Ivan Shishkin
Template:Short description Template:Family name hatnote Template:Use dmy dates Template:Expand Russian Template:Infobox artist Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin (Template:Langx; Template:OldStyleDate – Template:OldStyleDate) was a Russian landscape painter and graphic artist, one of the most famous landscape painters of the post-reform era, and the creator of the iconic painting Morning in a Pine Forest. He was an academician (since 1865), professor (since 1873), and full member (since 1893, under the new charter) of the Imperial Academy of Arts, as well as a professor and head of the landscape workshop at the Higher Art School (1894–1895). He was also one of the founding members of the Peredvizhniki movement (since 1870).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
BiographyEdit
Shishkin was born in Yelabuga, Vyatka Governorate (today Republic of Tatarstan). He came from a family of Yelabuga merchants and was the son of grain merchant Ivan Vasilyevich Shishkin (1792–1872).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The artist’s grandfather, Vasily Afanasyevich Shishkin-Serebryakov (1764–1827), was a palace peasant who registered as a third-guild merchant in Yelabuga in 1792.<ref>Курылёва Н. И. Трёхсотлетнее древо Ивана Ивановича Шишкина: предки, потомки, ближайшие родственники. — Издание 3-е. — Елабуга, 2012. — 120 с. — ISBN 978-5-601607-006-4.</ref><ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Artistic trainingEdit
At the age of 12, Shishkin was enrolled in the First Kazan Boys' Gymnasium, but after five years of study, he returned home to Yelabuga, where he lived for four years. In 1852, he entered the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, where he studied for four years until 1856.<ref name=":0" /> After completing his course, he continued his education at the Saint Petersburg Imperial Academy of Arts from 1857 to 1860, where he became a student of the landscape painter Professor Sokrat Vorobyov.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
At the Academy, Shishkin formed a close friendship with his classmates and like-minded artists Aleksander Gine and Jogin Pavel. In 1857, they worked together in Dubki, a small settlement on the shore of the Gulf of Finland near Sestroretsk. In the following years, they traveled together to Valaam Island on Lake Ladoga, home to its famous monastery.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> These trips helped Shishkin refine his skills in depicting nature, allowing him to accurately render landscapes with both brush and pencil.<ref name=":0" />
During his first year at the Academy, Shishkin was awarded two small silver medals: one for his painting View in the Vicinity of St. Petersburg (1856) and another for drawings completed during the summer in Dubki. In 1858, he received a large silver medal for his study Pine on Valaam. In 1859, he was awarded a small gold medal for his landscape Gorge on Valaam, and finally, in 1860, he earned the large gold medal for two paintings of the same title, View on Valaam Island. Kukko Area.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":0" />
Travel abroadEdit
In 1860, Shishkin, Gine, and Jogin submitted a request to the Council of the Academy of Arts for financial assistance to publish their studies through lithography. The Council decided "to issue a monetary reward in the amount of 150 silver rubles for all three of them for the work they have undertaken on lithography experiments and to declare the gratitude of the Council to them, and to thank Mr. Professor Vorobyov for the successes of his students."<ref>Чулков Н. П. Гине, Александр Васильевич // Русский биографический словарь : в 25 томах. — СПб.—М., 1896—1918.</ref>
Along with this final award, Shishkin earned the right to travel abroad on a scholarship from the St Petersburg Imperial Academy of Arts. In 1861, he went to Munich, Germany, where he visited the studios of the famous artists Benno Adam and Franz Adam, who were highly regarded as animal painters.<ref name=":0" /> In 1863, Shishkin moved to Zurich, where, under the guidance of Professor Rudolf Koller—then considered one of the best animal painters—he sketched and painted animals from life. While in Zurich, he also experimented for the first time with etching using aqua regia.
From Zurich, Shishkin traveled to Geneva, Switzerland to study the works of François Diday and Alexandre Calame. In 1864–1865, he relocated to Düsseldorf, where he attended the Düsseldorf Art Academy.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> While there, he painted View in the Vicinity of Düsseldorf on commission for the collector N. Bykov. This painting earned him the title of academician from the Imperial Academy of Arts.
During his time abroad, in addition to painting, Shishkin extensively worked on pen drawings, which greatly impressed foreign audiences.<ref name=":1" /> Some of his drawings were displayed in the Düsseldorf Museum alongside works by renowned European masters such as Andreas Achenbach and Karl Friedrich Lessing.<ref name=":1" />
Return to RussiaEdit
Feeling homesick, Ivan Shishkin returned to St. Petersburg in 1866 before the end of his scholarship term.<ref name=":1" /> That same year, his painting Air and six drawings were exhibited in Moscow. From then on, he frequently traveled across Russia for artistic purposes and exhibited his works at the Academy almost annually.
In 1868, the Academy of Arts awarded Shishkin the title of professor for his paintings Pine Forest and Instead of Crossing the Bridge, Let’s Find a Ford, but Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna, the Academy’s president, instead awarded him the Order of Saint Stanislaus, 3rd class. At the Exposition Universelle (1867), Shishkin exhibited several drawings and his painting View in the Vicinity of Düsseldorf.
With the establishment of the Peredvizhniki (The Society for Traveling Art Exhibitions), Shishkin began exhibiting his pen drawings at their exhibitions. Upon returning to Saint Petersburg in 1870, he became a member of the Circle of the Itinerants and Society of Russian Etchers in St. Petersburg and resumed working with aqua regia etching, a technique he continued practicing for the rest of his life, dedicating almost as much time to it as to painting. These works further solidified his reputation as one of Russia’s finest landscape painters and an unmatched master of etching.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
He also took part in exhibitions at the Academy of Arts, the All-Russian Exhibition in Moscow (1882), the Nizhniy Novgorod (1896) and the World Fairs (Paris, 1867 and 1878, and Vienna, 1873).
Shishkin's painting method was based on analytical studies of nature. He became famous for his detailed and poetic forest landscapes, which captured the beauty of Russia’s wilderness. His works often depicted the changing seasons, wild nature, animals, and birds. He was also an outstanding draftsman and printmaker.
Ivan Shishkin owned a dacha in the village of Template:Ill (now part of the Gatchina District, Leningrad Oblast), south of St Petersburg. There he painted some of his finest landscapes. His works are notable for poetic depiction of seasons in the woods, wild nature, animals and birds.
Final yearsEdit
In 1873, the Academy of Arts officially awarded Shishkin the title of professor after purchasing his painting Forest Wilderness. In 1892 he was invited to become professor-director of the landscape painting workshop class in the Academy of Arts, but for various reasons, he held the position only briefly.<ref name=":1" />
In 1898 he completed his painting The Pine Grove and on March 20, 1898, Shishkin died suddenly of a heart attack in St. Petersburg, while sitting at his easel in front of a new painting.<ref>Charles, Victoria, Ivan Shishkin, Parkstone Press International, 2014.</ref> He was buried at the Smolensk Orthodox Cemetery.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Могила на плане кладбища (№ 61) // Отдел IV // Весь Петербург на 1914 год, адресная и справочная книга г. С.-Петербурга / Ред. А. П. Шашковский. — СПб.: Товарищество А. С. Суворина – «Новое время», 1914. — ISBN 5-94030-052-9.</ref> In 1950, his remains and tombstone were transferred to the Tikhvin Cemetery at the Necropolis of the Masters of Art.<ref>Кобак А. В., Пирютко Ю. М. Исторические кладбища Санкт-Петербурга. — Изд. 2-е, дораб. и испр. — М. : Центрполиграф ; СПб. : Русская тройка — СПб, 2011. — С. 245, 309. — ISBN 978-5-227-02688-0. — OCLC 812571864.</ref>
A minor planet 3558 Shishkin, discovered by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Zhuravlyova in 1978, was named in his honor.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
GalleryEdit
- Ivan Shishkin - View on the Outskirts of St. Petersburg.JPG
View on the Outskirts of St. Petersburg, 1856
- Ivan Shishkin (1832-1898), View of Valaam Island. Kukko.jpg
View of Valaam Island. Kukko, 1860
- Дорога во ржи (Шишкин).jpg
In the Rye, 1866
- Swiss Landscape (Shishkin).jpg
Swiss Landscape, 1866
- Рубка леса (Шишкин).jpg
Lumbering, 1867
- Walk in the Forest (Shishkin).jpg
Walk in the Forest, 1869
- Shishkin Polden Okrestnosti Moskvy.jpg
Noon. Neighborhoods of Moscow, 1869
- Сторожка в лесу.jpg
Watchtower in the Forest, 1870
- Берёзовый лес.jpg
Birch Forest, 1871
- 1872 Schischkin Pinienwald anagoria.JPG
A Pine Forest. Mast-Timber forest in Viatka Province, 1872
- Шишкин И. И. (1872) Лесная глушь 02.jpg
Backwoods, 1872
- Хвойный лес (Шишкин) 02.jpg
Coniferous forest, 1873
- Первый снег (Шишкин).jpg
First snow, 1875
- Иван И. Шишкин - Темное дерево.jpg
The Dark Wood, 1876
- Ivan Shishkin - Рожь - Google Art Project.jpg
Rye, 1878
- ShishkinII OpushkaLesaPERM.jpg
Forest Edge, 1878
- Дебри (Шишкин).jpg
Wilds, 1881
- Iwan Iwanowitsch Schischkin 001.jpg
Brook in a Birch Forest, 1883
- ShishkinII SosnaNaPeskeRYB.jpg
Pine on Sand, 1884
- Iwan Iwanowitsch Schischkin 003.jpg
Forest Distance, 1884
- Polesye.jpg
Polesie Landscape, 1884
- Опушка леса (Шишкин, 1884).jpg
The Edge of the Forest, 1884
- Туманное утро. Шишкин И.И..jpg
Misty Morning, 1885
- Iwan Iwanowitsch Schischkin 002.jpg
Oak Grove, 1887
- Utro v sosnovom lesu.jpg
Morning in a Pine Forest, 1889
- 1889 Shishkin Felsige Landschaft anagoria.JPG
The Rocky Landscape, 1889
- Иван И. Шишкин - Стога, Преображенское.jpg
Haystacks, Preobrazhenskoe, 1890
- Ivan Shishkin - Winter.JPG
Winter, 1890
- Шишкин И. И. (1891) На севере диком.jpg
In the Wild North, 1891
- Shishkin DozVDubLesu 114.jpg
Rain in an Oak Forest, 1891
- Иван Шишкин После шторма в Мери-Хови 1891.jpg
After the Storm in Meri Hovi, 1891
- 1880er Ivan Shishkin Wald anagoria.JPG
Forest, 1895
- Вечерняя заря (Шишкин).jpg
Twilight, 1896
- 'At the Edge of the Pine Forest' by Ivan Shishkin, 1898.jpg
At the Edge of the Pine Forest, 1897
ReferencesEdit
Literary sourcesEdit
External linksEdit
- Ivan Shishkin at Tanais Gallery
- Ivan Shishkin. Morning in a Pine Forest. Description of the picture.
- Ivan Shishkin. Mast-Tree Grove. Description of the picture.
- Ivan Shishkin. Rye. Description of the picture.
- Works
- Ivan Shishkin Memorial House Museum, Russia