Julius Vogel

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Vogel's politics were like his nature, imaginative – and occasionally brilliant – but reckless and speculative. He was an excellent policymaker but he needed a strong leader to restrain him....Yet Vogel had vision. He saw New Zealand as a potential 'Britain of the South Seas', strong both in agriculture and in industry, and inhabited by a large and flourishing population.<ref>Warwick Robert Armstrong, "VOGEL, Sir Julius, K.C.M.G." An Encyclopedia of New Zealand 1966 (1966)</ref>{{#if:|{{#if:|}}
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Early lifeEdit

Born in London, Vogel received his early education at University College School in University College, Gower St London. He later studied chemistry and metallurgy at the Royal School of Mines (later part of Imperial College London). He emigrated to Victoria, Australia in 1852, being editor of several newspapers on the goldfields, including the Inglewood Advertiser and the Maryborough and Dunolly Advertiser.<ref name=Mennell>Template:Cite Australasia</ref> After an unsuccessful attempt to enter the Victorian Parliament in the Avoca district in August 1861 (he lost to James Macpherson Grant and Benjamin George Davies),<ref name=Mennell/><ref name=adb>Template:Cite book</ref> he moved to Otago in October 1861, where he became a journalist for the Otago Witness. In November 1861, he founded the Otago Daily Times and became its first editor.<ref name="DNZB Vogel">Template:DNZB</ref> In 1863 James Grant was charged with criminal libel against Vogel in an election pamphlet but was found not guilty by a jury.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On 19 March 1867, Vogel got married in Dunedin to his neighbour Mary "Polly" Clayton, the daughter of architect William Henry Clayton. They had three sons and one daughter.<ref name="DNZB Vogel"/>

Political careerEdit

Vogel first became involved in politics in 1862, winning election to the provincial council of Otago.<ref name=Mennell/> Four years later became the head of the provincial government, a post which he held until 1869.<ref name=Mennell/>

Member of ParliamentEdit

Template:NZ parlbox header Template:NZ parlbox Template:NZ parlbox Template:NZ parlbox Template:NZ parlbox Template:NZ parlbox break Template:NZ parlbox Template:NZ parlbox Template:NZ parlbox footer In 1863 he was unsuccessful in the Template:By-election link for Template:NZ electorate link. Later in an Template:By-election link he was elected a member of the New Zealand House of Representatives for the Dunedin and Suburbs North electorate.Template:Sfn

In the 1866 election, he was defeated by William Murison in the Template:NZ electorate link electorate on Wednesday, 28 February.Template:Sfn<ref name="1866 election">Template:Cite news</ref> It is unclear why Vogel stood in Waikouaiti as two days earlier, he had been returned unopposed at the nomination for the Goldfields electorate.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On retiring from the provincial government in 1869, he joined the William Fox ministry as colonial treasurer,<ref name=Mennell/> afterward holding the posts of postmaster-general, commissioner of customs, and telegraph commissioner at various times.<ref name="DNZB Vogel"/>

In 1870, as Colonial Treasurer he introduced his "grand go-ahead policy" or great Public Works policy to revitalise and develop the country by borrowing overseas to build railways, roads and telegraph lines and to attract immigrants.

The Fox ministry having been forced to resign, Vogel carried a vote of no confidence in their successors, and in October 1872, returned to power as leader in the Lower House, colonial treasurer and postmaster-general. He represented several electorates throughout the colony: Dunedin and Suburbs North 1863–1866, Goldfields in Otago 1866–1870, Auckland East 1871–1875, Wanganui 1876 (resigned) and Christchurch North 1884–1889 (resigned).

Vogel successfully contested the 1884 election in Christchurch North against John Crewes.<ref name="DNZB Crewes">Template:DNZB</ref>

Vogel was the first Member of Parliament to be named in New Zealand.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He was named on 15 November 1887 by the Speaker of the House Maurice O'Rorke for saying that his fellow Member Robert Thompson was 'want of manners' in a debate about Vogel's use of constabulary for household purposes – a charge he denied.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Premier of New ZealandEdit

File:New Zealand Ministry by Samuel Calvert - Illustrated Australian News (1873).jpg

Vogel and his ministry (1873)

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Vogel was premier from 1873 to 1875 and again in 1876. From 1876 to 1881, he was agent-general for New Zealand in London, and, in 1884, he was again a member of the government of the colony. During his political career, Vogel worked generally successfully for reconciliation with the Māori people. In 1887, he introduced the first women's suffrage Bill to Parliament, but suffrage was not granted until 1893. He was knighted in 1875. He finally gave up the colonial office in 1887; from which date he lived in England and was the Agent-General for New Zealand.

Vogel is best remembered for his "Great Public Works" scheme of the 1870s. Before 1870, New Zealand was a country largely dominated by provincial interests and pork-barrel politics. After Vogel, as colonial treasurer, proposed borrowing the massive sum of 10 million pounds, New Zealand developed a significant infrastructure of roads, railways and communication, all administered by central government.

Vogel is also noteworthy as one of the few practising Jewish prime ministers outside Israel. Since Vogel, two other New Zealanders of Jewish descent have held the premiership: Francis Bell, an Anglican who briefly became prime minister in May 1925; and John Key, New Zealand's prime minister between 2008 and 2016 who was not religious despite attending synagogue as a child on occasion.<ref>The New Zealand Herald, 26 July 2008, page B3.</ref> Benjamin Disraeli, of Jewish descent but Anglican, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom contemporaneously to Vogel's premiership.

Life after politicsEdit

Vogel has a reputation as the first New Zealander to write a science-fiction novel: Anno Domini 2000, or, Woman's Destiny, published in 1889. It anticipated a utopian world where women held many positions of authority. New Zealand went on to become the first country to give women the vote, and, from 1997 to 2008, continuously had a female Prime Minister, while for a short period (2005–2006) women simultaneously held all five highest government positions (Monarch, Governor-General, Prime Minister, Speaker of the House and Chief Justice).Template:Citation needed

In honour of this book, the Sir Julius Vogel Awards for New Zealand speculative fiction take their name from him.<ref> "Curiosities: Anno Domini 2000; or Woman's Destiny by Julius Vogel" by Lucy Sussex, Fantasy and Science Fiction, December 2008, page 162. </ref>

He died in London, having retired there in 1887 after electoral defeat. He had been an invalid for several years.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On his death at East Molesey in 1899, Vogel was interred in Willesden Jewish Cemetery in London.<ref name="Facelift">Template:Cite news</ref>

NamesakesEdit

Several things bear his name today:

The Sir Julius Vogel Awards for science fiction writing.
Suburbs named Vogeltown in Wellington and New Plymouth.
Vogel House, the former official residence of New Zealand Prime Ministers for most of the 20th century.
Vogel Building in Wellington built for the Ministry of Works, now housing much of the Ministry of Justice. This building has been renamed the Justice Centre as of July 2013.
Various streets throughout the country named Vogel Street, such as the one in his former constituency of Dunedin.

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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Prime Minister's Office biography (archived)
Biographic entry in the Jewish Encyclopedia
History of Jews in New Zealand – Wellington Jewish Community Website
Biography in the 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
Sir Julius Vogel: Anno Domini 2000 or a Woman's Destiny: New Zealand Electronic Text Centre. Full text freely available online
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