Jean-Nicolas Pache

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Jean-Nicolas Pache ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; 5 May 1746 – 18 November 1823) was a French politician, a Jacobin who served as Minister of War from October 1792 and Mayor of Paris from February 1793 to May 1794.

BiographyEdit

Pache was born in Verdun, but grew up in Paris, of Swiss parentage, the son of the concièrge of the hotel of Marshal de Castries. He became tutor to the marshal's children, and subsequently first secretary at the ministry of marine, head of supplies (munitionnaire général des vivres), and comptroller of the king's household. After spending several years in Switzerland with his family, he returned to France at the beginning of the Revolution.<ref name="EB1911">{{#if: |

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He was employed successively at the ministries of the interior and of war, and was appointed on 20 September 1793 third deputy suppliant of Paris by the Luxembourg section. Thus brought into notice, he was made minister of war on 3 October 1792.<ref name="EB1911"/><ref>John W. Fortescue, A History of the British Army, vol. IV, part I, London, Macmillan, 1915, p.</ref>

Pache was a Girondist himself, but aroused their hostility by his incompetence.Template:Citation needed He was supported, however, by Marat, and when he was superseded in the ministry of war by Beurnonville (4 February 1793) he was chosen mayor by the Parisians. In that capacity he contributed to the fall of the Girondists.<ref name="EB1911"/> Jean Nicolas Pache would be the first to submit a petition to the National Convention on 15 April 1793 for the totemic 22 Girondist leaders to be removed from office. Although he was scoffed at, the Commune would publish a petition for the removal of the same 22 Girondins, reinforced with 12,000 signatures, and submit it to the convention on 18 April. The petition would again be scoffed at by a Convention led by Girondins. Pache also brought before the convention a petition for a ’maximum’ on bread prices on 18 April. With a threat from the Commune issued to the convention, the maximum was voted on 4 May.<ref>Madelin, Louis The French Revolution London: William Heineman, 1923.</ref> However, Pache and Chaumette would lead a march on the Convention on Insurrection of 31 May-2 June 1793. The convention was ultimately forced to hand over the 22 in order to appease the threatening crowd, reinforced with National Guard troops and François Hanriot who had arrived on the Convention floor.<ref>Andress, David The Terror New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005.</ref> Pache turned his attention to the matter of the constitution. He wrote to the departments calling for them to give the people what they had fought for time and again: the new constitution that had been promised.

His relations with Jacques Hébert and Pierre Gaspard Chaumette, and with the enemies of Robespierre led to his arrest on 10 May 1794. Jean Nicolas Pache would be replaced as mayor by Lescot-Fleuriot, who was more subservient to the convention.<ref>Thompson, J. M. The French Revolution Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1966</ref> He owed his safety only to the amnesty of 25 October 1795. After acting as commissary to the civil hospitals of Paris in 1799, he retired from public life, and died at Thin-le-Moutier on 18 November 1823.<ref name="EB1911"/>

ImpactEdit

Jean Nicholas Pache may not have single-handedly brought down the Girondin, but his determination played an important role. Pache was a key player in changing the political scene in Paris in this time.

Pache also helped to truly give power to the people of Paris. The people of Paris had successfully humiliated the Convention in forcing it to do their bidding and the convention would not recover this lost power until the Thermidorian Reaction shattered the power of the Jacobin Clubs and sans culottes. The people of Paris would not forget this and the legacy of "the people in arms" would have a long-term impact on the French revolutionary tradition, in the readiness of the Parisian population to "rush to the barricades," through the 19th and 20th centuries.

BibliographyEdit

Observations sur les sociétés patriotiques (1790)
Correspondance du général Dumourier avec Pache, ministre de la Guerre, pendans la Campagne de la Belgique, en 1792 (1793)
Correspondance du général Miranda avec le général Dumourier, les ministres de la guerre, Pache et Beurnonville, depuis janvier 1793. : ordres du général Dumourier au général Miranda, pour la bataille de Nerwinden, et la retraite qui en a été la suite (1793)
Lettre du citoyen Pache, maire de Paris, aux départemens qui voudraient faire marcher une force armée contre cette ville (1793)
Sur les factions et les partis, les conspirations et les conjurations, et sur celles de l'ordre du jour (1797)
Sur une affaire pendante à la troisième Section du Tribunal civil de la Seine (1797)
J.-N. Pache à la Société libre d'agriculture, des arts et du commerce du département des Ardennes (1799)

ReferencesEdit

CitationsEdit

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SourcesEdit

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L. Pierquin, Memoires sur Pache (Charleville, 1900).
J. M. Thompson, The French Revolution (Oxford, 1966).
Louis Madelin, The French Revolution (London, 1923).
David Andress, The Terror (New York, 2005).

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