John W. McCormack

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McCormack advanced through the leadership ranks to become majority leader before being chosen as the 45th speaker of the House. He served as speaker from 1962 until his 1971 retirement.

McCormack's congressional career was highlighted by his support for the New Deal measures undertaken to combat the Great Depression, U.S. involvement in World War II, and support for the Great Society programs of the 1960s, including civil rights, education, and health care for the elderly. A staunch anti-communist, McCormack supported U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. His support for the war and the seniority system in Congress caused increasing numbers of younger members to challenge his leadership; McCormack survived a 1969 contest with Mo Udall for the Speakership. He did not run for reelection to his House seat in 1970, and retired to his home in Boston. He later resided at a Dedham nursing home, where he died in 1980.

At 42 years and 58 days, as of 2022 McCormack's service in the U.S. House ranks 18th in terms of uninterrupted time. He is the longest-serving member of the U.S. House in Massachusetts history.

Early lifeEdit

McCormack was born in Boston on December 21, 1891.Template:Sfn He was the son of Joseph H. McCormack, a hod carrier and native of Prince Edward Island, Canada, and his wife Mary Ellen (née O'Brien) McCormack of Boston (1861–1913).Template:Sfn He said he was one of 12 children, several of whom died as children or young adults.Template:Sfn In fact, Mary Ellen McCormack carried eight children to term, and six lived long enough to be counted in the census or included in other records.Template:Sfn John McCormack's older siblings Patrick (d. 1911), Catherine (d. 1906), and James (d. 1906) died at ages 24, 19 and 17, respectively.Template:Sfn His brother Edward ("Knocko") died in Boston in 1963 at age 67.Template:Sfn McCormack's brother Donald died in Texas in 1966 at the age of 65.Template:Sfn McCormack also had a half brother named Harry from his father's first marriage; Harry died on Prince Edward Island at age 18 in 1902.Template:Sfn

McCormack said for most of his life that his father died when McCormack was 13; other sources indicate that his father actually left the family and moved to Waldoboro, Maine, where he worked in the local granite quarries.Template:Sfn He died in 1929, and was buried in a pauper's grave at Waldoboro Rural Cemetery.Template:Sfn

McCormack attended the John Andrew Grammar School through the eighth grade.Template:Sfn He then left school to help support his family, initially working for $3 a week (about $95 in 2021) as an errand boy for a brokerage firm.Template:Sfn McCormack and his brothers also managed a large newspaper delivery route for $11 a week (about $347 in 2021).Template:Sfn He later left the brokerage for the office of attorney William T. Way, where he received a 50-cent a week increase.Template:Sfn He began to study law with Way, passed the Massachusetts bar exam at age 21, and was admitted to the bar despite not having gone to high school or college.Template:Sfn He was also an active member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks.<ref name="Centennial Anniversary of Elkdom">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Start of political careerEdit

As a young man, McCormack began his involvement in politics by making campaign speeches on behalf of local Democratic candidates.Template:Sfn In May 1917, McCormack was elected to serve as a member of the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention, representing the 11th Suffolk District of the Massachusetts House of Representatives.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

World War IEdit

In June 1918, McCormack enlisted in the United States Army for World War I,Template:Sfn and was initially posted to Camp Devens, Massachusetts, as a member of the 14th Company of the 151st Depot Brigade.Template:Sfn After completing his initial training, McCormack was assigned to the Infantry Replacement Center at Camp Lee, Virginia, to receive officer training.Template:Sfn McCormack advanced through the ranks from private to sergeant major, and was attending Officer Training School at Camp Lee when the Armistice occurred.Template:Sfn He was discharged in late November, following the end of the war.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Continued political careerEdit

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File:1923 John W McCormack senator Massachusetts.jpg

McCormack as a state senator in 1923

After the war McCormack practiced law and resumed his political career.Template:Sfn He soon entered the state legislature, representing the 11th Suffolk DistrictTemplate:Sfn in the House from 1920 to 1922 and serving in the Senate from 1923 to 1926, including holding the leadership position of Democratic floor leader in 1925 and 1926.Template:Sfn In 1926 he made an unsuccessful primary election run against incumbent Congressman James A. Gallivan.Template:Sfn McCormack made a favorable impression in a losing cause, leaving him well positioned for a future race.Template:Sfn He resumed practicing law, and built a successful career as a trial attorney, which enabled him to enjoy an income that reached $30,000 a year (approximately $400,000 in 2016).Template:Sfn

McCormack was selected as a delegate to every state Democratic convention from 1920 until his retirement.Template:Sfn In addition, he was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of 1932, 1940, 1944, and 1948.Template:Sfn

Congressional careerEdit

McCormack's opportunity to run for Congress again came after Gallivan died in 1928.Template:Sfn That November McCormack won both the special election to complete Gallivan's term in the U.S. House as well as the general election for a full term.Template:Sfn He was reelected 20 times, initially from the 12th District, and from the re-numbered 9th after 1963.Template:Sfn McCormack usually won reelection without difficulty, and he served in the House from November 6, 1928, to January 3, 1971 (the 70th to 91st Congresses).Template:Sfn He did not run for reelection in 1970.Template:Sfn

Early years in CongressEdit

At the beginning of his House career, McCormack served on the Committee on Territories,Template:Sfn In his second term, Speaker John Nance Garner appointed McCormack to the powerful Ways and Means Committee, and he served there until 1941.Template:Sfn

McCormack maintained a consistently liberal voting record throughout his Congressional career, including support for the New Deal.Template:Sfn In 1934, he served as chairman of the Special Committee on Un-American Activities, known as the McCormack-Dickstein Committee, which investigated Communist and Nazi propaganda and recruitment efforts in the United States prior to World War II.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Ascension to House leadershipEdit

When Sam Rayburn became Speaker in 1940, he backed McCormack for majority leader, a key factor in McCormack's victory over Clifton A. Woodrum.Template:Sfn For the next 21 years, McCormack was the second-ranking Democrat in the House;Template:Sfn he served as majority leader with Rayburn as Speaker when Democrats had the majority (1939–1947, 1951–1953, 1955–1961), and as minority whip with Rayburn as minority leader when the Republicans controlled the House (1947–1949, 1953–1955).Template:Sfn

Always staunch in his opposition to both Communism and Fascism, he played a key role in extending the military draft, just before the attack on Pearl Harbor, when isolationist sentiment and opposition to U.S. involvement in World War II were still strong.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

In March 1946, McCormack spoke at a rally of 20,000 participants in Madison Square Garden, protesting against Britain's recent reversal of its pro-Zionist policies in Mandatory Palestine. McCormack accused Britain of using its Empire"against those stoned survivors, whom Hitler did not quite succeed in exterminating."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

He was chairman of the Select Committee on Astronautics and Space Exploration in the 85th Congress (1957 to 1959).Template:Sfn In that role, he introduced and secured passage of the bill that created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).Template:Sfn

McCormack voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1957,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and voted in favor of the initial House resolution for the Civil Rights Act of 1960 on March 24, 1960,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> but did not vote on the Senate amendment to the bill on April 21, 1960.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Speaker of the HouseEdit

File:Mayor John F. Collins; John McCormack, Speaker of the House of Representatives; Mary Collins; daughter of John and Mary Collins in front of Amrheins Restaurant watching a St. Patrick's Day parade (12306414393).jpg

McCormack with Boston Mayor John F. Collins (1960–1968) during a St. Patrick's Day parade in South Boston.

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After Rayburn's death in November 1961, McCormack acted as Speaker until winning election to the post in early 1962; he served from January 1962 until retiring from the House in 1971.Template:Sfn McCormack's nine years as Speaker were dominated by House passage of Great Society legislation during the administration of Lyndon B. Johnson, including laws to expand civil rights, access to public education, and health care for the elderly.Template:Sfn

McCormack was the first Catholic to be elected Speaker, and some critics complained that his religion sometimes showed in his leadership qualities.Template:Sfn As an example, during the 1961 debate on federal aid to schools, McCormack insisted that church schools should be included, and the bill died because of disagreement over this issue.Template:Sfn In 1963, McCormack changed his position, and oversaw passage of an aid bill devoted primarily to public schools.Template:Sfn

File:President John F. Kennedy with Speaker of the House of Representatives, John W. McCormack.jpg

McCormack with President John F. Kennedy in 1962

File:John McCormack speaking at luncheon, 15 Feb 1966.JPEG

McCormack (standing) speaking at a Department of Defense luncheon, February 1966

The latter part of McCormack's tenure increasingly focused on the debate over the Vietnam War, which he supported.Template:Sfn McCormack's demeanor changed during these years and he reminded some observers of a kindly elder relative attempting to provide wisdom and guidance to unruly younger family members.Template:Sfn According to House members, McCormack's strength was his personal consideration of members, which inspired them to return his affection and sparked a desire to work with him.Template:Sfn His weakness was that the seniority system created entrenched committee chairmen who wielded great power in the House, but could not be controlled by the Speaker.Template:Sfn As Speaker, McCormack pursued a national agenda; he was proud of fighting for passage of farm bills, though he said he did not have "more than five flower pots in my whole district."Template:Sfn

Between the assassination of President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, and the swearing-in of Hubert Humphrey as Vice President on January 20, 1965, McCormack was first in the line of succession, thus he received Secret Service protection.Template:Sfn

In January 1969, Arizona representative Morris Udall attempted to unseat McCormack as Speaker.Template:Sfn In 1970, the political attacks increased and several representatives urged McCormack to step down because of his age.Template:Sfn Jerome R. Waldie of California asked a party caucus to declare a lack of confidence in his leadership, which it refused to do.Template:Sfn McCormack decided not to run for reelection to the House in early 1970, but kept his decision secret until he announced it publicly in May.Template:Sfn McCormack was succeeded as Representative in 1971 by Louise Day Hicks,Template:Sfn and as Speaker by Carl Albert.Template:Sfn

Retirement and deathEdit

File:Speaker John McCormack.jpg

McCormack's official speaker's portrait, 1966

In retirement, McCormack lived in Boston.Template:Sfn He died of pneumonia in a Dedham nursing home on November 22, 1980.Template:Sfn He was buried at Saint Joseph Cemetery in West Roxbury, Massachusetts.Template:Sfn

File:Speaker of the House John W. McCormack Gravesite.jpg

The gravesite of Speaker McCormack

LegacyEdit

In 1983, the University of Massachusetts Boston established the John W. McCormack Institute of Public Affairs.Template:Sfn In 1985, the university dedicated John W. McCormack Hall, which was named in McCormack's honor.Template:Sfn In 2003, the McCormack Institute was expanded into a graduate school.Template:Sfn In 2010, the school expanded its mission again, and it was renamed the McCormack Graduate School of Policy and Global Studies.Template:Sfn The McCormack Graduate School's mission currently includes training in social justice, government accountability and transparency, and strengthening democratic institutions.Template:Sfn

The John W. McCormack Post Office and Courthouse in Boston was built in the early 1930s, and was renamed in McCormack's honor.Template:Sfn It was designated a Boston landmark by the city Landmarks Commission in 1998, and in 2011 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.Template:Sfn

John W. McCormack Middle School in Dorchester was also named for him.Template:Sfn

A Massachusetts state government office building at Ashburton Place in Boston is also named for McCormack.Template:Sfn

FamilyEdit

In 1920, McCormack married Marguerite Harriet Joyce (usually known as Harriet or M. Harriet); she was seven years older than McCormack and pursuing a career as an opera singer, a vocation she gave up after their wedding.Template:Sfn The McCormacks had no children.Template:Sfn While Congress was in session, they lived at the Washington Hotel.Template:Sfn

Stories about McCormack's devotion to his wife became legendary; his friends and colleagues claimed that they always had dinner together, no matter how late McCormack worked, and that they never spent a night apart.Template:Sfn McCormack and his wife were devout Roman Catholics, and he was a Knight of Columbus;Template:Sfn both were honored by the Vatican in recognition of their work on behalf of the church.Template:Sfn Harriet McCormack died at age 87 in December 1971, following a long hospitalization.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn For more than a year, McCormack had spent every night in an adjoining hospital room.Template:Sfn

Edward J. McCormack Jr., the son of McCormack's brother Edward ("Knocko"), served as Massachusetts Attorney General from 1958 to 1963.Template:Sfn He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination for United States Senator in 1962, and the unsuccessful Democratic nominee for Governor of Massachusetts in the 1966 election.Template:Sfn

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John W. McCormack

Contents

Early lifeEdit

Start of political careerEdit

World War IEdit

Continued political careerEdit

Congressional careerEdit

Early years in CongressEdit

Ascension to House leadershipEdit

Speaker of the HouseEdit

Retirement and deathEdit

LegacyEdit

FamilyEdit

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

SourcesEdit

MagazinesEdit

BooksEdit

NewspapersEdit

InternetEdit

BibliographyEdit

External linksEdit