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Jimmy Lee Swaggart (Template:IPAc-en; born March 15, 1935) is an American Pentecostal televangelist.
Jimmy Swaggart Ministries owns and operates the SonLife Broadcasting Network (SBN). Swaggart is the senior pastor of the Family Worship Center in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Early lifeEdit
Jimmy Lee Swaggart was born on March 15, 1935, in Ferriday, Louisiana,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> to fiddle player and Pentecostal preacher Willie Leon (known as "Sun" or "Son") Swaggart and Minnie Bell Herron, daughter of sharecropper William Herron. Swaggart's parents were related by marriage, as Son Swaggart's maternal uncle, Elmo Lewis, was married to Minnie Herron's sister, Mamie. The extended family had a complex network of interrelationships: "cousins and in-laws and other relatives married each other until the clan was entwined like a big, tight ball of rubber bands".<ref>Saved by Song: A History of Gospel and Christian Music, Don Cusic, University of Mississippi Press, 2012, p. 321</ref><ref>Roots of the Rich and Famous, Robert R. Davenport, Taylor Publishing, 1998, p. 131</ref><ref>Swaggart: The Unauthorized Biography of an American Evangelist, Ann Rowe Seaman, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2001, pp. 33–35</ref>
Swaggart is the cousin of rockabilly pioneer Jerry Lee Lewis and country music star Mickey Gilley.<ref>Template:Usurped 488 pages Brown Books Publishing Group (May 1, 2012), English Template:ISBN</ref> He also had a sister, Jeanette Ensminger (1942–1999). With his parents, Swaggart attended small Assemblies of God churches in Ferriday and Wisner.Template:Citation needed
In 1952, aged 17, Swaggart married 15-year-old Frances Anderson, whom he met in church in Wisner, Louisiana while he was playing music with his father, who pastored the Assembly of God Church there. They have a son named Donnie. Swaggart worked several part-time odd jobs to support his young family and also began singing Southern Gospel music at various churches.Template:Citation needed
According to his autobiography To Cross a River, Swaggart, along with his wife and son, lived in poverty during the 1950s as he preached throughout rural Louisiana, struggling to survive on an income of $30 a week (Template:Inflation). Being too poor to own a home, the Swaggarts lived in church basements, homes of pastors, and small motels. Sun Records producer Sam Phillips wanted to start a gospel line of music for the label (perhaps to remain in competition with RCA Victor and Columbia, who also had gospel lines at the time) and wanted Swaggart for Sun as the first gospel artist for the label. Swaggart's cousin, Jerry Lee Lewis, had previously signed with Sun and was reportedly earning $20,000 per week at the time. Although the offer meant a promise for significant income for him and his family, Swaggart turned Phillips down, stating that he was called to preach the gospel.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
CareerEdit
Ordination and early careerEdit
Preaching from a flatbed trailer donated to him, Swaggart began full-time evangelistic work in 1955. He began developing a revival-meeting following throughout the American South. In 1960, he began recording gospel music record albums and transmitting on Christian radio stations. In 1961, Swaggart was ordained by the Assemblies of God; a year later he began his radio ministry. In the late 1960s, Swaggart founded what was then a small church named the Family Worship Center in Baton Rouge, Louisiana; the church eventually became district-affiliated with the Assemblies of God.Template:Citation needed
In 1971, Swaggart began transmitting a weekly 30-minute telecast over various local television stations in Baton Rouge and also purchased a local AM radio station, WLUX (now WPFC). The station broadcast Christian feature stories, preaching and teaching to various fundamentalist and Pentecostal denominations and playing black gospel, Southern gospel, and inspirational music. Swaggart sold many of his radio stations gradually throughout the 1980s and early 1990s.Template:Citation needed
Shifting to televisionEdit
By 1975, the television ministry had expanded to more stations around the United States, and he began to use television as his primary preaching forum. In 1978, the weekly telecast was increased to an hour.Template:Citation needed
In 1980, Swaggart began a daily weekday telecast featuring Bible study and music, and the weekend, hour-long telecast included a service from either Family Worship Center (Swaggart's church) or an on-location crusade in a major city. In the early 1980s, the broadcasts expanded to major cities nationwide. By 1983, more than 250 television stations broadcast the telecast.Template:Citation needed
Promotion of RENAMOEdit
Throughout the 1980s, Jimmy Swaggart Ministries was one of many American Evangelical leaders who promoted the South African-backed Mozambican National Resistance, aka RENAMO, which was accused of committing systematic war crimes during Mozambique's 15-year-long civil war. In addition to moral support and publicity, Swaggart Ministries was repeatedly accused of providing funding and material support to the group. In September 1985, government forces supported by Zimbabwe captured RENAMO's main headquarters inside Mozambique, Casa Banana. Among the materials left behind by retreating rebels were piles of Swaggart's 1982 publication, "How to Receive The Baptism in the Holy Spirit", translated into Portuguese.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During the 1988 trial of Australian missionary Ian Grey, who coordinated much of the private support to RENAMO, it was claimed by the defendant that Swaggart Ministries worked through Shekinah Ministries to provide support to RENAMO. That year, extensive media coverage of Swaggart and his businesses in the wake of a sex scandal largely excluded these allegations.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1991, Covert Action Magazine and the government of Zimbabwe both accused Swaggart ministries of continuing to fund RENAMO.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Prostitution scandalsEdit
In 1988, Swaggart was accused of patronizing a prostitute. He was suspended and ultimately defrocked by the Assemblies of God. Three years later, Swaggart was implicated in another scandal involving prostitution. As a result, Swaggart's ministry became non-affiliated, nondenominational, and significantly smaller than it was in the ministry's pre-scandal years.<ref name="books.google">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Kaufman">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Swaggart's sex scandals received national media attention.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1988 prostitution scandalEdit
Swaggart's first prostitution scandal occurred in retaliation for an incident in 1986 when he accused fellow Assemblies of God minister Marvin Gorman of having several affairs. Gorman was defrocked from the Assemblies of God, and his ministry was all but ended.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gorman filed a successful lawsuit against Swaggart for defamation and conspiracy to ruin his reputation; he was awarded damages amounting to $10 million in 1991.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Following an appeal, the parties settled the matter for $1.75 million.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
As a retaliatory measure, Gorman hired his son Randy and son-in-law Garland Bilbo to watch the Travel Inn on Airline Highway in Metairie, a suburb of New Orleans.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> At the Travel Inn, the two men photographed Swaggart outside Room 7 with Debra Murphree,<ref name="Kaufman" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> a local prostitute. Gorman arrived at the Travel Inn a short while later and confronted Swaggart.<ref name="WaPo19880225">Template:Cite news</ref>
According to Swaggart: The Unauthorized Biography of an American Evangelist, Gorman secured a promise from Swaggart that he would publicly apologize to Gorman and start the process of Gorman's reinstatement to the Assemblies of God. Gorman offered to remain silent if Swaggart would state publicly that he lied about Gorman's affairs. Gorman waited almost a year, then hand-delivered a note to Swaggart informing him his time was up; Swaggart did not respond. On February 16, 1988, Gorman contacted James Hamil, one of the 13-man Executive Presbytery of the Assemblies of God, to expose Swaggart's assignation with the prostitute.<ref>Seaman, p.337</ref> The presbytery leadership of the Assemblies of God suspended Swaggart from broadcasting his television program for three months.Template:Citation needed
According to the Associated Press, Murphree failed a polygraph test administered by a New York City Police Department polygraph expert.<ref>Associated Press. Ocala Star-Banner, February 27, 1988.Template:Full citation needed</ref> The test administrator concluded that Murphree had failed to tell the truth on all key questions concerning her statement. The test was administered after Murphree offered to sell the story to the National Enquirer for $100,000. Murphree failed questions about whether she was paid or promised money to "set up" Swaggart, and whether she made up the story to make money from it.<ref>Toronto Star, February 27, 1988.Template:Full citation needed</ref> In place of Murphree's interview, Enquirer editor Levy published an accounting of Swaggart's family where they allegedly expressed their fears over Swaggart's health.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Murphree, who blamed her failed polygraph on "cocaine use" the day before the test was given, went on to have her interview published by Penthouse magazine.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:AnchorOn February 21, 1988, without giving any details regarding his transgressions, Swaggart delivered what came to be known as his "I have sinned" speech on live television. He spoke tearfully to his family, congregation, TV audience, and ended his speech with a prayer: "I have sinned against You, my Lord, and I would ask that Your Precious Blood ... would wash and cleanse every stain until it is in the seas of God's forgetfulness never to be remembered against me anymore."<ref name="Kaufman" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The national presbytery of the Assemblies of God extended Swaggart's suspension to their standard two-year suspension for sexual immorality. His return to the pulpit coincided with the end of the three-month suspension originally ordered by the denomination. Believing that Swaggart was not genuinely repentant in submitting to their authority, the hierarchy of the Assemblies of God defrocked him, removing his credentials and ministerial license.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Swaggart then became an independent and non-denominational Pentecostal minister, establishing Jimmy Swaggart Ministries, based at the Family Worship Center in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and the SonLife Broadcasting Network (SBN) which can be seen in the United States and other countries.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Better source needed
1991 prostitution scandalEdit
On a cold October 11, 1991, Swaggart was found in the company of a prostitute for a second time. He was pulled over by a police officer in Indio, California, for driving on the wrong side of the road. With him in the vehicle was a woman named Rosemary Garcia. According to Garcia, Swaggart had stopped to propose sex to her on the side of the road. She later told reporters: "He asked me for sex. I mean, that's why he stopped me. That's what I do. I'm a prostitute."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This time, rather than confessing his sins to his congregation, Swaggart told those at Family Worship Center, "The Lord told me it's flat none of your business."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Swaggart then temporarily stepped down as head of his ministry for "a time of healing and counseling".<ref name=stepdown>Template:Cite news</ref>
Later careerEdit
Template:As of, Jimmy Swaggart Ministries mainly comprised Family Worship Center, The Jimmy Swaggart Telecast,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Better source needed radio and television programs called A Study in the Word, SonLife Radio Network,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Better source needed a website, and a 24/7 cable and satellite television network, SonLife Broadcasting Network (SBN).Template:Citation needed
Swaggart's wife Frances hosts a television program, Frances and Friends, shown daily on SBN.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Better source needed Swaggart also hosts a daily Bible study program on SBN, The Message of the Cross.Template:Citation needed His son, Donnie Swaggart, preaches at Family Worship Center and also preaches in churches across America and abroad.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Better source needed Donnie's son, Gabriel Swaggart, has served as the ministry's youth pastor who leads Crossfire, Family Worship Center's youth ministry.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Better source needed SBN also delivers live broadcasts of all of its weekly services at Family Worship Center, as well as live broadcasts of all of its camp meetings.Template:Citation needed
As of 2024, Swaggart remains senior pastor of Family Worship Center.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
MinistriesEdit
RadioEdit
Swaggart started SonLife Radio on the noncommercial FM band. Unlike his previous stations, SonLife was commercial-free and it did not sell time to outside ministries; the preaching and teaching were all produced in-house. The music which it played was primarily Southern Gospel. SonLife Radio is also streamed on the Internet.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Better source needed
List of radio stationsEdit
The network's flagship station is WJFM in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.<ref>WJFM fcc government. Accessed September 6, 2016</ref>
Notes: Template:Notelist
TranslatorsEdit
TelevisionEdit
In 1973, Swaggart proposed to television producers in Nashville, Tennessee a television program including a fairly large music segment, a short sermon, and time for talking about current ministry projects. They accepted, and within weeks the Jimmy Swaggart Telecast was being broadcast around the United States.Template:Citation needed
In 1981, Swaggart launched a daily television program titled A Study in the Word. From the beginning, the primary cable channels which the program was aired on were CBN Cable (now Freeform), TBN, and the old PTL Network (now the Inspiration Network).Template:Citation needed
In 1988, Swaggart lost some of his broadcast and merchandise rights following his first prostitution scandal.<ref name="WaPo19880225" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1991, Swaggart's career as a standard televangelist came to an end after more local TV stations cancelled their contracts with him following his second prostitution scandal.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Jimmy Swaggart Bible CollegeEdit
In autumn 1984, Swaggart opened Jimmy Swaggart Bible College (JSBC). The college originally provided education and communication degrees.Template:Citation needed
JSBC enrollment dropped drastically in 1988 when students left as a result of Swaggart's scandal, followed by accreditation issues.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1991, JSBC was renamed the World Evangelism Bible College and enrollment dropped to 370 students. The college shut down programs in music, physical education, secretarial science, and communications that October and disbanded its basketball team. In November "the college laid off three Bible professors and an English professor, effective at the end of the fall semester".<ref>Template:Cite news </ref>
PrintEdit
Swaggart has written about 50 Christian books offered through his ministry.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He is the author of the Expositor's Study Bible,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> 13 study guides and 38 commentaries on the Bible. The ministry also publishes a monthly magazine, The Evangelist.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Swaggart published Religious Rock n Roll: A Wolf in Sheep's Clothing, in 1985.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
MusicEdit
In 1981, Swaggart received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Gospel Performance, Traditional for his album Worship.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
FamilyEdit
Since October 10, 1952, Swaggart has been married to Frances Swaggart (Template:Née Anderson, born August 9, 1937). They have one son, Donnie (born October 18, 1954), named after Jimmy Swaggart's brother who died in infancy. He has three grandchildren and several great-grandchildren.<ref name="about">About Jimmy Swaggart Ministries Template:Webarchive jsm. Retrieved July 31, 2013.</ref>
Donnie Swaggart and his son, Gabriel Swaggart, are also preachers, making four generations of the Swaggart family to have become involved in ministerial work.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In popular cultureEdit
At a political rally in Mississippi, United States President Donald Trump made fun of Swaggart for crying on television during his 1988 scandal.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The liner notes to the album D&K (1987) by Christian rock band DeGarmo & Key, included the words "dedicated to Jimmy Swaggart" blacked out but still visible on close inspection, for the song "Brother Against Brother" <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Swaggart's prostitution scandals inspired the Ozzy Osbourne song "Miracle Man" on Osbourne's fifth studio album No Rest for the Wicked (1988).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
During his 1988 concerts, Bruce Hornsby would begin his song "Defenders of the Flag" from Scenes from the Southside with a tongue-in-cheek dedication to Swaggart.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The song "Hexonxonx" on Skinny Puppy's 1989 album Rabies features a repeating audio sample of Swaggart saying "I am clean..." from his forgiveness speech.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Similarities were noted between heel World Wrestling Federation character Brother Love and Swaggart.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
"Jesus He Knows Me", a 1991 song by Genesis, is a satire on televangelists such as Swaggart, Robert Tilton, and Jim Bakker.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
During his 1988 tour, American rock artist Frank Zappa changed the lyrics of several of his songs to reference Swaggart. Several of these appear on The Best Band You Never Heard in Your Life.
American avant-garde musician Kristin Hayter (as Lingua Ignota) released the EP Epistolary Grieving for Jimmy Swaggart on the 5th of November in 2021.
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
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