Joe Gallo

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Joseph Gallo (April 7, 1929 – April 7, 1972), also known as "Crazy Joe", was an Italian-American mobster and a captain in the Colombo crime family of New York City.

Diagnosed with schizophrenia in his youth, Gallo became an enforcer in the Profaci crime family and formed his own crew with his brothers, Larry and Albert. In 1957, Joe Profaci allegedly asked the Gallo crew to murder Albert Anastasia, the boss of what was to become the Gambino crime family; Anastasia was later murdered at a barbershop in Midtown Manhattan. In 1961, the Gallo brothers kidnapped four of Profaci's top men: underboss Joseph Magliocco, Frank Profaci (Joe Profaci's brother), captain Salvatore Musacchia and soldier John Scimone, demanding a more favorable financial scheme for the hostages' release. After a few weeks of negotiation, Profaci and his consigliere, Charles "the Sidge" LoCicero, made a deal with the Gallos and secured the peaceful release of the hostages. This incited the First Colombo War.

In 1961, Gallo was sentenced to seven-to-fourteen years' imprisonment for conspiracy and extortion. During his incarceration, Magliocco took over the family in the wake of Profaci's death, leading to a murder attempt against Carmine Persico by the remaining Gallo brothers in 1963. Patriarca family boss Raymond L.S. Patriarca negotiated a peace agreement between the two factions, but Gallo later refused to abide by the agreement, citing his imprisonment. After Gallo's release from prison in 1971, a peace offering of $1,000 was made by boss Joseph Colombo, but Gallo demanded $100,000; Colombo refused. On June 28, 1971, at an Italian-American Civil Rights League rally in Columbus Circle, Colombo was shot three times by an African-American gunman, who was immediately killed by Colombo's bodyguards; Colombo survived the shooting but was paralyzed. Although many in the Colombo family blamed Gallo for the shooting, police eventually concluded that the gunman acted alone after they had questioned Gallo.

The Colombo family leadership was convinced that Gallo ordered their boss' murder after his falling out with the family, inciting the Second Colombo War. On April 7, 1972, around 4:30 a.m., Gallo was shot dead at Umbertos Clam House in New York's Little Italy while celebrating his 43rd birthday. Although differing accounts of who the killer or killers were have been reported by various sources over the years, "the case officially remains unsolved."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Early lifeEdit

Joe Gallo was born on April 7, 1929, in the Red Hook section of Brooklyn in New York City. His parents were Umberto and Mary Gallo. A bootlegger during Prohibition, Umberto invested his earnings into a loan-sharking racket and did little to discourage Gallo and his two brothers, Larry and Albert, from participating in local criminal activity.<ref name=Folsom />

Although he would remain deeply entwined with South Brooklyn in the popular imagination, and often frequented the area as a youth because of familial ties, Gallo was actually raised in Kensington (then customarily characterized as a subsection of Flatbush), where his family owned and operated Jackie's Charcolette, a greasy spoon at 108 Beverley Road. As late as 1964, a United States Senate dossier on organized crime identified the family's home at 639 East 4th Street as Gallo's permanent residence.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Efn Gallo completed his primary education at P.S. 179 in Kensington before dropping out of the Brooklyn High School of Automotive Trades in Williamsburg at the age of sixteen.

Shortly thereafter, Gallo sustained head trauma in an automobile accident, resulting in the manifestation of a "nervous tic"; by this juncture, he and lifelong associates Peter "Pete the Greek" Diapoulas and Frank Illiano had begun to contemplate various criminal schemes while frequenting the Ace Pool Room on Church Avenue and a candy store on 36th Street and Fourteenth Avenue in nearby Borough Park.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1949, after viewing the film Kiss of Death (1947), Gallo began mimicking Richard Widmark's gangster character "Tommy Udo" and reciting movie dialogue.<ref name=Folsom>Template:Cite book</ref> After a 1950 arrest he was temporarily confined to Kings County Hospital Center, where he was diagnosed with schizophrenia.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Albert Seedman, the head of New York City Police Department's Detective Bureau, called Gallo "that little guy with steel balls."<ref name=raab /> Gallo's brothers Larry and Albert (the latter of whom had by now gained the street moniker "Kid Blast") were also his criminal associates.<ref name="joe gallo shot">Template:Cite news</ref>

Gallo's first wife Template:Ndash whom he married around 1960, divorced in the mid-1960s and then remarried in July 1971 Template:Ndash was Las Vegas showgirl Jeffie Lee Boyd. Later in 1971, Jeffie divorced Gallo again. The couple had one daughter, Joie.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In March 1972, three weeks before his death, Gallo married 29-year-old actress Sina Essary. He became the stepfather of Sina's daughter, Lisa Essary-Gallo (born 1962).<ref name="married mob" />

Early criminal careerEdit

Gallo started as an enforcer and hitman for Joe Profaci in the Profaci crime family. In addition to helping to manage his father's loan-sharking business and Larry's vending machine and jukebox operations (with the latter often perceived as the "crown jewel" of the family's rackets), Gallo directly oversaw a variety of enterprises, including floating dice and high-stakes card games, extortion shakedowns and a numbers game. He maintained his headquarters at "The Dormitory," a three-story brick tenement at 51 President Street (within the boundaries of Brooklyn's contemporary Carroll Gardens) that previously housed the Gallo family's vending machine interests; there, he allegedly kept a pet lion named Cleo in the basement. Within a few years, Gallo secretly owned several Manhattan nightclubs and two sweat shops in the Garment District.

In 1957, Profaci allegedly asked Gallo and his crew to murder Albert Anastasia, the boss of the Gambino crime family. Anastasia's underboss, Carlo Gambino, wanted to replace him and asked Profaci for assistance. On October 25, Anastasia entered the barbershop at the Park Sheraton Hotel in Midtown Manhattan. As Anastasia relaxed in the barber's chair, two men—scarves covering their faces—rushed in, shoved the barber out of the way and killed the Gambino boss in a hail of bullets.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Anastasia's killers have never been conclusively identified, but Carmine Persico later claimed that he and Gallo had shot Anastasia, joking that he was part of Gallo's "barbershop quintet."<ref name=raab />

The following year, Gallo and his brothers were summoned to Washington, D.C., to testify before the McClellan Committee of the United States Senate on organized crime. While visiting Senate Counsel Robert F. Kennedy in his office, Gallo flirted with Kennedy's secretary and told Kennedy his carpet would be excellent for a dice game. On the witness stand, none of the brothers provided any useful information.<ref name="robin hoods" />

First Colombo WarEdit

On February 27, 1961, the Gallo brothers kidnapped four of Profaci's top men: underboss Joseph Magliocco, Frank Profaci (Joe Profaci's brother), caporegime (captain) Salvatore Musacchia and soldato (soldier) John Scimone.<ref name="New York Magazine" /> Profaci himself eluded capture and flew to sanctuary in Florida.<ref name="New York Magazine" /> While holding the hostages, Larry and Albert sent Joe to California. The Gallos demanded a more favorable financial scheme for the hostages' release. Gallo wanted to kill one hostage and demand $100,000 before negotiations, but his brother Larry overruled him. After a few weeks of negotiation, Profaci and his consigliere, Charles "the Sidge" LoCicero, struck a deal with the Gallos and secured the peaceful release of the hostages.<ref name= adealwiththemSifakis>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Capeci pg.303">Capeci (2001), p.303</ref>

However, Profaci had no intention of honoring this peace agreement. On August 20, 1961, he ordered the murders of Larry and Joseph "Joe Jelly" Gioielli, a member of the Gallo crew. Gunmen allegedly murdered Gioielli after inviting him to go fishing.<ref name="New York Magazine" /> Larry survived a strangulation attempt by Persico and Salvatore "Sally" D'Ambrosio at the Sahara Club in East Flatbush after a police officer intervened.<ref name="New York Magazine" /><ref name="Raab pg.321-324">Raab (2006), pp.321-324</ref> The Gallos had been previously aligned with Persico against Profaci and his loyalists;<ref name="New York Magazine" /><ref name="Raab pg.321-324" /> they then began calling Persico "the Snake" after he had betrayed them.<ref name="Raab pg.321-324" /> The gang war continued, resulting in nine murders and three disappearances.<ref name="Raab pg.321-324" /> With the start of the war, the Gallo crew retreated to the Dormitory.<ref name="robin hoods">Template:Cite news</ref> Persico was indicted later that year for the attempted murder of Larry, but the charges were dropped when Larry refused to testify.<ref name="2 more">Template:Cite news</ref>

In November 1961, Gallo was convicted of conspiracy and extortion for attempting to extort money from a businessman.<ref name="robin hoods" /> On December 21 of that year, he was sentenced to seven-to-fourteen years in prison.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

PrisonEdit

While serving his sentence, Gallo was incarcerated at three New York state prisons: Green Haven Correctional Facility, Attica Correctional Facility and Auburn Correctional Facility. In 1962, when Gallo was serving time in Attica, his brothers Larry and Albert, along with five other members of the Gallo crew, rushed into a burning Brooklyn tenement near their hangout, the Longshore Rest Room, and rescued six children and their mother from a fire. The crew was briefly celebrated in the press.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

While at Green Haven, Gallo became friends with African-American drug trafficker Leroy "Nicky" Barnes.<ref name="dea1975-1980">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Gallo predicted a power shift in the Harlem drug rackets towards black gangs, and coached Barnes on how to upgrade his criminal organization.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On August 29, 1964, Gallo sued the New York Department of Corrections, stating that corrections officers inflicted cruel and unusual punishment on him at Green Haven after he allowed a black barber to cut his hair. The prison commissioner characterized Gallo as a belligerent inmate and an agitator.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

At Auburn, Gallo took up watercolor painting, became an avid reader and worked as an elevator operator in the prison's woodworking shop. During a prison riot there, Gallo rescued a severely wounded corrections officer from angry inmates. The officer later testified for Gallo at a parole hearing.<ref name=Folsom /> According to Donald Frankos, a fellow inmate at Auburn, Gallo was "articulate and had excellent verbal skills, being able to describe gouging a man's guts out with the same eloquent ease that he used when discussing classical literature."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In May 1968, while Gallo was still in prison, his brother Larry died of cancer.<ref name="larry gallo">Template:Cite news</ref>

Release from prison and Second Colombo WarEdit

The Profaci family went through a period of change during Gallo's incarceration. On June 7, 1962, after a long illness, Profaci died of cancer.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Magliocco took over the family and continued the battle with Gallo's brothers. On May 19, 1963, Perisco survived an assault by a Gallo hit team, although he was shot multiple times.<ref name="Capeci's guide">Capeci (2001) p.305</ref> Later that year, through negotiations with Patriarca family boss Raymond L.S. Patriarca, a peace agreement was reached between the two factions.<ref name="New York Magazine">Cage, Nicholas (July 17, 1972) "Part II The Mafia at War" New York pp.27-36</ref> Gallo later stated that the peace agreement did not apply to him because he was in prison when it was negotiated.<ref name=grudges>Template:Cite news</ref>

Meanwhile, The Commission, the American Mafia's governing body, forced Magliocco to resign as boss after they discovered he helped formulate a plot to overthrow them. Joseph Colombo, an ally of Gambino, was named as the new Profaci family boss; the family was subsequently renamed the Colombo crime family.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, Colombo soon alienated Gambino with his establishment of the Italian-American Civil Rights League (IACRL) and the media attention that it entailed.

Gallo was released from prison on April 11, 1971.<ref name=release>Template:Cite news</ref> His second wife, Sina, described him shortly after his release, saying he appeared extremely frail and pale:

"He looked like an old man. He was a bag of bones. You could see the remnants of what had been a strikingly handsome man in his youth. He had beautiful features—beautiful nose, beautiful mouth and piercing blue eyes."<ref name="married mob">Template:Cite news</ref>

Gallo soon became a part of New York high society. His connection started when actor Jerry Orbach played the inept mobster Kid Sally Palumbo in the film The Gang That Couldn't Shoot Straight (1971), a role based loosely on Gallo.<ref name=raab />

Following his release, Colombo and Joseph Yacovelli invited Gallo to a peace meeting with an offering of $1,000.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=release/> Gallo reportedly told the family representatives that he was not bound by the 1963 peace agreement and demanded $100,000 to settle the dispute, which Colombo refused.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=release/> On June 28, 1971, at an IACRL rally in Columbus Circle, Colombo was shot three times, once being in the head, by an African-American gunman named Jerome A. Johnson; Johnson was immediately killed by Colombo's bodyguards.<ref name=":1" /> Colombo survived the shooting but was paralyzed<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> until his death in May 1978.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref> Although many in the Colombo family blamed Gallo for the shooting, police eventually concluded that Johnson was a lone gunman after they had questioned Gallo.<ref name=grudges /> The Colombo leadership was convinced that Gallo ordered the murder after his falling out with the family.<ref name=Abadinsky>Template:Cite book</ref>

MurderEdit

On April 7, 1972, around 4:30 a.m., Gallo and his family entered Umbertos Clam House in Manhattan's Little Italy to celebrate his 43rd birthday with sister Carmella, wife Sina, her daughter Lisa, his bodyguard Peter "Pete the Greek" Diapoulas and Diapoulas' girlfriend.<ref name="story murder">Template:Cite news</ref> Earlier that evening, the Gallo party had visited the Copacabana with Orbach and his wife, Marta, to see a performance by comedian Don Rickles and singer Peter Lemongello.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Once at Umbertos, the Gallo party took two tables, with Gallo and Diapoulas facing the wall.<ref name="joe gallo shot" /> Rickles and Lemongello, whom Gallo had invited to join them at Umbertos, managed to find an excuse to get out of the engagement, possibly saving their lives.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Colombo associate Joseph Luparelli claimed he was sitting at the bar, unbeknownst to Gallo. When Luparelli saw Gallo, he claimed he immediately left Umbertos and walked to a Colombo hangout two blocks away. After contacting Yacovelli, Luparelli said he recruited Colombo associate Philip Gambino, Genovese soldier Carmine "Sonny Pinto" DiBiase<ref name=release/> and two other men Template:Ndash reputedly members of the Patriarca family Template:Ndash to kill Gallo due to their belief the Colombos had a contract on Gallo's life. Upon reaching Umbertos, Luparelli claimed he stayed in the car while the other four men went inside through the back door.<ref name="story murder" />

Between seafood courses, Luparelli asserted that the four gunmen walked into the dining room and opened fire with .32- and .38 caliber revolvers. Gallo swore and attempted to draw his handgun, but twenty shots were fired at him and he was hit in the back, elbow and buttock.<ref name="joe gallo shot" /> After overturning a butcher block dining table, Gallo staggered to the front door. Witnesses claimed that he was attempting to draw fire away from his family. Diapoulas was shot once in the hip.<ref name="joe gallo shot" /> The mortally wounded Gallo stumbled into the street and collapsed. He was taken in a police car to Beekman-Downtown Hospital, where he was pronounced dead at around 5:30 a.m.<ref name="joe gallo shot" /><ref name="story murder" />

Luparelli's account earned wide publicity but was met with skepticism by police. NYPD homicide detective Joe Coffey, who inherited the Gallo case from the original investigators, reported that eyewitness testimony and crime scene reconstruction led police to believe that Gallo was killed by a lone assailant.<ref name=Brandt2004/> Coffey also asserted that police circulated a false story about three shooters to help screen information from supposed witnesses or informers: anyone who reported three gunmen rather than one was immediately deemed unreliable.<ref name=Brandt2004/> Author Charles Brandt notes that "[Luparelli's] statement was never corroborated in a single detail" and resulted in no arrests.<ref name=Brandt2004/> Brandt further speculates that Luparalli's confession was most likely disinformation ordered by the Colombo family with the intention of defusing tensions after the Gallo shooting. Umbertos was owned by associates of the Genovese crime family, which would normally imply the Genoveses had given their blessing to a killing on their territory, but Luparelli's account, that the shooting was a spontaneous unplanned act without approval from high-ranking mafiosi, took pressure off the feuding Colombo and Genovese families.<ref name=Brandt2004/>

A differing but equally disputed<ref name="esq">The Irishman's Joe Gallo Was One of New York's Most Famous Reputed Mobsters, Esquire</ref> account of the murder was offered by Frank Sheeran, a hitman and labor union boss. Shortly before his death in 2003, Sheeran claimed that he was the lone triggerman in the Gallo hit acting on orders from mobster Russell Bufalino, who felt that Gallo was drawing undue attention with his flashy lifestyle.<ref name=Brandt2004>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Coffey and several other NYPD investigators are confident that Sheeran killed Gallo.<ref name=Brandt2004/> Furthermore, an eyewitness at Umbertos on the night of the incident, later a New York Times editor who spoke on condition of anonymity, also identified Sheeran as the man she observed shooting Gallo.<ref name=Brandt2004/> Jerry Capeci, a journalist and Mafia expert who was at Umbertos shortly after the shooting as a young reporter for the New York Post, later wrote if he were "forced to make a choice" about who shot Gallo, Sheeran was the most likely culprit.<ref>Jerry Capeci (2005) The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Mafia, 2nd Edition: A Fascinating Exploration of the Real People Who Inspired The Sopranos. Alpha/Penguin, Template:ISBN</ref>

Bill Tonelli disputes the truthfulness of Sheeran's claim in his Slate article "The Lies of the Irishman," as does Harvard Law School professor Jack Goldsmith in "Jimmy Hoffa and 'The Irishman': A True Crime Story?" which appeared in The New York Review of Books.<ref name=gold>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Former Colombo family captain Michael Franzese also disputes that Sheeran was the killer when reviewing the scene depicting the assassination in The Irishman, claiming that he knows "for a fact what happened there" based on his personal involvement with the Mafia at the time.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Gallo's widow later stated that she remembered the attack involving multiple men, all of whom were short and appeared to be Italian. Sheeran, on the other hand, was of mixed Irish-Swedish descent and 6'4".<ref name="esq"/>

AftermathEdit

Gallo's funeral was held under police surveillance; his sister Carmella declared over his open coffin that "the streets are going to run red with blood, Joey!"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Looking for revenge, Albert sent a gunman from Las Vegas to the Neapolitan Noodle restaurant in Manhattan, where Yacovelli, Alphonse Persico and Gennaro Langella were dining. However, the gunman did not recognize the mobsters and shot four innocent diners instead, killing two of them.<ref name="all three brothers">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After this assassination attempt, Yacovelli fled New York, leaving Persico as the new boss.<ref>Capeci (2001), p.306</ref> The Colombo family, led by the imprisoned Persico, was plunged into a second internecine war which lasted for several years, until a 1974 agreement allowed Albert and his remaining crew to join the Genovese family.

An increasingly paranoid Luparelli fled to California, then contacted the Federal Bureau of Investigation and reached a deal to become a government witness. He implicated the four gunmen in the Gallo murder. However, police could not bring charges against them; there was no corroborating evidence and Luparelli was deemed an unreliable witness. No one was ever charged in Gallo's murder.<ref name=raab>Template:Cite book</ref>

In October 1975, the New York City Department of Water Resources began to replace the sewer on the "Gallo block" of President Street with a system designed to connect to a new sewage treatment plant in Red Hook. When a house at 21 President Street collapsed on December 3, 1975 (resulting in the death of one man), all work on the project stopped for more than eighteen months, leaving an "open trench in the middle of the street [...] braced with steel and filled with stagnant water" due to an ensuing pump failure; this compromised the foundations of every building on the block and the remaining buildings on an adjoining stretch of Carroll Street, compounding the effects of probable earlier damage stemming from the construction of the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel and the depressed alignment of the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway on nearby Hicks Street.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gallo crew member Frank DiMatteo has speculated that "lawyers and corrupt politicians [...] decided to turn the whole block into a stinking shithole until no one could live there anymore" in an effort to rid the area — by now convenient to the gentrifying enclaves of Carroll Gardens and Cobble Hill — of remaining Gallo associates.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> According to DiMatteo, only four buildings on the block were owned by the Gallo crew: "The rest were all owned by innocent people who'd had those buildings in their families for generations. [...] The Law didn't care. They got what they wanted."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> As many as 33 buildings on the block were subsequently condemned and replaced with new housing, with none of the Gallo-era buildings extant today.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Gallo crewEdit

Albert "Kid Blast" Gallo – transferred to Genovese crime family in 1975
Larry Gallo – died of cancer in 1968
Frank "Punchy" Illiano – transferred to Genovese crime family in 1975, died in January 2014
Bobby Boriello – transferred to Gambino crime family in 1972, murdered in 1991 on orders of Anthony Casso
Nicholas Bianco – transferred to Patriarca crime family in 1963, died of natural causes in 1994
Vic Amuso – transferred to Lucchese crime family, serving life in prison
Joseph "Joe Pesh" Luparelli – entered witness protection program in 1972, current location unknown
Joseph "Joe Jelly" Gioielli – murdered in 1961 by Profaci gunmen
Carmine "the Snake" Persico – Colombo family boss, died in 2019 while serving 139-year sentence in prison<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Michael Rizzitello – transferred to Los Angeles crime family, died while incarcerated due to complications of cancer in 2005
Peter ("Pete the Greek") Diapoulas
John Cutrone – led breakaway faction from Gallo crew, murdered in 1976 by unknown gunmen
Gerry Basciano – seceded from Gallo crew, murdered in 1976 by unknown gunmen
Steve Cirrilo – murdered in 1974 by Cutrone gunmen
Joseph Cardiello – defected to Profaci, murdered by Gallo gunmen on December 10, 1963
Frank DiMatteo – magazine publisher and distributor
Louis Mariani – murdered by Profaci gunmen on August 10, 1963
Leonard "Big Lenny" Dello – died in 2009
John Commarato
Vincent “Chico” Regina
Alfonso Serantonio
Joseph Yancone
Eugene LaGana
Frank Balzano
Sergio "SergForce" Gallo
Dan 'Big Fish' Cantelliani
Hugh "Apples" McIntosh – died in 1997

In popular cultureEdit

Author Jimmy Breslin's 1969 book The Gang That Couldn't Shoot Straight was a fictionalized and satirical depiction of Gallo's war with the Profaci family. It was made into a 1971 feature film with Jerry Orbach playing Kid Sally Palumbo, a surrogate for Gallo.

After Gallo's murder, producer Dino De Laurentiis produced a more serious, but still fictionalized drama about Gallo titled Crazy Joe, released in 1974. Based on newspaper articles by reporter Nicholas Gage, the movie was directed by Carlo Lizzani and starred Peter Boyle as the title character.

Gallo is the main character in Bob Dylan's biographical, 12-verse ballad "Joey".<ref name="Mayo2008">Template:Cite book</ref> The song appears in Dylan's 1976 album Desire. Dylan was criticized for overly romanticizing his life in the song.

Gallo was portrayed by Sebastian Maniscalco in the 2019 Martin Scorsese film The Irishman.

Gallo is portrayed in the 2019 film Mob Town by Kyle Stefanski.<ref name="mob_town">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In the Paramount+ 2022 TV Series The Offer, Gallo is portrayed by Joseph Russo.