Junkers Ju 52
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The Junkers Ju 52/3m (nicknamed Tante Ju ("Aunt Ju") and Iron Annie) is a transport aircraft that was designed and manufactured by German aviation company Junkers. First introduced during 1930 as a civilian airliner, it was adapted into a military transport aircraft by Germany's Nazi regime, who exercised power over the company for its war efforts, over the objections of the company's founder Hugo Junkers.
Development of the Ju 52 commenced in the late 1920s, headed by German aeronautical engineer Ernst Zindel. The aircraft's design incorporated a corrugated duralumin metal skin as a strengthening measure, which was a material design pioneered by Junkers and used on many of their aircraft, including the popular Junkers F 13 1920s, the record-setting Junkers W 33, and Junkers W34. The corrugation was both a strength and a weakness; it provided increased structural strength but also increased aerodynamic drag. But more importantly it allowed the practical use of aluminum before newer alloys were developed.
The Ju 52's maiden flight was performed on 13 October 1930. It was initially designed with a single-engine version and a trimotor version; the single-engine version was to be the freighter while the trimotor was the passenger airline. In the long run, the trimotor configuration was produced in far greater numbers. The primary early production model, the Ju 52/3m, was principally operated as a 17-seat airliner or utility transport aircraft by various civil operators during the 1930s. Starting in 1933, the Nazi regime that had taken power in Germany demanded that Junkers produce military versions of the Ju 52. Despite Hugo Junkers' resistance, the company was compelled to produce military aircraft; in 1935, Nazi officials visited Hugo Junkers' house on his birthday, resulting in his death under unclear circumstancesTemplate:Fact and his company having been signed over to the state. Thousands of Ju 52s were procured as a staple military transport of the Luftwaffe. The Ju 52/3mg7e was the principal production model.
The Ju 52 was in production between 1931 and 1952. In a civilian role, it flew with over 12 airlines, including Swissair and Deutsche Luft Hansa, as both a passenger carrier and a freight hauler. In a military role, large numbers flew with the Luftwaffe, being deployed on virtually all fronts of the Second World War as a troop and cargo transport; it was also briefly used as a medium bomber. Additionally, the type was deployed by other nations' militaries in conflicts such as the Spanish Civil War, the Chaco War, the First Indochina War, and the Portuguese Colonial War. During the postwar era, the Ju 52 had a lengthy service life with numerous military and civilian operators; large numbers were still in use by the 1980s. Even in the 21st century, several aircraft have remained operational, typically used for heritage aviation displays and aerial sightseeing.
DevelopmentEdit
OriginsEdit
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The Ju 52 was designed starting in 1925, in two versions, a single engine version for freight transport (Ju-52/1m) and trimotor passenger version for 17 (Ju 52/3m), both as civilian versions. Both designs were overseen by the German aeronautical engineer Earnst Zindel, the design team being based at the Junkers works at Dessau. A driving force in the project was the commercial prospects presented by the German airline Deutsch Lufthansa.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Work on turning the design into a prototype started in 1928.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="smith 3" /> The Ju 52 had numerous similarities to several previous Junkers aircraft, such as the previous Junkers W 33, noted for its crossing of the Atlantic in 1928, and the smaller Junkers W 34. Sharing features included the distinctive corrugated duraluminum exterior. According to aviation author J. Richard Smith, the Ju 52 directly drew upon the company's First World War-era Junkers J 1 - the world's first all-metal aeroplane.<ref name = "smith 3">Smith 1966, p. 3.</ref>
On 13 October 1930, the first prototype, designated Ju 52ba, performed the type's maiden flight; it was initially powered by a single Junkers-built liquid-cooled V-12 engine, capable of generating up to Template:Cvt.<ref name="smith 3" /> During the aircraft's extensive trials, it was reengined with a Template:Cvt BMW IV water-cooled inline-6 powerplant. The second prototype, designated Ju 52de, featured an increased wing span and was powered by the BMW IV engine at first; it was soon reengined with the Template:Cvt 14-cylinder twin-row air-cooled radial Armstrong Siddeley Leopard and re-designated Ju 52di.<ref name="smith 3" /> Later on, the Ju 52di was again reengined with the Template:Cvt Junkers Jumo 204 air-cooled inverted inline-6, after which it was re-designated Ju 52do. The third prototype, designated Ju 52ce, had a strengthened structure, a modified leading edge, and was fitted with both a wheeled and float undercarriages.<ref name="smith 3" />
During May 1931, one of the prototypes, designated Ju 52cai, was written off after a crash.<ref name="smith 34">Smith 1966, pp. 3-4.</ref> While these initial aircraft had been powered by a single engine, Junkers decided to develop the Ju 52 into a trimotor configuration. Accordingly, the Ju 52/3m (drei motoren—"three engines") was developed, being powered by an arrangement of three radial engines.<ref name="smith 4" /> According to Smith, the earliest known Ju 52/3m was delivered to Bolivian airline Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano during 1932. During its initial production years, airlines were the type's most common customers.<ref name="smith 4" /> By the mid-1930s, the Ju 52/3mce and Ju 52/3fe, were the two primary production variants, both being powered by the BMW 132 radial engine.<ref name="smith 4">Smith 1966, p. 4.</ref>
Militarized versionsEdit
Shortly after the Nazis came into power in 1933, Junkers was approached to participate in Germany's rearmament. When Junkers declined, the Nazis responded by demanding ownership of all patents and market shares from his remaining companies, under threat of imprisonment on the grounds of High Treason. Despite Hugo Junkers' objections, his company, designs, and name would be pressed into military service to serve the militaristic regime that had gained power in Germany. Ironically, despite his designs being associated with Germany's Luftwaffe and the Second World War, Hugo Junkers had opposed Nazism.
During 1934, work commenced on a militarised model of the Ju 52/3m, designated Ju 52/3mg3e, on behalf of the then-secret Luftwaffe.<ref name = "smith 5"/> This model could function as a medium bomber, being furnished with a pair of machine gun positions (an open dorsal position and a ventral "dustbin" position lowered by a hand crank), each with single machine guns and operated by a crew of four. Between 1934 and 1935, a total of 450 Ju 52/3mg3e aircraft were delivered to the Luftwaffe.<ref name = "smith 5"/>
Wartime and postwarEdit
Numerous improved models would be introduced prior to and during the Second World War. The dominant production model was the Ju 52/3mg7e, featuring advances such as an autopilot, enlarged doors to the cabin, and other general enhancements.<ref name = "smith 6"/> It was configured as a pure transport aircraft, being capable of carrying up to 18 fully-equipped troops. Defensive armaments comprised a dorsal-mounted 13 mm MG 131 machine gun and a pair of beam 7.9mm MG 15 machine guns.<ref name = "smith 6">Smith 1966, p. 6.</ref> Successive models saw other improvements, such as revised glazing, newer engines, undercarriage strengthening, and increased take-off weight. The final wartime model to be developed, designated Ju 52/3mg14e, featured improved armour protection for the pilot and a bolstered defensive armament.<ref name = "smith 67">Smith 1966, pp. 6-7.</ref>
From mid-1943 onwards, the Luftwaffe began to make less use of the Ju 52, interest having waned in the type.<ref name = "smith 13"/> German officials were interested in procuring a successor to the type; at one stage, the Reich Air Ministry showed enthusiasm for the Junkers Ju 352, a larger transport aircraft somewhat resembling the Ju 52. Actions were taken to convert Junkers' Ju 52 production lines to instead manufacture Ju 352s; however, the conflict's end in May 1945 led to the effort being abandoned in an unfinished state.<ref name = "smith 13">Smith 1966, p. 13.</ref> As such, German production of the Ju 52 was terminated during 1944; Smith claims that a total of 3,234 aircraft of various models were constructed during the conflict.<ref name = "smith 7">Smith 1966, p. 7.</ref>
In the postwar era, manufacture of the Ju 52 resumed, albeit in foreign countries.<ref name = "smith 13"/> It was constructed in France by Avions Amiot as the Amiot AAC.1 Toucan; it was also produced in Spain by Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA (CASA) as the CASA 352. A handful of captured wartime aircraft were also rebuilt by Short Brothers of Northern Ireland for civilian service.<ref name = "smith 13"/>
DesignEdit
The Ju 52 had a low cantilever wing, the midsection of which was built into the fuselage, forming its underside.<ref>Grey and Bridgman 1972, Template:Page needed.</ref><ref name = "smith 3"/> It was formed around four pairs of circular cross-section duralumin spars with a corrugated surface that provided torsional stiffening. A narrow control surface, with its outer section functioning as the aileron, and the inner section functioning as a flap, ran along the whole trailing edge of each wing panel, well separated from it. The inner flap section lowered the stalling speed and the arrangement became known as the Doppelflügel, or "double wing".<ref name="Jackson 1960, p. 100.">Jackson 1960, p. 100.</ref><ref name = "smith 3"/> The outer sections of this operated differentially as ailerons, projecting slightly beyond the wingtips with control horns. The strutted horizontal stabilizer carried horn-balanced elevators which again projected and showed a significant gap between them and the stabilizer, which was adjustable in-flight. All stabilizer surfaces were corrugated.
The Ju 52 featured an unusual corrugated duralumin metal skin, which had been pioneered by Junkers during the First World War; the corrugation served to strengthen the whole structure over a smoother approach.<ref name = "smith 3"/> The fuselage was of rectangular section with a domed decking, comprising a tubular steel structure that was entirely covered by the corrugated metal skin.<ref name = "smith 3"/> A port-side passenger door was placed just aft of the wings; this entrance also acted as a loading hatch for freight, the lower half functioning as a platform to ease cargo movements. The cabin had a dimensional capacity of Template:Cvt, and was lined with numerous windows stretching forward to the pilots' cockpit.<ref name = "smith 3"/> The main undercarriage was fixed and divided; some aircraft had wheel fairings, others did not. A fixed tailskid, or a later tailwheel, was used. Some aircraft were fitted with floats or skis instead of the main wheels.<ref name = "smith 4"/>
In its original configuration, designated the Ju 52/1m, the Ju 52 was a single-engined aircraft, powered by either a BMW IV or Junkers liquid-cooled V-12 engine. However, the single-engined model was deemed to have been underpowered and, after seven prototypes had been completed, all subsequent Ju 52s were built with three radial engines as the Ju 52/3m (drei motoren—"three engines"). Originally powered by three Pratt & Whitney R-1690 Hornet radial engines, later production models mainly received 574 kW (770 hp) BMW 132 engines, a licence-built refinement of the Pratt & Whitney design. Export models were also built with 447 kW (600 hp) Pratt & Whitney R-1340 Wasp and 578 kW (775 hp) Bristol Pegasus VI engines.
The two wing-mounted radial engines of the Ju 52/3m had half-chord cowlings and in planform view (from above/below) appeared to be splayed outwards, being mounted at an almost perpendicular angle to the tapered wing's sweptback leading edge (in a similar fashion to the Mitsubishi G3M bomber and Short Sunderland; the angled engines on the Ju 52 were intended to make maintaining straight flight easier should an engine fail, while the others had different reasons). The three engines had either Townend ring or NACA cowlings to reduce drag from the engine cylinders, although a mixture of the two was most common (as can be seen in many of the accompanying photographs), with deeper-chord NACA cowlings on the wing engines and a narrow Townend ring on the center engine (onto which a deeper NACA cowl was more difficult to fit, due to the widening fuselage behind the engine). Production Ju 52/3m aircraft flown by Deutsche Luft Hansa before the Second World War, as well as Luftwaffe-flown Ju 52s flown during the war, usually used an air-start system to turn over their trio of radial engines, using a common compressed air supply that also operated the main wheels' brakes.Template:Citation needed
In a military context, the Ju 52 could carry up to 18 fully-equipped soldiers, or 12 stretchers when used as an air ambulance. Transported material was loaded and unloaded through side doors by means of a ramp. Air-dropped supplies were jettisoned through two double chutes; supply containers were dropped by parachute through the bomb-bay doors, and paratroopers jumped through the side doors. Sd.Kfz. 2 Kettenkrafträder (half-track motorcycles) and supply canisters for parachute troops were secured under the fuselage at the bomb bay exits and were dropped with four parachutes. A tow coupling was built into the tail-skid for use in towing freight gliders. The Ju 52 could tow up to two DFS 230 gliders.Template:Citation needed
Operational historyEdit
Prewar civil useEdit
In late 1931, James A. Richardson's Canadian Airways received (Werknummer 4006) CF-ARM, the sixth-built Ju 52/1m.<ref name = "smith 34"/> The aircraft, first refitted with an Armstrong Siddeley Leopard radial engine and then later with a Rolls-Royce Buzzard and nicknamed the "Flying Boxcar" in Canada,<ref>Template:"'Bud' Johnston Library." Template:Webarchive Rolls-Royce of Canada Ltd., Montreal Quebec.</ref><ref>"Flying Box Car for Sky Lanes Of Northland." Popular Mechanics, May 1939.</ref> could carry Template:Cvt and had a maximum weight of Template:Cvt. It was commonly used to supply mining and other operations in remote areas with equipment that was too big and heavy for other aircraft then in use. The Ju 52/1m was able to land on wheels, skis, or floats (as were all Ju 52 variants).<ref>"Junkers_Ju-52/1m ." Template:Webarchive scramble.nl. Retrieved: 12 October 2010.</ref><ref name = "smith 4"/>
Prior to the Nazi government's seizure of control of the Junkers company during 1935, the Ju 52/3m was produced principally as a 17-seat airliner. By 1935, 97 Ju 52s were being operated by numerous airlines; early customers included Finland's Aero O/Y, Sweden's AB Aerotransport, and Brazil's Syndicato Condor.<ref name = "smith 4"/>
During May 1932, German flag carrier Luft Hansa took delivery of its first example of the type.<ref name = "smith 4"/> The Ju 52 was heavily used by Luft Hansa, it was able to fly from Berlin to Rome in eight hours; both this route and the London-Berlin service was frequently operated by the type.<ref name = "smith 4"/> According to Smith, Luft Hansa's Ju 52 fleet eventually numbered 231 Ju 52s;<ref name = "smith 5">Smith 1966, p. 5.</ref> during the pre-war era, it was flown on various routes from Germany on routes in Europe, Asia, and South America.Template:Citation needed
Military use 1932–1945Edit
The Colombian Air Force used three Ju 52/3mde bombers equipped as floatplanes during the Colombia-Peru War in 1932–1933. After the war, the air force acquired three other Ju 52mge as transports; the type remained in service until after the end of the Second World War.Template:Citation needed
Bolivia acquired four Ju 52s in the course of the Chaco War (1932–1935), mainly for medical evacuation and air supply. During the conflict, the Ju 52s alone transported more than 4,400 tons of cargo to the front.<ref>Hagedorn, Dan & Antonio Luis Sapienza. (1996) "Aircraft of the Chaco War, 1928–1935." Schiffer Publishing Co. Atglen, pp. 96–100. Template:ISBN.</ref>
In 1934, Junkers received orders to produce a bomber version of the Ju 52/3m to serve as interim equipment for the bomber units of the still-secret Luftwaffe until it could be replaced by the purpose-designed Dornier Do 11.<ref name="Green3rd p405">Green 1972, p. 405.</ref> Two bomb bays were fitted, capable of holding up to Template:Convert of bombs, while defensive armament consisted of two 7.92 mm MG 15 machine guns, one in an open dorsal position, and one in a retractable "dustbin" ventral position, which could be manually winched down from the fuselage to protect the aircraft from attacks from below. The bomber could be easily converted to serve in the transport role.<ref name="Green3rd p406">Green 1972, p. 406.</ref> The Dornier Do 11 was a failure, however, and the Junkers ended up being acquired in much larger numbers than at first expected, with the type being the Luftwaffe's main bomber until more modern aircraft such as the Heinkel He 111, Junkers Ju 86 and Dornier Do 17 entered into service.<ref name="Green3rd p405-6">Green 1972, pp. 405–406.</ref><ref name="SmithKayp360">Smith and Kay 1972, p. 360.</ref>
The Ju 52 Template:Cnspan was used in military service in the Spanish Civil War against the Spanish Republic. It was one of the first aircraft to be delivered to the Nationalist faction in July 1936, with 20 Ju 52/3m g3e bombers being delivered to the Nationalist forces by Germany within a week of the start of the war. Their first use was to help airlift Franco's Army of Africa from Morocco to the Spanish mainland, bypassing a Spanish republican naval blockade. Between 20 July and the end of August 1936, Ju 52s carried out 461 transport flights, ferrying 7,350 troops together with weapons and equipment, with 5,455 more troops carried in September and a further 1,157 troops carried by the time the airlift ended early in October.<ref name="Green3rd p406-7">Green 1972, pp. 406–407.</ref> According to Smith, the Ju 52 gained a formidable reputation; the type having been reportedly used in practically every major military engagement in support of Nationalist forces.<ref name = "smith 56"/> In the Spanish theatre, the Ju 52 was operated both as a bomber and as a transport. In the former role, it participated in the bombing of Guernica, although it was considered obsolete as a bomber by late 1937, by which point it was in the process of being replaced by more capable bombers such as the Dornier Do 17 and Heinkel He 111.<ref name = "smith 56">Smith 1966, pp. 5-6.</ref> The type's final sortie in the theatre was performed on 26 March 1939. By the end of the conflict, Ju 52s had accumulated 13,000 operational hours and had performed 5,400 offensive missions and dropped over 6,000 bombs.<ref name="smith 6" />
Following the end of the Spanish Civil War, no further aircraft of the bomber variants were built, though the type was again used as a bomber during the bombing of Warsaw<ref>"Warsaw." Template:Webarchive richmond.edu. Retrieved: 12 October 2010.</ref> during the invasion of Poland in September 1939. The Luftwaffe instead relied on the Ju 52 for transport roles during the Second World War, including paratroop drops.
Second World WarEdit
During its service with Luft Hansa, the Ju 52 had proved to be an extremely reliable passenger airplane. This positive experience contributed to its adoption by the Luftwaffe as a standard aircraft model. In 1938, the 7th Air Division had five air transport groups with 250 Ju 52s. The Luftwaffe had 552 Ju 52s at the start of the Second World War. Though it was built in large numbers, the Ju 52 was technically obsolete. Between 1939 and 1944, 2,804 Ju 52s were delivered to the Luftwaffe (1939: 145; 1940: 388; 1941: 502; 1942: 503; 1943: 887; and 1944: 379).<ref>Baumbach 1992, p. 261</ref> The production of Ju 52s continued until around the summer of 1944; when the war came to an end, 100 to 200 were still available.
Lightly armed, and with a top speed of only 265 km/h (165 mph) — half that of a contemporary Hurricane — the Ju 52 was very vulnerable to fighter attack, and an escort was always necessary when flying in a combat zone.
Denmark and Norway campaignEdit
The first major operation for the aircraft after the bombing of Warsaw was at the start of Operation Weserübung, the attack on Denmark and Norway on 9 April 1940. 52 Ju 52s from 1. and 8. Staffel in Kampfgeschwader 1 transported a company of Fallschirmjäger (paratroopers) and a battalion of infantry to Aalborg in northern Jutland. These troops captured the airfield there, vital to support later operations in southern Norway. Several hundred Ju 52s were also used to transport troops to Norway in the first days of that campaign.<ref name = "smith 710">Smith 1966, pp. 7, 10.</ref>
During the Norwegian campaign, the Luftwaffe's Ju 52s performed a total of 3,018 sorties, 1,830 of which carried troops while the remainder transported cargo and various supplies.<ref name = "smith 10"/> According to Smith, 29,280 personnel, 2,376 tons of supplies and 259,300 imp. gallons of fuel were airlifted by Ju 52s through the campaign. Around 150 aircraft were recorded as lost by the end of operations.<ref name = "smith 10">Smith 1966, p. 10.</ref>
The seaplane version, equipped with two large floats, served during the Norwegian campaign in 1940, and later in the Mediterranean theatre.
Some Ju 52's, both floatplanes and land planes, were used as minesweepers, known as Minensuch — literally, "mine-search" aircraft in German. These aircraft were fitted with a Template:Convert diameter current-carrying degaussing ring under the airframe to create a magnetic field that triggered submerged naval mines. They were usually designated by an -"MS" suffix, like similarly equipped Bv 138 MS trimotor flying boats.<ref>The Aeroplane Monthly, June 1994, p. 28.</ref><ref name = "smith 16"/>
Netherlands campaignEdit
The Ju 52 transport aircraft participated in the attack on the Netherlands on 10 May 1940. It was during this campaign that the Ju 52 performed a crucial role in carrying out the first large-scale air attack with paratroops in history during the Battle for The Hague.<ref name = "smith 10"/> According to Smith, 500 Ju 52s had been made ready for the aerial assault on the Low Countries. In addition to the paratroop drops, they also directly landed in hostile territory to deploy assault troops, such as at Ypenburg Airport, on public highways around The Hague, and on the River Meuse (the latter using float-equipped aircraft).<ref name = "smith 1011">Smith 1966, pp. 10-11.</ref>
During the opening days of the Netherlands campaign, many German aircraft were shot down by Dutch AA-fire; a total of 125 Ju 52s were lost and 47 damaged; author Hooton considered these losses to have been relatively costly for the Luftwaffe.<ref>Hooton, E.R. "Luftwaffe at War: Blitzkrieg in the West." 2007, Vol. 2, p. 50.</ref> Although transport operations with the Ju 52 were noticeably curtailed after the initial days of the invasion, the type continued to aerially supply forward ground troops.<ref name = "smith 11">Smith 1966, p. 11.</ref>
During August 1940, Nazi German decided to base large numbers of Ju 52s at airfields in the Lyon, Lille, and Arras areas.<ref>Page 50, "German Air Force Air Lift Operations", by GeneralMajor Fritz Morzik, USAF Historical Division, 1961.</ref> Luftwaffe transport units were deliberately held at a state of readiness for Operation Sea Lion, the envisioned invasion of the British Isles; however, this operation was never attempted, in part due to the Luftwaffe being unable to secure aerial supremacy during the Battle of Britain.<ref name = "smith 11"/>
Balkans campaignEdit
The next major use of the Ju 52 was in the Balkans campaign. The type has been credited with enabling the rapid deployment of German ground forces throughout the theatre.<ref name = "smith 11"/> The Ju 52 was also deployed during the Battle of Crete in late May 1941. 493 Ju 52/3m aircraft were used to transport most of the 22,750 troops flown onto Crete for the Luftwaffe's largest airborne invasion of the war.<ref name = "smith 11"/> While victorious, 170 aircraft were lost along with 4,500 personnel; the high loss rate brought about the end of German paratrooper operations.<ref name = "smith 11"/>
North Africa campaignEdit
During the North African campaign, the Ju 52 was the mainstay reinforcement and resupply transport for the Germans, starting with 20 to 50 flights a day to Tunisia from Sicily in November 1942, building to 150 landings a day in early April as the Axis situation became more desperate. The Allied air forces developed a counter-air operation over a two-month period and implemented Operation Flax on 5 April 1943, destroying 11 Ju 52s in the air near Cap Bon and many more during bombing attacks on its Sicilian airfields, leaving only 29 flyable.<ref>Craven and Cate 1949, pp. 189–190</ref> That began two catastrophic weeks in which more than 140 aircraft were lost in air interceptions,<ref>Craven and Cate 1949, pp. 190–191</ref> culminating on 18 April with the "Palm Sunday Massacre" in which 24 Ju 52s were shot down, and another 35 staggered back to Sicily and crash-landed.<ref>Weal 2003, p. 91.</ref><ref name = "smith 12">Smith 1966, p. 12.</ref>
StalingradEdit
Many Ju 52's were shot down by antiaircraft guns and fighters while transporting supplies, most notably during the desperate attempt to resupply the trapped German Sixth Army during the final stages of the Battle of Stalingrad in the winter of 1942–1943.<ref name = "smith 112">Smith 1966, pp. 11-12.</ref>
From 24 November 1942 to 31 January 1943, 488 aircraft were recorded as lost (this number included 266 Ju 52, 165 He 111, 42 Ju 86, 9 Fw 200, 5 He 177 and 1 Ju 290) and about 1,000 flight personnel.<ref>Morzik, F. "German Air Force Airlift Operations." USAAF Historical division, 1961. p. 195.</ref>
Hitler's personal transportEdit
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Hitler used a Deutsche Luft Hansa Ju 52 for campaigning in the 1932 German election, preferring flying to train travel. After he became Chancellor of Germany in 1933, Hans Baur became his personal pilot, and Hitler was provided with a personal Ju 52. Named Immelmann II after the First World War ace Max Immelmann, it carried the registration D-2600.<ref name="Hoffmann 2000">Hoffmann 2000, p. 75.</ref> As his power and importance grew, Hitler's personal air force grew to nearly 50 aircraft, based at Berlin Tempelhof Airport and made up mainly of Ju 52s, which also flew other members of his cabinet and war staff. In September 1939, at Baur's suggestion, Immelmann II was replaced by a four-engine Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor, although Immelman II remained his backup aircraft for the rest of the Second World War.
Chiang Kai-shek's personal transportEdit
Eurasia was a major Chinese airliner company in the 1930s and operated at least seven Ju 52/3ms. A further example, sent out as a demonstrator to Eurasia, was purchased by the Chinese Nationalist Party government and became Chiang Kai-shek's personal transport.<ref>Andersson 1994, p. 7</ref>
Postwar useEdit
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Various Junkers Ju 52s continued in military and civilian use following World War II. In 1956, the Portuguese Air Force, which was already using the Ju 52s as a transport plane, employed the type as a paratroop drop aircraft for its newly organized elite parachute forces, later known as the Batalhão de Caçadores Páraquedistas. The paratroopers used the Ju 52 in several combat operations in Angola and other Portuguese African colonies before gradually phasing it out of service in the 1960s.<ref>Afonso and Gomes 2000, pp. 178–183.</ref>
The Swiss Air Force also operated the Ju 52 from 1939 to 1982, when three aircraft remained in operation, probably the last and longest service in any air force.<ref>airforce history "Ju-52."Template:Dead linkSwiss Air Force History. Retrieved: 12 October 2010.</ref> Museums hoped to obtain the aircraft, but they were not for sale.<ref name="mcphee19831107">Template:Cite magazine</ref> They are still in flying condition and together with a CASA 352 can be booked for sightseeing tours with Ju-Air.<ref>"Ju 52." Template:Webarchive Museum of Military Aviation. Retrieved: 12 October 2010.</ref> During the 1950s, the Ju 52 was also used by the French Air Force during the First Indochina War as a bomber. The use of these Junkers was quite limited.<ref>Duwelz, Yves. "Junkers Ju 52/3mge W Nr 5670 6309." Aviation Heritage in Belgium, October 2001. Retrieved: 4 April 2009.</ref>
The Spanish Air Force operated the Ju 52, nicknamed Pava, until well into the 1970s. Escuadrón 721, flying the Spanish-built versions, was employed in training parachutists from Alcantarilla Air Base near Murcia.<ref>"Escuela Militar de Paracaidismo" (Military school of Parachuting) (in Spanish). Template:Webarchive ejercitodelaire.mde.es. Retrieved: 4 November 2010.</ref>
Some military Ju 52s were converted to civilian use. For example, British European Airways operated 11 ex-Luftwaffe Ju 52/3mg8e machines, taken over by the RAF, between 1946 and retirement in 1947 on intra-U.K. routes before the Douglas DC-3 was introduced to the airline.<ref name="Jackson 1960, p. 100."/> French airlines such as Societe de Transports Aeriens (STA) and Air France flew Toucans in the late 1940s and early 1950s.
In the USSR, captured Ju 52s were allocated to the Civil Air Fleet, being found particularly suitable for transporting sulphur from the Karakum Desert.<ref>^ Kotelnikov, V. Stalin's Captives article in Fly Past magazine, February 2017 p.103 with ground load photo</ref> Various Soviet agencies used the Ju 52 through to 1950.
In Yugoslavia the Ju-52 was in use by Yugoslav Air Force, which also heavily financed flying clubs such as Letalski center Maribor and supported many parachuting sports activities with them. Yugoslav plane number 208 dropped paratroopers for the last time in 1960 at Maribor Airport and today is preserved in the Aeronautical Museum Belgrade.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
A Ju 52 and a Douglas DC-3 were the last aircraft to take off from Berlin Tempelhof Airport before all operations ceased there on 30 October 2008.<ref>Kulish, Nicholas. "Crowds Bid Fond Farewell to Airport That Saved Berlin." The New York Times, 30 October 2008. Retrieved: 4 April 2009.</ref>
Other versionsEdit
Most Ju 52s were destroyed after the war, but 585 were built after 1945. In France, the machine had been manufactured during the war by the Junkers-controlled Avions Amiot company, and production continued afterwards as the Amiot AAC 1 Toucan. In Spain, Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA continued production as the CASA 352 and 352L. Four CASA 352s are airworthy and in regular use today.
New GenerationEdit
In April 2022, 90 years after the first flight of the Ju 52/3m, the Swiss Junkers Flugzeugwerke AG announced the successor model of the Ju 52, the Ju 52 New Generation. The Ju 52 New Generation will be able to carry 14 passengers and will have modern RED A03 engines and modern avionics. The market launch is not expected before 2025.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
VariantsEdit
Data from Junkers Aircraft & Engines 1913–1945<ref name=Kay>Template:Cite book</ref>
Civil variantsEdit
- Ju 52
- Prototype of the single-engined transport aircraft, of twelve laid down only six were completed as single-engined aircraft. First flight: 3 September 1930, powered by a BMW VIIaU engine.<ref>"Aerial Furniture Van Has Capacity of Three Tons." Popular Mechanics, July 1931.</ref><ref>Wolfgang Wagner. Hugo Junkers Pionier der Luftfahrt – Seine Flugzeuge. Bernard & Graefe Verlag, Bonn, 1996. Template:ISBN (in German) p. 342.</ref>
- Ju 52/1mba
- The prototype Ju 52, (c/n 4001, regn D-1974), redesignated after being re-engined with a single Junkers L88 engine
- Ju 52/1mbe
- Aircraft powered by BMW VIIaU
- Ju 52/1mbi
- The second prototype, (c/n 4002, regn D-2133), fitted with a Template:Convert Armstrong Siddeley Leopard engine
- Ju 52/1mca
- D-1974 fitted with drag flaps and refitted with a BMW VIIaU
- Ju 52/1mcai
- D-2356, (c/n 4005), crashed in May 1933
- Ju 52/1mce
- D-USON (c/n 4003) used as a target tug. D-2317, (c/n 4004), converted to a torpedo bomber in Sweden as the K 45
- Ju 52/1mci
- The second prototype fitted with Template:Convert long stepped floats, flying from the River Elbe on 17 July 1931
- Ju 52/1mdi
- The second prototype after having the floats removed and undercarriage reinstated, registered as D-USUS from 1934
- Ju 52/1mdo
- D-1974 fitted with a Junkers Jumo 4 engine as a testbed, reregistered as D-UZYP from 1937
- Ju 52/3m
- Three-engined prototype, powered by three Template:Convert Pratt & Whitney R-1340 Wasp engines, first flight: 7 March 1932
- Ju 52/3mba
- VIP version for the president of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, Romanian prince George Valentin Bibescu, powered by a Template:Convert Hispano-Suiza 12Mb engine in the nose and two Template:Convert Hispano-Suiza 12Nb engines (one on each wing)
- Ju 52/3mce
- Three-engined civil transport aircraft, powered by three Pratt & Whitney Hornet or BMW 132 engines
- Ju 52/3mci
- Planned version for Sweden, powered by Pratt & Whitney Wasp engines, not built
- Ju 52/3mde
- Seaplane version for Bolivia and Colombia, converted from Ju 52/1m
- Ju 52/3mfe
- Improved version, with chassis reinforcements and NACA cowlings on the outer engines, powered by three BMW 132A-3 engines
- Ju 52/3mf1e
- Trainer version for DVS
- Ju 52/3mge
- Airliner version, powered by BMW Hornet 132A engines
- Ju 52/3mho
- Two aircraft powered by Junkers Jumo 205C diesel engines, used only for testing
- Ju 52/3mkao
- Version powered by two BMW 132A and one BMW 132F or BMW 132N as a testbed
- Ju 52/3ml
- Powered by three Template:Convert Pratt & Whitney R-1690-S1EG engines
- Ju 52/3mlu
- Airliner version for Italy, powered by Piaggio Stella X engines, later re-engined with Alfa Romeo 126RC/34 engines
- Ju 52/3mmao
- Similar to kao except with NACA cowling
- Ju 52/3mnai
- Airliner version for Sweden and Great Britain, powered by Pratt & Whitney Wasp engines
- Ju 52/3mreo
- Airliner version for South America, powered by BMW 132Da/Dc engines
- Ju 52/3msai
- Airliner version for Sweden and South Africa, powered by Pratt & Whitney Wasp engines
- Ju 52/3mte
- Airliner version, powered by three BMW 132K engines
- Ju 52/3mZ5
- Export version for Finland, powered by BMW 132Z-3 engines
Military variantsEdit
- Ju 52/3mg3e
- Improved military version, powered by three Template:Convert BMW 132A-3 (improved version of the Pratt & Whitney R-1690 Hornet) radial engines, equipped with an improved radio and bomb-release mechanism. Later versions had a tailwheel that replaced the tailskid.
- Ju 52/3mg4e
- Military transport version, the tailskid was replaced by a tailwheel.
- Ju 52/3mg5e
- Similar to g4e, but powered by three Template:Convert BMW 132T-2 engines, it could be fitted with interchangeable floats, skis, and wheeled landing gear.
- Ju 52/3mg6e
- Transport version equipped with extra radio gear and autopilot, could also be fitted with a degaussing ring
- Ju 52/3mg7e
- Transport version, capable of carrying 18 troops or 12 stretchers, featured autopilot and larger cargo doors
- Ju 52/3mg8e
- Similar to g6e, but with improved radio and direction finding gear, a few were fitted with floats.
- Ju 52/3mg9e
- Tropical version of g4e for service in North Africa, fitted with glider towing gear and strengthened undercarriage
- Ju 52/3mg10e
- Similar to g9e, but could be fitted with floats or wheels, lacked deicing equipment
- Ju 52/3mg11e
- Similar to g10e, but fitted with deicing equipment
- Ju 52/3mg12e
- Land transport version, powered by three BMW 132L engines
- Ju 52/3m12e
- Civilian version of Ju 52/3mg12e for Luft Hansa
- Ju 52/3mg13e
- No details are known.
- Ju 52/3mg14e
- Similar to g8e, but with improved armor, last German production version
- A.A.C. 1 Toucan
- Postwar French version of g11e, 415 built<ref name="Blewett">Blewett 2007, Template:Page needed.</ref>
- CASA 352
- Postwar Spanish version, 106 built<ref name="Blewett"/>
- CASA 352L
- Spanish version with Spanish Template:Convert ENMA Beta B-4 (license-built BMW 132) engines, 64 built<ref name="Blewett"/><ref>Template:Citation</ref>
- C-79
- Designation assigned to a single example operated by the United States Army Air Forces<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
- D52
- Designation used by the Czechoslovak Air Force
- T2B
- Designation used by the Spanish Air Force
- Tp 5
- Designation used by the Swedish Air Force
- K 45c
- A single Ju 52/1mce (c/n 4004) was delivered to the Junkers factory at Limhamn in Sweden, where it was converted to a torpedo bomber as the K 45c.
OperatorsEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
- Template:ARG
- {{#invoke:flag||Austria}}
- {{#invoke:flag||Belgium}}
- Template:BOL
- Template:BRA
- Template:Flagcountry
- Template:Flag
- Template:CHL
- Template:CHN-ROC
- Template:COL
- Template:Flagcountry
- Template:CSK
- {{#invoke:flag||Denmark}}
- Template:ECU
- {{#invoke:flag||Estonia}}
- {{#invoke:flag||Finland}}
- {{#invoke:flag||France}}
- Template:Flagcountry
- {{#invoke:flag||Germany}}
- Template:Flag
- Template:Flagcountry
- Template:Flagcountry
- Template:Flag
- {{#invoke:flag||Norway}}
- Template:PER
- {{#invoke:flag||Poland}}
- {{#invoke:flag||Portugal}}
- Template:Flagcountry
- Template:Flag
- Template:Flag
- Template:URS
- Template:Flag
- {{#invoke:flag||Sweden}}
- {{#invoke:flag||Switzerland}}
- {{#invoke:flag||Turkey}}
- Template:GBR
- Template:Flag
- Template:URY
- Template:YUG
Accidents and incidentsEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
Surviving aircraftEdit
AirworthyEdit
- France
- T.2B-212 – Ju 52/3m airworthy with Amicale J.B. Salis in Cerny, Essonne.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Goodall">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- South Africa
- T.2B-273 – CASA 352L airworthy at the South African Airways Museum Society in Germiston, Gauteng.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Bought from England in 1981 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of South African Airways.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- United States
- T.2B-176 – CASA 352L airworthy at the Military Aviation Museum in Virginia Beach, Virginia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Formerly owned by Commemorative Air Force, operated by MAM since August 2010. Converted to Pratt & Whitney R-1340 geared engines, fitted with 3-blade propellers.<ref>"Warbirds Over The Beach"; Official Program Guide, May 18–20, 2012; Military Aviation Museum; Pungo, Virginia, p. 41</ref>
On displayEdit
- Argentina
- T-158 – Ju 52/3mge in storage at the Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica de Argentina in Morón, Buenos Aires.<ref name="Goodall" />
- Belgium
- 6309 – Ju 52/3mg7e on static display at the Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History in Brussels.<ref name="Goodall" />
- Canada
- T.2B-148 – CASA 352L on static display at the Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada in Winnipeg, Manitoba. It has been converted to resemble a Ju 52/1m.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Goodall" />
- Colombia
- FAC-625 – Ju 52/3mg4e on static display at the Colombian Aerospace Museum in Tocancipá, Cundinamarca.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Goodall" />
- France
- 6311 – Ju 52/3mg7e in storage with the Association des Mécaniciens Pilotes d'Aéronefs Anciens in Brétigny-sur-Orge, Essonne. It was acquired by the organization in 2011 from the Museu do Ar, where it had been in storage.<ref name=Aeroplane0811>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Goodall" />
- Germany
- 363 – AAC.1 on static display at the Deutsches Museum in Munich, Bavaria.<ref name="Goodall" />
- 6320 – AAC.1 on display at Verein fur Historische Luftfahrzeuge in Monchengladbach, North Rhine-Westphalia. On loan from Template:Ill.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- 6134 – Ju 52/3mg4e on static display at the Template:Ill in Dessau, Saxony-Anhalt.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Goodall" />
- 6693 – Ju 52/3mg4e on static display at the Template:Ill in Wunstorf, Lower Saxony.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Goodall" />
- 6821 – Ju 52/3mg4e on static display at the Technik Museum Speyer in Speyer, Rhineland-Palatinate.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Goodall" />
- 130714 – Ju 52/3mg8e on display with Quax on behalf of Deutsche Lufthansa Berlin-Stiftung in Büren, North Rhine-Westphalia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was previously owned by aviation author Martin Caidin and has been refitted with Pratt & Whitney R-1340 engines.<ref name="Goodall" />
- T.2B-108 – Ju 52/3mte on static display at the Deutsches Technikmuseum in Berlin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Goodall" />
- T.2B-127 – CASA 352L on static display at Flugausstellung Peter Junior in Hermeskeil, Rhineland-Palatinate.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Goodall" />
- T.2B-140 – CASA 352L on static display at the Technik Museum Sinsheim in Sinsheim, Baden-Württemberg.<ref name="TMS">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Goodall" />
- T.2B-144 – CASA 352L on static display at the Visitors Park at Munich Airport in Munich, Bavaria.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Goodall" />
- T.2B-209 – CASA 352L on static display at the Technik Museum Speyer in Speyer.<ref name="Goodall" />
- T.2B-257 – CASA 352L on static display at the Technik Museum Sinsheim in Sinsheim.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Norway
- 6306 – Ju 52/3mg3e on static display at the Norwegian Aviation Museum in Bodø, Nordland.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Goodall" />
- 6657 – Ju 52/3mg4e on static display at the Norwegian Armed Forces Aircraft Collection in Gardermoen, Viken.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Goodall" />
- Poland
- 48 – AAC.1 on static display at the Polish Aviation Museum in Kraków.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Goodall" />
- Portugal
- 6304 – Ju 52/3mg3e on static display at the Museu do Ar in Sintra, Lisbon.<ref name="Goodall" />
- Serbia
- 7208 – AAC.1 on static display at the Aeronautical Museum Belgrade in Surčin, Belgrade.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Goodall" />
- Spain
- T.2B-211 – CASA 352L on static display at the Museo del Aire in Cuatro Vientos, Madrid.<ref name="MdA">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Goodall" />
- T.2B-246 – CASA 352L on static display at Torrejon Air Base in Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid.<ref name="Goodall" />
- T.2B-254 – CASA 352L on static display at the Museo del Aire in Cuatro Vientos, Madrid.<ref name="MdA" /><ref name="Goodall" />
- Sweden
- T.2B-142 – CASA 352L on static display at the Template:Ill in Ugglarp, Halland.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Goodall" />
- United Kingdom
_at_RAF_Museum_Cosford.jpg){kind=link}
- T.2B-272 – CASA 352L on static display at the Kent Battle of Britain Museum in Hawkinge, Kent.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- United States
- T.2B-244 – CASA 352L in storage at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio. The aircraft was donated to the museum by the Spanish government in 1971.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- T.2B-255 – CASA 352L on static display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum in Chantilly, Virginia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Goodall" />
- T.2B-262 – CASA 352L in storage at the Fantasy of Flight in Polk City, Florida.<ref name="Goodall" />
Under restorationEdit
- Switzerland
- A-701 – Ju 52/3mg4e under restoration to airworthy with Template:Ill in Dübendorf, Zürich.<ref name="JAF">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Goodall" /><ref name="JAO">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- A-703 – Ju 52/3mg4e under restoration to airworthy with Ju-Air in Dübendorf, Zürich.<ref name="JAF" /><ref name="Goodall" /><ref name="JAO" />
- T.2B-165 – CASA 352L under restoration to airworthy with Ju-Air in Dübendorf, Zürich.<ref name="JAF" /><ref name="JAO" /> It was previously on public display at Düsseldorf Airport as D-CIAK.<ref name="Goodall" />
Specifications (Junkers Ju 52/3m g3e)Edit
See alsoEdit
- Other
ReferencesEdit
CitationsEdit
BibliographyEdit
- Afonso, Aniceto and Carlos de Matos Gomes. Guerra Colonial (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Editorial Notícias, 2000. Template:ISBN.
- Andersson, Lennart. "Chinese 'Junks': Junkers Aircraft Exports to China 1925-1940". Air Enthusiast, No. 55, Autumn 1994, pp. 2–7. {{#if:0143-5450|Template:Catalog lookup link{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Template:Error-small}}
- Template:Cite book
- Blewett, R. Survivors (Aviation Classics). Coulsdon, UK: Gatwick Aviation Society, 2007. Template:ISBN.
- Template:Cite journal
- Craven, Wesley Frank, and Cate, James Lea, editors (1949). The Army Air Forces in World War II, Volume Two - Europe: Torch to Pointblank: August 1942-December 1943 Template:Webarchive Air Force Historical Studies Office, Template:ISBN.
- Template:Cite journal
- Gerdessen, Frederik. "Estonian Air Power 1918 – 1945". Air Enthusiast, No. 18, April – July 1982. pp. 61–76. {{#if:0143-5450|Template:Catalog lookup link{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Template:Error-small}}.
- Green, William. Warplanes of the Third Reich. New York: Doubleday, 1972. Template:ISBN.
- Grey, Charles Gibson and Leonard Bridgman. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1938. London: Newton Abott, David & Charles, 1972. Template:ISBN.
- Hoffmann, Peter. Hitler's Personal Security: Protecting The Fuhrer 1921-1945. New York: Da Capo Press, 2000. Template:ISBN.
- Jackson, A. J.British Civil Aircraft 1919-59, Vol. 2. London: Putnam, 1960.
- Jane, Fred T. "The Junkers Ju 52/3m." Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London: Studio, 1946. Template:ISBN.
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- Template:Cite journal
- Morzik, Generalmajor Fritz "German Air Force Air Lift Operations", USAF Historical Division, 1961.
- Smith, J. R. "Aircraft Profile No. 177: The Junkers Ju 52 Series". Profile Publications Ltd, 1966.
- Smith, J. R. and Antony L. Kay. German Aircraft of the Second World War. London: Putnam, 1972. Template:ISBN.
- Weal, John. Jagdgeschwader 27 'Afrika'. Oxford, UK: Osprey, 2003. Template:ISBN.
Further readingEdit
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite journal
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- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
External linksEdit
- Deutsche Lufthansa Berlin Stiftung
- Junkers Ju 52/3m at the Norwegian Aviation Museum Template:Webarchive
Template:Junkers aircraft Template:AircraftDesignationNavboxShell Template:Authority control