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Jatropha

Article Discussion

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Jatropha is a genus of flowering plants in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. The name is derived from the Greek words ἰατρός (iatros), meaning "physician", and τροφή (trophe), meaning "nutrition", hence the common name physic nut. Another common name is nettlespurge.<ref>Template:PLANTS</ref> It contains approximately 180 species<ref name=POWO/> of succulent plants, shrubs and trees (some are deciduous, like Jatropha curcas). Most of these are native to the Americas, with 66 species found in the Old World.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Plants produce separate male and female flowers. As with many members of the family Euphorbiaceae, Jatropha contains compounds that are highly toxic. Jatropha species have traditionally been used in basketmaking, tanning and dye production. In the 2000s, one species, Jatropha curcas, generated interest as an oil crop for biodiesel production and also medicinal importance when used as lamp oil; native Mexicans in the Veracruz area developed by selective breeding a Jatropha curcas variant lacking the toxic compounds, yielding a better income when used as source for biodiesel, because of its edible byproduct. Toxicity may return if edible Jatropha is pollinated by toxic types.

UsesEdit

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The stems of haat (Jatropha cuneata) are used for basketmaking by the Seri people in Sonora, Mexico. The stems are roasted, split and soaked through an elaborate process. The reddish dye that is often used is made from the root of another plant species, Krameria grayi. Spicy jatropha (J. integerrima) is cultivated as an ornamental in the tropics for its continuously blooming crimson flowers. Buddha belly plant (J. podagrica) was used to tan leather and produce a red dye in Mexico and the southwestern United States. It is also used as a house plant.

The oil from Jatropha curcas is mainly converted into biodiesel for use in diesel engines.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It is also used for thermal energy storage or as heat transfer fluid at medium and high temperature.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The cake resulting from oil extraction, a protein-rich product, can be used for fish or animal feed (if detoxified). It is also a biomass feedstock to power electricity plants or to produce biogas, and a high-quality organic fertilizer.<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Edouard N., Renaudeau D., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2016. Jatropha (Jatropha sp.) kernel meal and other jatropha products. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/620 Last updated on April 15, 2016, 10:17</ref>

In 2007, Goldman Sachs cited Jatropha curcas as one of the best candidates for future biodiesel production.<ref name="online.wsj.com">Jatropha Plant Gains Steam In Global Race for Biofuels</ref> It is resistant to drought and pests, and produces seeds containing 27-40% oil,<ref>Achten WMJ, Mathijs E, Verchot L, Singh VP, Aerts R, Muys B 2007. Jatropha biodiesel fueling sustainability?. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 1(4), 283-291.[1] {{#invoke:doi|main}}The Jatropha Archives</ref> averaging 34.4%.<ref>Achten WMJ, Verchot L, Franken YJ, Mathijs E, Singh VP, Aerts R, Muys B 2008. Jatropha bio-diesel production and use. (a literature review) Biomass and Bioenergy 32(12), 1063-1084.[2] {{#invoke:doi|main}}The Jatropha Archives</ref> The remaining press cake of jatropha seeds after oil extraction could also be considered for energy production.<ref>Jongschaap REE, Blesgraaf RAR, Boogaard TA, Van Loo EN, Savenije HHG. The water footprint of bioenergy from Jatropha curcas L. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(35)E92. {{#invoke:doi|main}}</ref> However, despite their abundance and use as oil and reclamation plants, none of the Jatropha species have been properly domesticated and, as a result, their productivity is variable, and the long-term impact of their large-scale use on soil quality and the environment is unknown.<ref name="WAC">World Agroforestry Centre (2007) When oil grows on treesTemplate:Dead link World Agroforestry Centre press release. 26 April 2009.</ref> 2009 research found that Jatropha biodiesel production requires significantly more water than other common biofuel crops, and that initial yield estimates were high.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Earlier, higher estimates from Worldwatch Institute had suggested that 1 acre of cultivation could yield 202 gallons (4.8 barrels) of biodiesel.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Jatropha curcas is also being studied for use as a carbon sequestration plant in arid regions.<ref>K. Becker, V. Wulfmeyer, T. Berger, J. Gebel, and W. Münch: "K. Becker1, V. Wulfmeyer2, T. Berger3, J. Gebel4, and W. Münch", Earth system dynamics, 4, 237-251, 2013.</ref>

ToxicityEdit

Much like other members of the family Euphorbiaceae, members of the genus Jatropha contain several toxic compounds. The seeds of Jatropha curcas contain toxic lectin dimers and carcinogenic phorbol esters.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Despite this, the seeds are occasionally eaten after roasting, which reduces some of the toxicity. Its sap is a skin irritant, and ingesting as few as three untreated seeds can be fatal to humans. In 2005, Western Australia banned Jatropha gossypiifolia as invasive and highly toxic to people and animals.<ref name=times>Template:Cite news</ref> It continues to be used as a medicine in certain geographic regions; however one study found the dried leaf to have no anti-fungal activity.<ref>Ilango, S. and David Paul Raj RS. 2015. Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on Jatropha curcas further its effect on tissue culture and leaf extract for antifungal property. url=http://www.annalsofplantsciences.com/index.php/aps/article/view/189</ref>

Selected speciesEdit

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GalleryEdit

  • Jatropha multifida 1.JPG

    Flowers of Jatropha multifida in El Crucero, Managua, Nicaragua

  • Jatropha multifida 2.JPG

    Jatropha multifida plant in El Crucero, Managua, Nicaragua

  • Jatropha integerrima 1.jpg

    Jatropha integerrima

  • เข็มปัตตาเวีย Jatropha integerrima Jacq. (3).jpg

    Jatropha integerrima in Thailand

  • Flowers of Jatropha integerrima.jpg

    Jatropha integerrima in West Bengal, India

  • Jatropha pandurifolia 02.jpg

    Jatropha pandurifolia in China

  • Bellyache Bush (Jatropha gossipifolia) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9219.jpg

    Jatropha gossypiifolia in Hyderabad, India

  • J podagrica ies.jpg

    Jatropha podagrica

  • Jatropha-podagrica-1- 1200.jpg

    Close-up of Jatropha podagrica

  • Jatropha podagrica (Buddha Belly plant) in Hyderabad W IMG 8812.jpg

    Jatropha podagrica in Hyderabad, India

Formerly placed hereEdit

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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|CitationClass=web }} Case study report on the relationship with food security, provides references and background information.

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