey. Founded by Mehmed II on May 30, 1453, a day after the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks,<ref name="Britannica" /> it was reformed as the first Ottoman higher education institution influenced by European approaches.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The successor institution, which has been operating under its current name since 1933, is the first university in modern Turkey.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The university has 58,809 undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral students<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> studying in 112 academic units,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> including faculties, institutes, colleges, and vocational schools at 9 campuses.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The main campus is adjacent to Beyazıt Square in Fatih, the capital district of the province, on the European side of the city.

Istanbul University alumni include Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Aziz Sancar<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Nobel Prize in Literature winner Orhan Pamuk,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> as well as President of Turkey Abdullah Gül, six Prime Ministers of Turkey, including Suat Hayri Ürgüplü, Sadi Irmak, Nihat Erim, Refik Saydam, Naim Talu, Yıldırım Akbulut, and the current mayor of Istanbul Ekrem İmamoğlu. The alumni also include the longest-serving President of Israel Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, as well as David Ben-Gurion and Moshe Sharett, who both served as Prime Ministers of Israel.

HistoryEdit

The origins of Istanbul University date back to 1453,<ref name="Times_istanbul_uni">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Britannica">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> when it was founded by Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II as a school of philosophy, medicine, law, mathematics and letters.<ref name="Times_istanbul_uni" /> The University of Constantinople, established in 425 CE by the Eastern Roman emperor Theodosius II as the Pandidacterium, later became known as the Phanar Greek Orthodox College after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. Immediately after the conquest of the city, Sultan Mehmet II assigned Molla Mehmet Zeyrek Efendi to convert the Pantokrator Monastery into a madrasah and appointed him as the first rector.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Madrasah education continued to be given here until new educational buildings were built around the Fatih Mosque. Later, upon completion of the construction of the buildings, students and teachers moved to these new buildings. In the early stages, Istanbul University also functioned as a medrese, an Islamic theological school. Famous astronomer Ali Qushji took part in the establishment of higher education in the city and taught mathematics at the madrasah.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web

}}</ref> This madrasa is regarded as the precursor to the Darülfünûn, a technical institute or university (lit. House of Natural Sciences), which evolved into Istanbul University in 1933.<ref name="Rüegg, Walter 687">Rüegg, Walter: "European Universities and Similar Institutions in Existence between 1812 and the End of 1944: A Chronological List", in: Rüegg, Walter (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 3: Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945), Cambridge University Press, 2004, Template:ISBN, p. 687</ref> Education in various sciences and fields, including medicine, mathematics, astronomy, cartography, geography, history, philosophy, religion, literature, philology, and law, became available and, until the 19th century, played a key role in educating the ruling cadres of Ottoman society. However, when the medreses were no longer able to meet the needs of the time, a restructuring process began, leading to the establishment of Darülfünûn,<ref group="note">Some pre-1930 Western sources refer to the Darülfünûn as the University of Constantinople, after the previous name of the entire city (not to be confused with the Byzantine era University of Constantinople, which was founded in 425 AD by the East Roman emperor Theodosius II as the Pandidacterium and was by some accounts the world's first university),<ref>Journal of the American Medical Association, Volume 79. American Medical Association, 1922. p. 646 Template:Webarchive</ref> or University of Stamboul<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> or Université de Stamboul ("Stamboul" the name for the historic inner city).<ref>Template:Cite journal - Cited: page 22 (page 71/103 of the collection) - Index of pages Template:Webarchive</ref></ref> the core of Istanbul University.

File:Faculty members of Istanbul University with School Director Kemal Bey and the teaching staff, circa 1915.jpg
Faculty members of Istanbul University with Director Kemal Bey and the teaching staff, circa 1915.
File:Istanbul University Gate.tif
The main entrance to Istanbul University, 1950s.
File:Istanbul University campus ruins March 2008d.JPG
Late Roman and early Byzantine remains at the Istanbul University campus next to Beyazıt Tower.

An institution of higher education named the Darülfünûn-u Osmanî (lit. the Ottoman Polytechnic Institute) was created in 1863, but suppressed in 1871.<ref name="Rüegg, Walter 687" /> Its first rector was Hasan Tahsini, regarded as one of the most important Ottoman scholars of the 19th century. In 1874 the Darülfünûn-u Sultanî (lit. the Royal College of Natural Sciences, Template:Langx<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>) began offering law classes in French, but was closed in 1881.<ref name="Rüegg, Walter 687" />

The Imperial College of Sciences, later known as Darülfünûn-u Şahâne, was reestablished in 1900 with departments in theology, arts, mathematics, science, and philology.<ref name="Rüegg, Walter 687" /> In 1924, the faculties of law, medicine, arts and sciences were established in İstanbul Darülfünûnu, as the university was now called.<ref name="Rüegg, Walter 687" /> Islamic theology was added in 1925, but in 1933 the university was reorganized without the latter.<ref name="Rüegg, Walter 687" />

The first modern applied physics courses were offered at the Darülfünûn on 31 December 1863, marking the beginning of a new era. On 20 February 1870, the school was renamed Darülfünûn-u Osmanî (lit. the Ottoman House of Multiple Sciences) and reorganized to meet the needs of modern sciences and technologies. Starting in 1874, some classes in literature, law, and applied sciences were held at the Lycée de Galatasaray, continuing regularly until 1881. On 1 September 1900, the school was renamed and reorganized as Darülfünûn-u Şahâne (lit. the Royal Polytechnic Institute), offering courses in mathematics, literature, and theology. On 20 April 1912, the school was renamed İstanbul Darülfünûnu, with an expanded course offering and a modernized curriculum. The School of Medicine, Law, Applied Sciences, Literature, and Theology were established.

On 21 April 1924, the Republic of Turkey recognized İstanbul Darülfünûnu as a state institution. On 7 October 1925, its administrative autonomy was established, and the schools, which had been part of the old medrese system, became modern faculties. The Darülfünûn then consisted of five faculties: medicine, law, letters, theology, and science. The professors were granted academic freedom as outlined in Article 2 of Law 493.<ref>Gedlkoğlu, Tokay (1995).p.152</ref> On 1 August 1933, İstanbul Darülfünûnu was reorganized as İstanbul Üniversitesi (lit. Istanbul University)<ref>Gedlkoğlu, Tokay (1995).p.156</ref> following the educational reforms of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Classes officially began on 1 November 1933.

Before World War II, many German scientists, particularly those from fields such as medicine, natural sciences, and humanities, were forced to flee Germany due to pressure on anti-Nazi scholars and artists, many of whom were of Jewish origin. A significant number of these emigrants found refuge at Istanbul University, where they contributed to the growth of academic programs and research, enhancing the university's intellectual environment and fostering scientific efforts in Turkey.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

CampusEdit

File:BeyazıtMeydanı.jpg
Main entrance gate of Istanbul University on Beyazıt Square, which was known as Forum Tauri (later Forum of Theodosius) in the late Roman period. Beyazıt Tower, located within the campus, is seen in the background, to the right of the flagpole.
File:University Istanbul main building interior March 2008pano.jpg
Interior view of the main building of Istanbul University.
File:500 Old TL reverse.jpg
The arched monumental gate of Istanbul University on the reverse of the 500 lira banknote (1971–1984).

The university comprises seventeen faculties spread across five campuses. The main campus being on Beyazıt Square, which was originally built by Constantine the Great as the Forum Tauri and was later enlarged by Theodosius the Great as the Forum of Theodosius during the Roman period. Some Roman and Byzantine ruins are still visible on the grounds.

The building stands on the site of the Old Palace, the first palace built by the Ottoman Turks in Istanbul.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Following the establishment of the Republic in 1923, the Ministry of War, like other ministries, relocated to Ankara, and the building was handed over to Darülfünun, the first and only university of the Ottoman Empire.Template:Cn

The current main building, designed by French architect Bourgerois, was completed in 1865-1866. In 1879, it began serving as the Ottoman Empire's Ministry of War. The Blue Hall and Pink Hall, located on the building's second floor, are adorned in an orientalist decorative style, featuring ceiling and wall ornamentations that reflect the overall aesthetic of the structure. The room currently used as the Rector's Office was originally the office of the Minister of War during the Ottoman Empire. The office also contains the desk of Enver Pasha, who served as the Minister of War from 1914 to 1918. The "Kılıçlık Hall," which is used for academic meetings today, was originally the venue for sword-donning ceremonies for officers within the Ministry of War during the Ottoman Empire. Before holding meetings in the Kılıçlık Hall, officers would use the area on the right side of the hall to place their swords, hang their coats, and perform ablutions.Template:Cn

The building, which was damaged in an earthquake in 1894, was restored by Italian architect Raimondo D’Aronco.<ref name=":1" /> In 1950, it was again restored by Ekrem Hakkı Ayverdi. The Rectorate Building has undergone several renovations over the years, with the most recent restoration, including façade and marble cleaning, taking place in 1998. The main gate was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 500 lira banknotes of 1971–1984.<ref>Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}. Banknote Museum: 6. Emission Group – Five Hundred Turkish Lira – I. Series Template:Webarchive & II. Series Template:Webarchive. – Retrieved 20 April 2009.</ref>

The building housing the Rare Books Library, designed by Kemaleddin Bey in 1913, is home to a collection of approximately 93,000 volumes, including printed and manuscript books, journals, newspapers, maps, plans, and notes in Turkish, Arabic, Persian, Greek and Latin.<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The collection also includes 911 albums known as the Abdülhamid II Collection, which contain 36,585 photographs. Additionally, the library holds the collections of prominent figures in Turkish politics and intellectual history, such as Zakirbaşı Hüseyin Halis Efendi, Hasan Rıza Pasha, Grand Vizier İbrahim Hakkı Pasha, Sheikh-ul-Islam Pirizade Mehmet Sahip Molla, and İbnülemin Mahmut Kemal İnal. In 1925, the collection of the Yıldız Palace Library was transferred to the Rare Books Library.<ref name=":2" />

International perspective and rankingsEdit

Template:Infobox university rankingsIstanbul University Graduate School of Business (Turkish: İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme İktisadı Enstitüsü) was founded in 1954 with the collaboration of Harvard Business School and the Ford Foundation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Istanbul University Graduate School of Business also has a Beta Gamma Sigma honor society, which is the only honor business society in public universities in Turkey.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Istanbul University School of Business is the only AACSB-accredited business school among the public universities in Turkey.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Istanbul University Law School conducts a joint bachelor of laws (LL.B.) program in partnership with the University of Hamburg. This program enables students to study in both Turkey and Germany, covering multiple legal systems with coursework focused on both domestic and international law.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Istanbul University has established various collaboration and exchange agreements with universities around the world.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> These include partnerships with Yale University Wright Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, and the University of Arizona in the United States; the University of Seoul, Dongguk University, and Hankuk University of Foreign Studies in South Korea; and Qatar University in Qatar. In Japan, the university has agreements with Ryukoku University, Tokyo University of Marine Sciences and Technology, Kindai University, and Tsurumi University. Istanbul University also collaborates with Tilburg University in the Netherlands, as well as Technische Universität Berlin, RWTH Aachen University, University of Cologne, Ruhr University Bochum, and Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in Germany. Additional partnerships include Essex University in the United Kingdom and the University of Western Ontario in Canada.<ref name=":0" />

File:A black-and-white photograph taken during an international management conference in Lisbon in April 1959.png
Prof. Robert Stone from Harvard Business School (Associate Director of İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme İktisadı Enstitüsü), Dr. Nejat Eczacıbaşı, Prof. Dr. Ömer Celal Sarç (Istanbul University), and Thomas Carrol from the Ford Foundation in Lisbon, April 1959.
File:IstanbulUniversityObservatory03.JPG
Istanbul University Observatory

Istanbul University maintains extensive Erasmus Programme student and faculty mobility agreements with numerous institutions across Europe, facilitating academic mobility and collaboration.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> In Germany, the university partners with Free University of Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, Goethe University Frankfurt, University of Freiburg, University of Hamburg, Heidelberg University, University of Mainz, University of Marburg, University of Mannheim, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, and University of Tübingen. In Austria, partnerships include University of Graz, University of Innsbruck, and University of Vienna. The university also has agreements with several Belgian institutions, including University of Antwerpen, Gent University, KU Leuven, and University of Liège, as well as University of Copenhagen in Denmark. In France, Istanbul University collaborates with Bordeaux Montaigne University, University of Caen Normandy, Lumière University Lyon 2, Aix-Marseille University, University of Orléans, Paris Nanterre University, Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales, and University of Strasbourg.

The Erasmus network extends to the Netherlands, with agreements with University of Amsterdam, University of Groningen, Leiden University, and Erasmus University Rotterdam, and to Ireland with the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. In Spain, the university partners with University of Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University, University of Granada, University of Salamanca, and University Zaragoza, while in Sweden, it collaborates with Lund University and Uppsala University. Additionally, Istanbul University maintains Erasmus agreements with several Italian universities, including University of Bologna, University of Florence, University of Milano-Bicocca, University of Naples Federico II, University of Padua, and Sapienza University of Rome, as well as University of Luxembourg in Luxembourg, Eötvös Loránd University, Debrecen University, University of Pécs, and Szeged University in Hungary, University of Oslo in Norway, and University of Coimbra in Portugal.

The university actively participates in research and innovation programs supported by the European Commission<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Horizon Europe,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which provide funding for cutting-edge research across various fields. These partnerships enable Istanbul University to contribute to and benefit from large-scale research projects that foster scientific progress and innovation. Additionally, the university collaborates with NATO<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in research initiatives related to security, technology, and scientific advancement, benefiting from access to valuable resources and expertise in areas of mutual interest. Istanbul University is also an official member of the CMS Experiment at CERN,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> a collaboration that focuses on high-energy physics research and the study of fundamental particles.

Notable facultyEdit

See also Academic staff of Istanbul University for a detailed list.

Notable expatriate facultyEdit

Notable alumniEdit

See also Istanbul University alumni and Darülfünun alumni for a detailed list.

GalleryEdit

  • BeyazıtMeydanı2.jpg

    The Monumental Entrance Gate of the Istanbul University

  • Istanbul UniversityFaculty of Science and Faculty of Literature Buildings2.jpg

    The Zeynep Hanım Mansion at Istanbul University Faculty of Literature

  • İstanbulUniversityPharmacyFaculty.jpg

    Istanbul University Faculty of Pharmacology

  • Entrance to Istanbul University - Sultanahmet District - Istanbul - Turkey (5719887758).jpg

    Istanbul University Beyazıt Campus

  • Istanbul university - 1453 - panoramio - nikola pu.jpg

    Istanbul University Rectorate

  • Istanbul University Faculty of Political Sciences Gulhane.jpg

    Istanbul University Faculty of Political Sciences Gülhane Building

  • İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi - panoramio.jpg

    Istanbul University Faculty of Science

  • Gardens of Istanbul University - Sulimaniyeh Mosque at Rear - Suleymaniye District - Istanbul - Turkey (5726369205).jpg

    The Garden of Istanbul University, with the Süleymaniye Mosque

  • Süleymaniye Camii - İstanbul Üniversitesi - Aerial view.jpg

    Aerial view of the Süleymaniye Mosque and Istanbul University

  • Istanbul university 47.jpg

    The Courtyard of Istanbul University Faculty of Literature

  • Watchtower Istanbul University.jpg

    Beyazıt Tower in Istanbul University Main Campus

  • Atatürk in Istanbul University Faculty of Law.jpg

    Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Istanbul University Law School

  • Beyazıt uni..JPG

    Istanbul University Beyazıt Campus

  • İstanbul Üniversitesi Rıdvan Çelikel Arkeoloji Müzesi.jpg

    Istanbul University Rıdvan Çelikel Archaeological Museum

See alsoEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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NotesEdit

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External linksEdit

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