Japanese era name

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}} The Template:Nihongo or Template:Nihongo, is the first of the two elements that identify years in the Japanese era calendar scheme. The second element is a number which indicates the year number within the era (with the first year being "Template:Nihongo", meaning "origin, basis"), followed by the literal "Template:Nihongo" meaning "year".

Era names originated in 140 BCE in Imperial China, during the reign of the Emperor Wu of Han.<ref name=First1>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=First2>Template:Cite book</ref> As elsewhere in the Sinosphere, the use of era names was originally derived from Chinese imperial practice,<ref name=First2 /><ref name=Sinosphere>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Japan>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> although the Japanese system is independent of the Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese era name systems. Unlike its other Sinosphere counterparts, Japanese era names are still in official use. Government offices usually require era names and years for official papers.

The five era names used since the end of the Edo period in 1868 can be abbreviated by taking the first letter of their romanized names. For example, S55 means Shōwa 55 (i.e. 1980), and H22 stands for Heisei 22 (2010). At 62 years and 2 weeks, Shōwa is the longest era to date.

The Template:Nihongo<ref name="reiwaannouncement">Archived at GhostarchiveTemplate:Cbignore and the Wayback MachineTemplate:Cbignore: Template:CitationTemplate:Cbignore</ref> era began on 1 May 2019, the day of accession of Naruhito to the throne as the 126th Emperor of Japan,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> following the day of the planned and voluntary abdication<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> of his father, the 125th Emperor, Akihito. Emperor Akihito had received special permission to abdicate,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> rather than serving in his role until his death, as is the rule.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Reiwa era follows the 31st and final year of the Template:Nihongo, which had started on the day after the death of Emperor Hirohito on 8 January 1989.

Overview

File:Keizo Obuchi cropped Keizo Obuchi 19890107.jpg

Keizō Obuchi, Chief Cabinet Secretary, announces the name of the new era "Heisei" (Template:Nihongo2), on 7 January 1989.

File:Yoshihide Suga announcing new imperial era Reiwa 2 (cropped).jpg

Yoshihide Suga, Chief Cabinet Secretary, announces the name of the new era "Reiwa" (Template:Nihongo2) at the Prime Minister's Official Residence, on 1 April 2019.

File:Jokyo-reki.jpg

1729 Japanese calendar, which used the Jōkyō calendar procedure, published by Ise Grand Shrine

The system on which the Japanese era names are based originated in China in 140 BCE, and was adopted by Japan in 645 CE, during the reign of Emperor Kōtoku.

The first era name to be assigned was Template:Nihongo, celebrating the political and organizational changes which were to flow from the great Template:Nihongo of 645. Although the regular practice of proclaiming successive era names was interrupted in the late seventh century, it was permanently re-adopted in 701 during the reign of Emperor Monmu (697–707). Since then, era names have been used continuously up through the present day.Template:Sfnp

Historical nengō

Prior to the Meiji period, era names were decided by court officials and were subjected to frequent change. A new era name was usually proclaimed within a year or two after the ascension of a new emperor. A new era name was also often designated on the first, fifth and 58th years of the sexagenary cycle, because they were inauspicious years in Onmyōdō. These three years are respectively known as kakurei, kakuun, and kakumei, and collectively known as sankaku. Era names were also changed due to other felicitous events or natural disasters.

In historical practice, Template:Nihongo starts whenever the emperor chooses; and the first year continues until the next lunar new year, which is understood to be the start of the nengō's second year.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). Kyoto: the Old Capital of Japan, 794–1869, p. 321.</ref>

Era names indicate the various reasons for their adoption. For instance, the nengō Template:Nihongo, during the Nara period, was declared due to the discovery of copper deposits in Chichibu. Most nengō are composed of two kanji, except for a short time during the Nara period when four-kanji names were sometimes adopted to follow the Chinese trend. Template:Nihongo, Template:Nihongo, Template:Nihongo and Template:Nihongo are some famous nengō names that use four characters. Since the Heian period, Confucian thoughts and ideas have been reflected in era names, such as Template:Nihongo, Template:Nihongo and Template:Nihongo.Template:Citation needed Although there currently exist a total of 248 Japanese era names, only 73 kanji have been used in composing them. Out of these 73 kanji, 31 of them have been used only once, while the rest have been used repeatedly in different combinations.

The vast majority of Japanese era names were used for less than 10 years, with two being used for less than a year. Only 28 have been used for more than 10 years and less than 30 years. Only Heisei, Ōei, Meiji, and Shōwa have been used for more than 30 years.

Nengō in modern Japan

Mutsuhito assumed the throne in 1867, during the third year of the Template:Nihongo era. On 23 October 1868, the era name was changed to Template:Nihongo, and a Template:Nihongo system was adopted, wherein era names would change only upon immediate imperial succession. This system is similar to the now-defunct Chinese system used since the days of the Ming dynasty, in which the era name was not updated until the year following the emperor's death.

In modern practice, Template:Nihongo starts immediately upon the emperor's accession and ends on 31 December. Subsequent years follow the Gregorian calendar. For example, the Meiji era lasted until 30 July 1912, when the Emperor died and the Template:Nihongo era was proclaimed. 1912 is therefore known as both "Meiji 45" and Template:Nihongo, although Meiji technically ended on 30 July with Mutsuhito's death.

This practice, implemented successfully since the days of Meiji but never formalized, became law in 1979 with the passage of the Template:Nihongo. Thus, since 1868, there have only been five era names assigned: Meiji, Taishō, Shōwa, Heisei, and Reiwa, each corresponding with the rule of only one emperor. Upon death, the emperor is thereafter referred to by the era of his reign. For example, Mutsuhito is posthumously known as Template:Nihongo.

It is protocol in Japan that the reigning emperor be referred to as Template:Nihongo or Template:Nihongo. To call the current emperor by the current era name, i.e. "Reiwa", even in English,Template:Citation needed is a faux pas, as this is – and will be – his posthumous name. Use of the emperor's given name (i.e., "Naruhito") is rare, and is considered vulgar behaviour in Japanese.

The Emperor Akihito abdicated on 30 April 2019, necessitating a change in nengō. The new name, made public on the morning of 1 April of the same year, is Template:Nihongo.<ref name=reiwaannouncement />

Periods without era names

The era name system that was introduced by Emperor Kōtoku was abandoned after his death; no era names were designated between 654 and 686. The system was briefly reinstated by Emperor Tenmu in 686, but was again abandoned upon his death about two months later. In 701, Emperor Monmu once again reinstated the era name system, and it has continued uninterrupted through today.

Although use of the Gregorian calendar for historical dates became increasingly common in Japan, the traditional Japanese system demands that dates be written in reference to era names. The apparent problem introduced by the lack of era names was resolved by identifying the years of an imperial reign as a period.<ref name="murray402">Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] p. 402], citing Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 54–55].The year-periods (nengō) do not ordinarily overlap with the reigns of the early monarchs; and generally, a new one was chosen whenever it was deemed necessary to commemorate an auspicious or ward off a malign event.</ref>

Although in modern Japan posthumous imperial names correspond with the eras of their reign, this is a relatively recent practice, introduced during the Meiji period and instituted by law in 1979. Therefore, the posthumous names of the emperors and empresses who reigned prior to 1868 may not be taken as era names by themselves. For example, the year 572—the year in which Emperor Bidatsu assumed the Chrysanthemum Throne – is properly written as "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" (Bidatsu-Tennō Gannen, "the first year of Emperor Bidatsu"), and not "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" (Bidatsu Gannen, "the first year of Bidatsu"), although it may be abbreviated as such.<ref>"The Japanese Calendar", National Diet Library, Japan</ref> By incorporating both proper era names and posthumous imperial names in this manner, it is possible to extend the nengō system to cover all dates from 660 BCE through today.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Unofficial era name system

In addition to the official era name system, in which the era names are selected by the imperial court, one also observes—primarily in the ancient documents and epigraphs of shrines and temples—unofficial era names called Template:Nihongo, also known as Template:Nihongo or Template:Nihongo. Currently, there are over 40 confirmed shinengō, most of them dating from the middle ages. Shinengō used prior to the reestablishment of the era name system in 701 are usually called Template:Nihongo.Template:Efn

Because official records of shinengō are lacking, the range of dates to which they apply is often unclear. For example, the well-known itsunengō Template:Nihongo is normally said to refer to 650–654 CE; a poetic synonym for the Hakuchi era. However, alternate interpretations exist. For example, in the Nichūreki, Hakuhō refers to 661–683 CE, and in some medieval temple documents, Hakuhō refers to 672–685 CE. Thus, shinengō may be used as an alternative way of dating periods for which there is no official era name.

Other well-known itsunengō and shinengō include Template:Nihongo (591–621+ CE), Template:Nihongo (686), Template:Nihongo (1460), Template:Nihongo (1506–1507 or 1507–1509) and Template:Nihongo (1540–1543).

The most recent shinengō is Template:Nihongo (1904–1905), named for the Russo-Japanese War.

Kyūshū nengō

Edo period scholar Tsurumine Shigenobu proposed that Template:Nihongo, said to have been used in ancient Kumaso, should also be considered a form of shinengō. This claim is not generally recognized by the academic community. Lists of the proposed Kyūshū nengō can be seen in the Japanese language entries {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.

Software support

Character sets

Certain era names have specific characters assigned to them, for instance ㋿ for the Reiwa period, which can also be written as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. These are included in Unicode: Code points U+32FF (㋿), U+337B (㍻), U+337C (㍼), U+337D (㍽) and U+337E (㍾) are used for the Reiwa, Heisei, Shōwa, Taishō and Meiji eras, respectively.

Calendar libraries

Certain calendar libraries support the conversion from and to the era system, as well as rendering of dates using it.

Since the release of Java 8, the Japanese calendar is supported in the new Date and time API for the year Meiji 6 (1873) onwards.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Support for the new era in Japanese imperial transition of 2019

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Computers and software manufacturers needed to test their systems in preparation for the new era which began on 1 May 2019. Windows provided a test mechanism to simulate a new era ahead of time.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Java Development Kit 11 supported this era using the placeholders "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" for Japanese, "NewEra" for other languages.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The final name was added in JDK 12.0.1, after it was announced by the Japanese government.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Unicode code point U+32FF (㋿) was reserved for representing the new era name, Reiwa.<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref>

List of Japanese era names

The list of Japanese era names is the result of a periodization system which was established by Emperor Kōtoku in 645. The system of Template:Nihongo was irregular until the beginning of the 8th century.Template:Sfnp After 701, sequential era names developed without interruption across a span of centuries.Template:Sfnp As of 1 April 2019, there have been 239 era names.

To convert a Japanese year to a Gregorian calendar year, find the first year of the Japanese era name (also called nengō). When found, add the number of the Japanese year, then subtract 1.

Asuka period

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Derived from	Remark
Emperor Kōtoku<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 266–267]; Template:Harvp pp. 132–133; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 47–50]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Taika Template:Nihongo2	645–650 CE	5 years	Book of Documents, Book of Han, Book of Song
Hakuchi Template:Nihongo2	650–654 CE	4 years	Book of Han
Emperor Tenmu<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 268–269]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 58–59]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Shuchō Template:Nihongo2	686 CE	3 months	Book of Rites	Also rendered as Suchō, Akamitori, and Akamidori.
Emperor Monmu<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 270–271]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 60–63]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Taihō Template:Nihongo2	701–704 CE	3 years	Classic of Changes	Also rendered as Daihō.
Keiun Template:Nihongo2	704–708 CE	4 years	Selections of Refined Literature, Book of Jin	Also rendered as Kyōun. Usage continued by the Empress Genmei upon her ascension to the throne.
Empress Genmei<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] p. 271]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 63–65]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Wadō Template:Nihongo2	708–715 CE	9 years

Nara period

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Derived from	Remark
Empress Genshō<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 271–272]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 65–67]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Reiki Template:Nihongo2	715–717 CE	3 years	Classic of Changes
Yōrō Template:Nihongo2	717–724 CE	8 years	Book of Rites
Emperor Shōmu<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 272–273]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 67–73]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Jinki Template:Nihongo2	724–729 CE	6 years	Book of Rites with Commentaries of Dai De (大戴禮記), The Literary Expositor
Tenpyō Template:Nihongo2	729–749 CE	21 years	Classic of Changes, Great Learning	Also rendered as Tenbyō and Tenhei.
Tenpyō-kanpō Template:Nihongo2	749 CE	4 months		Also rendered as Tenbyō-kanpō and Tenhei-kanpō.
Empress Kōken<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 274–275]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 73–75]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Tenpyō-shōhō Template:Nihongo2	749–757 CE	9 years		Also rendered as Tenbyō-shōhō and Tenpei-shōhō.
Tenpyō-hōji Template:Nihongo2	757–765 CE	9 years		Also rendered as Tenbyō-hōji and Tenpei-hōji. Usage continued by the Emperor Junnin and the Empress Shōtoku upon their ascension to the throne.
Empress Shōtoku<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] p. 276]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 78–81]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Tenpyō-jingo Template:Nihongo2	765–767 CE	3 years		Also rendered as Tenbyō-jingo and Tenhei-jingo.
Jingo-keiun Template:Nihongo2	767–770 CE	4 years		Usage continued by the Emperor Kōnin upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Kōnin<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 276–277]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 81–85]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Hōki Template:Nihongo2	770–781 CE	12 years	Book of Rites
Emperor Kanmu<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 277–279]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 86–95]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Ten'ō Template:Nihongo2	781–782 CE	2 years	Classic of Changes
Enryaku Template:Nihongo2	782–806 CE	25 years	Book of Later Han	Usage continued by the Emperor Heizei upon his ascension to the throne.

Heian period

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Derived from	Remark
Emperor Heizei<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 279–280]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 96–97]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Daidō Template:Nihongo2	806–810 CE	5 years	Book of Rites	Usage continued by the Emperor Saga upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Saga<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 280–282]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 97–102]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Kōnin Template:Nihongo2	810–824 CE	15 years		Usage continued by the Emperor Junna upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Junna<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 282–283]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 103–106]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Tenchō Template:Nihongo2	824–834 CE	11 years		Usage continued by the Emperor Ninmyō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Ninmyō<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 283–284]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 106–112]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Jōwa Template:Nihongo2	834–848 CE	15 years		Also rendered as Shōwa and Sōwa.
Kashō Template:Nihongo2	848–851 CE	4 years		Also rendered as Kajō. Usage continued by the Emperor Montoku upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Montoku<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 285–286]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 112–115]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Ninju Template:Nihongo2	851–854 CE	4 years
Saikō Template:Nihongo2	854–857 CE	4 years
Ten'an Template:Nihongo2	857–859 CE	3 years		Also rendered as Tennan. Usage continued by the Emperor Seiwa upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Seiwa<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 286–288]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 115–121]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Jōgan Template:Nihongo2	859–877 CE	19 years	Classic of Changes	Usage continued by the Emperor Yōzei upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Yōzei<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 288–289]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 121–124]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Gangyō Template:Nihongo2	877–885 CE	9 years		Also rendered as Gankyō and Genkei. Usage continued by the Emperor Kōkō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Kōkō<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] p. 289]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 124–125]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Ninna Template:Nihongo2	885–889 CE	5 years		Also rendered as Ninwa. Usage continued by the Emperor Uda upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Uda<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 289–290]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 125–129]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Kanpyō Template:Nihongo2	889–898 CE	10 years		Also rendered as Kanpei, Kanbyō, Kanbei, and Kanhei. Usage continued by the Emperor Daigo upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Daigo<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 290–293]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 129–134]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Shōtai Template:Nihongo2	898–901 CE	4 years
Engi Template:Nihongo2	901–923 CE	23 years	Book of Documents
Enchō Template:Nihongo2	923–931 CE	9 years	Selections of Refined Literature	Usage continued by the Emperor Suzaku upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Suzaku<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 294–295]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 134–138]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Jōhei Template:Nihongo2	931–938 CE	8 years	Book of Han	Also rendered as Shōhei.
Tengyō Template:Nihongo2	938–947 CE	10 years	Book of Han	Also rendered as Tenkei and Tenkyō. Usage continued by the Emperor Murakami upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Murakami<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 295–298]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 139–142]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Tenryaku Template:Nihongo2	947–957 CE	11 years	Analects	Also rendered as Tenreki.
Tentoku Template:Nihongo2	957–961 CE	5 years	Classic of Changes
Ōwa Template:Nihongo2	961–964 CE	4 years	Book of Jin
Kōhō Template:Nihongo2	964–968 CE	5 years	Book of Documents	Usage continued by the Emperor Reizei upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Reizei<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] p. 298]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 142–143]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Anna Template:Nihongo2	968–970 CE	3 years	Book of Rites	Also rendered as Anwa. Usage continued by the Emperor En'yū upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor En'yū<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 299–300]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 144–148]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Tenroku Template:Nihongo2	970–974 CE	5 years
Ten'en Template:Nihongo2	974–976 CE	3 years
Jōgen Template:Nihongo2	976–978 CE	3 years		Also rendered as Teigen.
Tengen Template:Nihongo2	978–983 CE	6 years
Eikan Template:Nihongo2	983–985 CE	3 years	Book of Documents	Also rendered as Yōkan. Usage continued by the Emperor Kazan upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Kazan<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 300–302]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 148–149]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Kanna Template:Nihongo2	985–987 CE	3 years		Also rendered as Kanwa. Usage continued by the Emperor Ichijō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Ichijō<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 302–307]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 150–154]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Eien Template:Nihongo2	987–989 CE	3 years	Book of Han, Book of Later Han	Also rendered as Yōen.
Eiso Template:Nihongo2	989–990 CE	2 years	Book of Jin, Old Book of Tang	Also rendered as Yōso.
Shōryaku Template:Nihongo2	990–995 CE	6 years		Also rendered as Jōryaku and Shōreki.
Chōtoku Template:Nihongo2	995–999 CE	5 years	Admonishment by the Colonel of the City Gates (城門校尉箴)	Also rendered as Jōryaku and Shōreki.
Chōhō Template:Nihongo2	999–1004 CE	6 years	Discourses of the States
Kankō Template:Nihongo2	1004–1012 CE	9 years	Book of Han	Usage continued by the Emperor Sanjō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Sanjō<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] p. 307]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 154–155]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Chōwa Template:Nihongo2	1012–1017 CE	6 years	Book of Rites	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Ichijō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Ichijō<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 307–310]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 156–160]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Kannin Template:Nihongo2	1017–1021 CE	5 years	Records of Kuaiji (會稽記)
Jian Template:Nihongo2	1021–1024 CE	4 years	Book of Han	Also rendered as Chian.
Manju Template:Nihongo2	1024–1028 CE	5 years	Classic of Poetry
Chōgen Template:Nihongo2	1028–1037 CE	10 years	Six Secret Teachings	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Suzaku upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Suzaku<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 310–311]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 160–162]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Chōryaku Template:Nihongo2	1037–1040 CE	4 years	Spring and Autumn Annals, Book of Jin	Also rendered as Chōreki.
Chōkyū Template:Nihongo2	1040–1044 CE	5 years	Book of the Way and of Virtue
Kantoku Template:Nihongo2	1044–1046 CE	3 years	Book of Later Han	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Reizei upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Reizei<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 311–314]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 162–166]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Eishō Template:Nihongo2	1046–1053 CE	8 years	Book of Documents, Book of Jin, Book of Song	Also rendered as Eijō and Yōjō.
Tengi Template:Nihongo2	1053–1058 CE	6 years	Book of the Master Who Embraces Simplicity	Also rendered as Tenki.
Kōhei Template:Nihongo2	1058–1065 CE	8 years	Book of Later Han
Jiryaku Template:Nihongo2	1065–1069 CE	5 years	Correct Interpretation of the Book of Documents (尚書正義)	Also rendered as Chiryaku. Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Sanjō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Sanjō<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 314–315]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 166–168]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Enkyū Template:Nihongo2	1069–1074 CE	6 years	Book of Documents	Usage continued by the Emperor Shirakawa upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Shirakawa<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 315–317]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 169–171]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Jōhō Template:Nihongo2	1074–1077 CE	4 years	Book of Documents	Also rendered as Shōhō and Shōho.
Jōryaku Template:Nihongo2	1077–1081 CE	5 years	Weicheng Dianxun (維城典訓)	Also rendered as Shōryaku and Shōreki.
Eihō Template:Nihongo2	1081–1084 CE	4 years	Book of Documents	Also rendered as Yōhō.
Ōtoku Template:Nihongo2	1084–1087 CE	4 years	Comprehensive Meaning of White Tiger Pavilion	Usage continued by the Emperor Horikawa upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Horikawa<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 317–320]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 172–178]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Kanji Template:Nihongo2	1087–1094 CE	8 years	Book of Rites
Kahō Template:Nihongo2	1094–1096 CE	3 years	Records of the Grand Historian
Eichō Template:Nihongo2	1096–1097 CE	2 years	Book of Later Han	Also rendered as Yōchō.
Jōtoku Template:Nihongo2	1097–1099 CE	3 years	Classic of Changes	Also rendered as Shōtoku.
Kōwa Template:Nihongo2	1099–1104 CE	6 years	Theories of Politics (政論)
Chōji Template:Nihongo2	1104–1106 CE	3 years	Book of Han
Kajō Template:Nihongo2	1106–1108 CE	3 years	Book of Han	Usage continued by the Emperor Toba upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Toba<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 320–322]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 178–181]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Tennin Template:Nihongo2	1108–1110 CE	3 years	Selections of Refined Literature
Ten'ei Template:Nihongo2	1110–1113 CE	4 years	Book of Documents	Also rendered as Ten'yō.
Eikyū Template:Nihongo2	1113–1118 CE	6 years	Mao Commentary	Also rendered as Yōkyū.
Gen'ei Template:Nihongo2	1118–1120 CE	3 years		Also rendered as Gen'yō.
Hōan Template:Nihongo2	1120–1124 CE	5 years		Usage continued by the Emperor Sutoku upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Sutoku<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 322–324]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 181–185]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Tenji Template:Nihongo2	1124–1126 CE	3 years	Classic of Changes	Also rendered as Tenchi.
Daiji Template:Nihongo2	1126–1131 CE	6 years	Hetu Tingzuofu (河圖挺佐輔)	Also rendered as Taiji.
Tenshō Template:Nihongo2	1131–1132 CE	2 years	Book of Han	Also rendered as Tenjō.
Chōshō Template:Nihongo2	1132–1135 CE	4 years	Records of the Grand Historian	Also rendered as Chōjō.
Hōen Template:Nihongo2	1135–1141 CE	7 years	Selections of Refined Literature
Eiji Template:Nihongo2	1141–1142 CE	2 years	On the Standards for Literature (典論), Book of Jin	Usage continued by the Emperor Konoe upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Konoe<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 324–326]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 186–188]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Kōji Template:Nihongo2	1142–1144 CE	3 years	Book of Song
Ten'yō Template:Nihongo2	1144–1145 CE	2 years	Book of Later Han	Also rendered as Tennyō.
Kyūan Template:Nihongo2	1145–1151 CE	7 years	Book of Jin
Ninpei Template:Nihongo2	1151–1154 CE	4 years	Book of Later Han	Also rendered as Ninpyō, Ninbyō, Ninhyō, and Ninhei.
Kyūju Template:Nihongo2	1154–1156 CE	3 years	Book of the Master Who Embraces Simplicity	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Shirakawa upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Shirakawa<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 326–327]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 188–190]188–190.</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Hōgen Template:Nihongo2	1156–1159 CE	4 years	Instructions for the Yan Clan (顏氏家訓)	Also rendered as Hogen. Usage continued by the Emperor Nijō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Nijō<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 327–329]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 191–194]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Heiji Template:Nihongo2	1159–1160 CE	2 years	Records of the Grand Historian	Also rendered as Byōji.
Eiryaku Template:Nihongo2	1160–1161 CE	2 years	Book of Later Han	Also rendered as Yōryaku.
Ōhō Template:Nihongo2	1161–1163 CE	3 years	Book of Documents	Also rendered as Ōpō.
Chōkan Template:Nihongo2	1163–1165 CE	3 years	Weicheng Dianxun (維城典訓)	Also rendered as Chōgan.
Eiman Template:Nihongo2	1165–1166 CE	2 years	Book of Han	Also rendered as Yōman. Usage continued by the Emperor Rokujō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Rokujō<ref name="t194">Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 329–330]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 194–195]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Nin'an Template:Nihongo2	1166–1169 CE	4 years	Correct Interpretation of the Mao Commentary (毛詩正義)	Also rendered as Ninnan. Usage continued by the Emperor Takakura upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Takakura<ref name="t194"/> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Kaō Template:Nihongo2	1169–1171 CE	3 years	Book of Han
Jōan Template:Nihongo2	1171–1175 CE	5 years	Book of Documents	Also rendered as Shōan.
Angen Template:Nihongo2	1175–1177 CE	3 years	Book of Han
Jishō Template:Nihongo2	1177–1181 CE	5 years	Hetu Tingzuofu (河圖挺作輔)	Also rendered as Jijō and Chishō. Usage continued by the Emperor Antoku upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Antoku<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 333–334]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 20–207]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Yōwa Template:Nihongo2	1181–1182 CE	8 years	Book of Later Han
Juei Template:Nihongo2	1182–1185 CE	4 years	Classic of Poetry	Also used by the Emperor Go-Toba from 1183 CE to 1184 CE.
Emperor Go-Toba<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 334–339]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 207–221]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Juei Template:Nihongo2	1183–1184 CE	2 years	Classic of Poetry	Also used by the Emperor Antoku from 1182 to 1185 CE.
Genryaku Template:Nihongo2	1184–1185 CE	2 years	Shangshu Kaolingyao (尚書考靈耀)

Kamakura period

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Derived from	Remark
Emperor Go-Toba Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Bunji Template:Nihongo2	1185–1190 CE	6 years	Book of Rites	Also rendered as Monchi.
Kenkyū Template:Nihongo2	1190–1199 CE	10 years	Book of Jin	Usage continued by the Emperor Tsuchimikado upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Tsuchimikado<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 339–341]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 221–230]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Shōji Template:Nihongo2	1199–1201 CE	3 years	Zhuangzi	Also rendered as Shōchi.
Kennin Template:Nihongo2	1201–1204 CE	4 years	Selections of Refined Literature
Genkyū Template:Nihongo2	1204–1206 CE	3 years	Correct Interpretation of the Mao Commentary (毛詩正義)
Ken'ei Template:Nihongo2	1206–1207 CE	2 years	Selections of Refined Literature	Also rendered as Ken'yō.
Jōgen Template:Nihongo2	1207–1211 CE	5 years	Comprehensive Institutions	Also rendered as Shōgen. Usage continued by the Emperor Juntoku upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Juntoku<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 341–343]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 230–238]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Kenryaku Template:Nihongo2	1211–1213 CE	3 years	Book of Later Han	Also rendered as Kenreki.
Kempo Template:Nihongo2	1213–1219 CE	7 years	Book of Documents	Also rendered as Kenhō.
Jōkyū Template:Nihongo2	1219–1222 CE	4 years	Apocrypha of the Classic of Poetry (詩緯)	Also rendered as Shōkyū. Usage continued by the Emperor Chūkyō and the Emperor Go-Horikawa upon their ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Horikawa<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 344–349]; Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 238–241]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Jōō Template:Nihongo2	1222–1224 CE	3 years	Classic of Changes	Also rendered as Teiō.
Gennin Template:Nihongo2	1224–1225 CE	2 years	Classic of Changes
Karoku Template:Nihongo2	1225–1227 CE	3 years	Records of Diverse Matters
Antei Template:Nihongo2	1227–1229 CE	3 years	Classic of Changes	Also rendered as Anjō.
Kangi Template:Nihongo2	1229–1232 CE	4 years	Book of Wei	Also rendered as Kanki.
Jōei Template:Nihongo2	1232–1233 CE	2 years	Classic of Changes	Also rendered as Teiei. Usage continued by the Emperor Shijō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Shijō<ref>Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 242–245]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Tenpuku Template:Nihongo2	1233–1234 CE	2 years	Book of Documents	Also rendered as Tenfuku.
Bunryaku Template:Nihongo2	1234–1235 CE	2 years	Selections of Refined Literature	Also rendered as Monryaku and Monreki.
Katei Template:Nihongo2	1235–1238 CE	4 years	Book of Northern Qi
Ryakunin Template:Nihongo2	1238–1239 CE	2 years	Book of Sui	Also rendered as Rekinin.
En'ō Template:Nihongo2	1239–1240 CE	2 years	Selections of Refined Literature	Also rendered as Ennō.
Ninji Template:Nihongo2	1240–1243 CE	4 years	New Book of Tang	Also rendered as Ninchi. Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Saga upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Saga<ref>Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 245–247]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Kangen Template:Nihongo2	1243–1247 CE	5 years	Book of Song	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Fukakusa upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Fukakusa<ref>Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 248–253]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Hōji Template:Nihongo2	1247–1249 CE	3 years	Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals
Kenchō Template:Nihongo2	1249–1256 CE	8 years	Book of Later Han
Kōgen Template:Nihongo2	1256–1257 CE	2 years
Shōka Template:Nihongo2	1257–1259 CE	3 years	Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature
Shōgen Template:Nihongo2	1259–1260 CE	2 years	Apocrypha of the Classic of Poetry (詩緯)	Usage continued by the Emperor Kameyama upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Kameyama<ref>Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 253–261]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Bun'ō Template:Nihongo2	1260–1261 CE	2 years	Book of Jin	Also rendered as Bunnō.
Kōchō Template:Nihongo2	1261–1264 CE	4 years	The Political Program of the Zhenguan Period (貞觀政要)
Bun'ei Template:Nihongo2	1264–1275 CE	12 years	Book of Later Han	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Uda upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Uda<ref>Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 262–269]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Kenji Template:Nihongo2	1275–1278 CE	4 years	Rites of Zhou
Kōan Template:Nihongo2	1278–1288 CE	11 years	Veritable Records of the Emperor Taizong of Tang (唐太宗實錄)	Usage continued by the Emperor Fushimi upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Fushimi<ref>Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 269–274]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Shōō Template:Nihongo2	1288–1293 CE	6 years	Notes on the Mao Commentary (毛詩注)
Einin Template:Nihongo2	1293–1299 CE	7 years	Book of Jin	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Fushimi upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Fushimi<ref>Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 274–275]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Shōan Template:Nihongo2	1299–1302 CE	4 years	The School Sayings of Confucius	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Nijō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Nijō<ref>Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 275–278]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Kengen Template:Nihongo2	1302–1303 CE	2 years	Classic of Changes
Kagen Template:Nihongo2	1303–1306 CE	4 years	Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature
Tokuji Template:Nihongo2	1306–1308 CE	3 years	The Commentary of Zuo	Usage continued by the Emperor Hanazono upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Hanazono<ref>Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 278–281]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Enkyō Template:Nihongo2	1308–1311 CE	4 years	Book of Later Han	Also rendered as Engyō and Enkei.
Ōchō Template:Nihongo2	1311–1312 CE	2 years	Old Book of Tang
Shōwa Template:Nihongo2	1312–1317 CE	6 years	Old Book of Tang
Bunpō Template:Nihongo2	1317–1319 CE	3 years	Book of Liang	Also rendered as Bunhō. Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Daigo upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Daigo<ref>Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 281–286], [[[:Template:Google books]] 290–294]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Gen'ō Template:Nihongo2	1319–1321 CE	3 years	Old Book of Tang	Also rendered as Gennō.
Genkō Template:Nihongo2	1321–1324 CE	4 years	Classic of Changes
Shōchū Template:Nihongo2	1324–1326 CE	3 years	Classic of Changes
Karyaku Template:Nihongo2	1326–1329 CE	4 years	Old Book of Tang
Gentoku Template:Nihongo2	1329–1332 CE	4 years	Classic of Changes, Correct Interpretation of the Classic of Changes (周易正義)
Genkō Template:Nihongo2	1331–1334 CE	4 years	Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature

Nanboku-chō period

Southern Court

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Derived from	Remark
Emperor Go-Daigo Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Kenmu Template:Nihongo2	1334–1336 CE	3 years	Book of Later Han	Also rendered as Kenbu. Also used by the Emperor Kōmyō from 1336 CE to 1338 CE.
Engen Template:Nihongo2	1336–1340 CE	5 years	Book of Liang	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Murakami upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Murakami Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Kōkoku Template:Nihongo2	1340–1347 CE	8 years	The Commentary of Zuo, Selections of Refined Literature, New History of the Five Dynasties
Shōhei Template:Nihongo2	1347–1370 CE	24 years	Book of Song	Usage continued by the Emperor Chōkei upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Chōkei Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Kentoku Template:Nihongo2	1370–1372 CE	3 years	Selections of Refined Literature
Bunchū Template:Nihongo2	1372–1375 CE	4 years	Classic of Changes
Tenju Template:Nihongo2	1375–1381 CE	7 years	Records of the Grand Historian
Kōwa Template:Nihongo2	1381–1384 CE	4 years	Book of Documents	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Kameyama upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Kameyama Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Genchū Template:Nihongo2	1384–1392 CE	9 years	Classic of Changes	Genchū 9 was superseded by Meitoku 3 in 1392 CE.

Northern Court

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Derived from	Remark
Emperor Kōgon Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Shōkyō Template:Nihongo2	1332–1333 CE	2 years	Correct Interpretation of the Classic of Changes (周易正義)	Also rendered as Shōkyō.
Emperor Kōmyō Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Kenmu Template:Nihongo2	1336–1338 CE	3 years	Book of Later Han	Also rendered as Kenbu. Also used by the Emperor Go-Daigo from 1334 CE to 1336 CE.
Ryakuō Template:Nihongo2	1338–1342 CE	5 years	Records of Emperors and Kings (帝王世紀)	Also rendered as Rekiō.
Kōei Template:Nihongo2	1342–1345 CE	4 years	Book of Han
Jōwa Template:Nihongo2	1345–1350 CE	6 years	Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature	Also rendered as Teiwa. Usage continued by the Emperor Sukō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Sukō Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Kannō Template:Nihongo2	1350–1352 CE	3 years	Zhuangzi	Also rendered as Kan'ō. Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Kōgon upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Kōgon Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Bunna Template:Nihongo2	1352–1356 CE	5 years	Records of the Three Kingdoms, Old Book of Tang	Also rendered as Bunwa.
Enbun Template:Nihongo2	1356–1361 CE	6 years	Book of Han
Kōan Template:Nihongo2	1361–1362 CE	2 years	Correct Interpretation of the Records of the Grand Historian (史記正義), Old Book of Tang
Jōji Template:Nihongo2	1362–1368 CE	7 years	Classic of Changes	Also rendered as Teiji.
Ōan Template:Nihongo2	1368–1375 CE	8 years	Correct Interpretation of the Mao Commentary (毛詩正義)	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-En'yū upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-En'yū Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Eiwa Template:Nihongo2	1375–1379 CE	5 years	Book of Documents, Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature
Kōryaku Template:Nihongo2	1379–1381 CE	3 years	Old Book of Tang
Eitoku Template:Nihongo2	1381–1384 CE	4 years	The Governing Principles of Ancient China (羣書治要)	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Komatsu upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Komatsu Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Shitoku Template:Nihongo2	1384–1387 CE	4 years	Classic of Filial Piety	Also rendered as Meitoku
Kakei Template:Nihongo2	1387–1389 CE	3 years	Correct Interpretation of the Mao Commentary (毛詩正義)	Also rendered as Kakyō.
Kōō Template:Nihongo2	1389–1390 CE	2 years	Selections of Refined Literature
Meitoku Template:Nihongo2	1390–1394 CE	5 years	Book of Rites	Meitoku 3 superseded Genchū 9 in 1392 CE.

Muromachi period

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Derived from	Remark
Emperor Go-Komatsu Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Ōei Template:Nihongo2	1394–1428 CE	35 years	Institutional History of Tang	Usage continued by the Emperor Shōkō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Shōkō<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 327–331]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Shōchō Template:Nihongo2	1428–1429 CE	2 years	Correct Interpretation of the Book of Rites (禮記正義)	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Hanazono upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Hanazono<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 331–351]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Eikyō Template:Nihongo2	1429–1441 CE	13 years	Book of Later Han	Also rendered as Eikō.
Kakitsu Template:Nihongo2	1441–1444 CE	4 years	Classic of Changes	Also rendered as Kakichi.
Bun'an Template:Nihongo2	1444–1449 CE	6 years	Book of Documents, Book of Jin	Also rendered as Bunnan.
Hōtoku Template:Nihongo2	1449–1452 CE	4 years	Old Book of Tang
Kyōtoku Template:Nihongo2	1452–1455 CE	4 years	Book of Documents
Kōshō Template:Nihongo2	1455–1457 CE	3 years	Book of Documents, Records of the Grand Historian
Chōroku Template:Nihongo2	1457–1460 CE	4 years	Han Feizi
Kanshō Template:Nihongo2	1460–1466 CE	7 years	The School Sayings of Confucius	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 352–364]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Bunshō Template:Nihongo2	1466–1467 CE	2 years	Xunzi	Also rendered as Monshō.
Ōnin Template:Nihongo2	1467–1469 CE	3 years	Weicheng Dianxun (維城典訓)
Bunmei Template:Nihongo2	1469–1487 CE	19 years	Classic of Changes
Chōkyō Template:Nihongo2	1487–1489 CE	3 years	Selections of Refined Literature, The Commentary of Zuo, Book of Later Han
Entoku Template:Nihongo2	1489–1492 CE	4 years	Mencius
Meiō Template:Nihongo2	1492–1501 CE	10 years	Classic of Changes	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Kashiwabara upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Kashiwabara<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 364–372]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Bunki Template:Nihongo2	1501–1504 CE	4 years	The Literary Expositor
Eishō Template:Nihongo2	1504–1521 CE	18 years	Apocrypha of the Classic of Changes (周易緯)
Daiei Template:Nihongo2	1521–1528 CE	8 years	Comprehensive Institutions	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Nara upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Nara<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 372–382]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Kyōroku Template:Nihongo2	1528–1532 CE	5 years	Classic of Changes
Tenbun Template:Nihongo2	1532–1555 CE	24 years	Classic of Changes	Also rendered as Tenmon.
Kōji Template:Nihongo2	1555–1558 CE	4 years	Book of Northern Qi	Usage continued by the Emperor Ōgimachi upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Ōgimachi<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 382–402]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Eiroku Template:Nihongo2	1558–1570 CE	13 years	The Governing Principles of Ancient China (羣書治要)	Also rendered as Yōroku.
Genki Template:Nihongo2	1570–1573 CE	4 years	Mao Commentary, Selections of Refined Literature

Azuchi–Momoyama period

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Derived from	Remark
Emperor Ōgimachi Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Tenshō Template:Nihongo2	1573–1592 CE	20 years	Selections of Refined Literature, Book of the Way and of Virtue	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Yōzei upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Yōzei<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 402–409]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Bunroku Template:Nihongo2	1592–1596 CE	5 years	Comprehensive Institutions
Keichō Template:Nihongo2	1596–1615 CE	20 years	Correct Interpretation of the Mao Commentary (毛詩注疏)	Also rendered as Kyōchō. Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Mizunoo upon his ascension to the throne.

Edo period

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Derived from	Remark
Emperor Go-Mizunoo<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 410–411]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Genna Template:Nihongo2	1615–1624 CE	10 years	Era name of the Emperor Xianzong of Tang	Also rendered as Genwa.
Kan'ei Template:Nihongo2	1624–1644 CE	21 years	Collected Commentaries on the Classic of Poetry (詩集傳)	Usage continued by the Empress Meishō and the Emperor Go-Kōmyō upon their ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Kōmyō<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 412–413]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Shōhō Template:Nihongo2	1645–1648 CE	4 years	Book of Documents
Keian Template:Nihongo2	1648–1652 CE	5 years	Classic of Changes	Also rendered as Kyōan.
Jōō Template:Nihongo2	1652–1655 CE	4 years	Book of Jin	Also rendered as Shōō. Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Sai upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Sai<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] p. 413]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Meireki Template:Nihongo2	1655–1658 CE	4 years	Book of Han, Book of Later Han	Also rendered as Myōryaku and Meiryaku.
Manji Template:Nihongo2	1658–1661 CE	4 years	Records of the Grand Historian, The Political Program of the Zhenguan Period (貞觀政要)	Also rendered as Manchi.
Kanbun Template:Nihongo2	1661–1673 CE	13 years	Xunzi	Usage continued by the Emperor Reigen upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Reigen<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 414–415]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Enpō Template:Nihongo2	1673–1681 CE	9 years	Book of Sui	Also rendered as Enhō. Formerly written as "Template:Nihongo2" in kanji.
Tenna Template:Nihongo2	1681–1684 CE	4 years	Book of Documents, Book of Han, Book of Later Han, Zhuangzi	Also rendered as Tenwa.
Jōkyō Template:Nihongo2	1684–1688 CE	5 years	Classic of Changes	Usage continued by the Emperor Higashiyama upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Higashiyama<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 415–416]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Genroku Template:Nihongo2	1688–1704 CE	16 years	Selections of Refined Literature
Hōei Template:Nihongo2	1704–1711 CE	8 years	Old Book of Tang	Usage continued by the Emperor Nakamikado upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Nakamikado<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 416–417]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Shōtoku Template:Nihongo2	1711–1716 CE	6 years	Book of Documents
Kyōhō Template:Nihongo2	1716–1736 CE	21 years	Book of Zhou	Usage continued by the Emperor Sakuramachi upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Sakuramachi<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 417–418]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Genbun Template:Nihongo2	1736–1741 CE	6 years	Selections of Refined Literature
Kanpō Template:Nihongo2	1741–1744 CE	4 years	Discourses of the States	Also rendered as Kanhō.
Enkyō Template:Nihongo2	1744–1748 CE	5 years	Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature	Usage continued by the Emperor Momozono upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Momozono<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 418–419]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Kan'en Template:Nihongo2	1748–1751 CE	4 years	Selections of Refined Literature
Hōreki Template:Nihongo2	1751–1764 CE	14 years	The Political Program of the Zhenguan Period (貞觀政要)	Also rendered as Hōryaku. Usage continued by the Empress Go-Sakuramachi upon her ascension to the throne.
Empress Go-Sakuramachi<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] p. 419]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Meiwa Template:Nihongo2	1764–1772 CE	9 years	Book of Documents	Also rendered as Myōwa. Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Momozono upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Momozono<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 419–420]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
An'ei Template:Nihongo2	1772–1781 CE	10 years	Selections of Refined Literature	Usage continued by the Emperor Kōkaku upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Kōkaku<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] pp. 420–421]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Tenmei Template:Nihongo2	1781–1789 CE	9 years	Book of Documents
Kansei Template:Nihongo2	1789–1801 CE	13 years	The Commentary of Zuo
Kyōwa Template:Nihongo2	1801–1804 CE	4 years	Selections of Refined Literature
Bunka Template:Nihongo2	1804–1818 CE	15 years	Classic of Changes, Book of Later Han	Usage continued by the Emperor Ninkō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Ninkō<ref>Template:Harvp [[[:Template:Google books]] p. 421]</ref> Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Bunsei Template:Nihongo2	1818–1830 CE	13 years	Book of Documents
Tenpō Template:Nihongo2	1830–1844 CE	15 years	Book of Documents	Also rendered as Tenhō.
Kōka Template:Nihongo2	1844–1848 CE	5 years	Book of Documents	Usage continued by the Emperor Kōmei upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Kōmei Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Kaei Template:Nihongo2	1848–1854 CE	7 years	Book of Song
Ansei Template:Nihongo2	1854–1860 CE	7 years	The Governing Principles of Ancient China (羣書治要)
Man'en Template:Nihongo2	1860–1861 CE	2 years	Book of Later Han
Bunkyū Template:Nihongo2	1861–1864 CE	4 years	Book of Later Han
Genji Template:Nihongo2	1864–1865 CE	2 years	Classic of Changes, Records of the Three Kingdoms
Keiō Template:Nihongo2	1865–1868 CE	4 years	Selections of Refined Literature	Usage continued by the Emperor Meiji upon his ascension to the throne.

Modern Japan

The "one reign, one era name" (Template:Nihongo2) system was implemented in 1868 CE.

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Derived from	Remark
Emperor Meiji Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Meiji Template:Nihongo2	1868–1912 CE	Template:Age in years and days	Classic of Changes	In 1873 Japan adopted the Seireki (西暦), the Common Era. Nowadays, Japanese people know it as well as the regnal eras. Prior to the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in 1873, the reference calendar was based on the lunisolar Chinese calendar.
Emperor Taishō Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Taishō Template:Nihongo2	1912–1926 CE	Template:Age in years and days	Classic of Changes	Rejected proposals were Tenkō (Template:Nihongo2), Kōka (Template:Nihongo2), Eian (Template:Nihongo2), Kentoku (Template:Nihongo2), Shōtoku (Template:Nihongo2).
Emperor Shōwa Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Shōwa Template:Nihongo2	1926–1989 CE	Template:Age in years and days	Book of Documents	Rejected proposals were Jinka (Template:Nihongo2), Genka (Template:Nihongo2), Jinwa (Template:Nihongo2), Dōwa (Template:Nihongo2), Keimei (Template:Nihongo2), Junmei (Template:Nihongo2), Meiho (Template:Nihongo2), Kan'an (Template:Nihongo2), Gen'an (Template:Nihongo2), Ryūsei (Template:Nihongo2), Teigyō (Template:Nihongo2), Kōbun (Template:Nihongo2), Shōmei (Template:Nihongo2), Kyōchū (Template:Nihongo2).
Emperor Emeritus（Akihito） Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Heisei Template:Nihongo2	1989–2019 CE	Template:Age in years and days	Records of the Grand Historian, Book of Documents	Rejected proposals were Shūbun (Template:Nihongo2), Seika (Template:Nihongo2).
Emperor Naruhito Template:Nihongo2 Template:Small
Reiwa Template:Nihongo2	2019 CE–present	Template:Age in years and days	Man'yōshū	First Japanese era name extracted from Japanese literature instead of Chinese literature.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Rejected proposals were Eikō (Template:Nihongo2), Kyūka (Template:Nihongo2), Kōshi (also rendered as Kōji; Template:Nihongo2), Banna (also rendered as Banwa; Template:Nihongo2), Banpo (also rendered as Banhō; Template:Nihongo2).

Non-Template:Transliteration periods

Unofficial non-Template:Transliteration periods (Template:Transliteration) before 701 are called Template:Nihongo. Pre-Taika chronology intervals include:

• Reign of Emperor Jimmu, 660–581 BCE
• Reign of Emperor Suizei, 581–548 BCE
• Reign of Emperor Annei, 548–510 BC
• Reign of Emperor Itoku, 510–475 BCE
• Reign of Emperor Kōshō, 475–392 BCE
• Reign of Emperor Kōan, 392–290 BC
• Reign of Emperor Kōrei, 290–214 BCE
• Reign of Emperor Kōgen, 214–157 BCE
• Reign of Emperor Kaika, 157–97 BCE
• Reign of Emperor Sujin, 97–29 BCE
• Reign of Emperor Suinin, 29 BCE– 71 CE
• Reign of Emperor Keikō, 71–131 CE
• Reign of Emperor Seimu, 131–192
• Reign of Emperor Chūai, 192–201
• Regency of Empress Jingū, 201–270
• Reign of Emperor Ōjin, 270–313
• Reign of Emperor Nintoku, 313–400
• Reign of Emperor Richū, 400–406
• Reign of Emperor Hanzei, 406–412
• Reign of Emperor Ingyō, 412–454
• Reign of Emperor Ankō, 454–457
• Reign of Emperor Yūryaku, 457–480
• Reign of Emperor Seinei, 480–485
• Reign of Emperor Kenzō, 485–488
• Reign of Emperor Ninken, 488–499
• Reign of Emperor Buretsu, 499–507
• Reign of Emperor Keitai, 507–534
• Reign of Emperor Ankan, 534–536
• Reign of Emperor Senka, 536–540
• Reign of Emperor Kinmei, 540–572
• Reign of Emperor Bidatsu, 572–586
• Reign of Emperor Yōmei, 586–588
• Reign of Emperor Sushun, 588–593
• Reign of Emperor Suiko, 593–629Template:Efn
• Reign of Emperor Jomei, 629–645

Post-Taika chronology intervals not covered by the Template:Transliteration system include:

• Reign of Empress Saimei, 655–662<ref>Template:Harvp (655) 斉明 Saimei</ref> ... Saimei (period)<ref name="murray402"/>
• Reign of Emperor Tenji, 662–672<ref>Template:Harvp (622) 天智 Tenji</ref> ... Tenji (period)<ref name="murray402"/>
• Reign of Emperor Kōbun, 672–673<ref>Template:Harvp (672) 弘文 Kōbun</ref> ... Kōbun (period) or Sujaku<ref name="murray402"/> (or Suzaku)
• Reign of Emperor Tenmu, 673–686<ref>Template:Harvp (673) 弘文 Tenmu</ref> ... Tenmu (period) or Hakuhō period<ref name="murray402"/><ref name=Nussbaum>Compare Template:Harvp "Hakuhō" [[[:Template:Google books]] p. 280]; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Reign of Empress Jitō, 687–697<ref>Template:Harvp (687) 持統 Jitō</ref> ... Jitō (period)<ref name="murray402"/>
• Reign of Emperor Monmu, 697–701<ref>Template:Harvp (697) 文武 Monmu</ref> ... Monmu (period)<ref name="murray402"/>

See also

• Calendar
• Japanese calendar
• Japanese imperial year
• Jikkan Jūnishi (sexagenary cycle)
• Regnal name
• Regnal years worldwide
• Related systems:
  • Chinese era name
  • Korean era name
  • Vietnamese era name

References

• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Daijirin, 2nd edition.
• Daijisen, 1st edition.
• Kōjien, 5th edition.
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book Online conversion of Japanese dates into their Western equivalents; calculation is based on tables from Template:Harvp and Template:Harvp.
• Template:Cite book
• Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
• Template:Cite book Nihon Ōdai Ichiran
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Nihongo2 Template:ISBN.
• Template:Nihongo2 Template:ISBN.
• Template:Nihongo2 Template:ISBN.
• Template:Nihongo2
• Template:Nihongo2 Template:ISBN.

External links

• Nengō converter