Justin S. Morrill

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Justin Smith Morrill (April 14, 1810Template:Spaced ndashDecember 28, 1898) was an American politician and entrepreneur who represented Vermont in the United States House of Representatives (1855–1867) and United States Senate (1867–1898). He is most widely remembered for Morrill Land-Grant Acts that provided federal funding for establishing many of the United States' public colleges and universities following a movement led by Jonathan Baldwin Turner. He is also remembered for the Morrill Tariff. Originally a Whig, after that party became defunct Morrill was one of the founders of the Republican Party.<ref>McCarthy, Daniel (May 5, 2008) Fewer Bases, More Baseball Template:Webarchive, The American Conservative</ref>

A native of Strafford, Vermont, Morrill was educated in the schools of Strafford, Thetford Academy and Randolph Academy. He worked as a merchant's clerk in Maine and Vermont, then embarked on a business career. In partnership with Jedediah H. Harris, Morrill owned and operated several stores in towns throughout Vermont.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The success of his stores enabled Morrill to invest profitably in a farm, banks, railroads, and real estate.

Morrill was active in politics as a Whig, and was elected to Congress in 1854. The party became defunct soon afterwards, and Morrill was a founder of the new Republican Party. He won reelection to the U.S. House every two years from 1856 to 1864, and he served from March 1857 to March 1867. During his House service, Morrill served as chairman of the Ways and Means Committee and the House Republican Conference.

In 1866, Morrill was elected to the U.S. Senate, and he served from March 1867 until his death. During his Senate career, Morrill was chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and the Joint Committee on Public Buildings. Morrill died in Washington, D.C., on December 28, 1898. He was buried at Strafford Cemetery.

Early lifeEdit

Morrill was born in Strafford, Vermont, on April 14, 1810, the son of Mary Hunt (Proctor) Morrill and Nathaniel Morrill, a farmer, blacksmith, and militia leader who attained the rank of colonel.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Morrill attended the common schools of Strafford, Thetford Academy and Randolph Academy.Template:Sfn He then trained for a business career by working as a merchant's clerk in Strafford and Portland, Maine. Template:Sfn He then was a merchant in Strafford, and the partnership in which he participated with Judge Jedediah H. Harris grew to own and operate four stores throughout the state.<ref>Hiram Carleton, Genealogical and Family History of the State of Vermont Template:Webarchive, Volume 1, 1903, page 83</ref> Morrill also served in local offices including Town Auditor and Justice of the Peace.<ref>Richard Zuczek, Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era Template:Webarchive, Volume 2, page 422</ref>

One of Judge Harris's daughters married Portus Baxter, who also served in Congress. Baxter and Morrill became close friends as a result of the connection to Judge Harris, with Morrill referring to Baxter as "one of nature's noblemen" and Baxter consciously patterning his business and political career on Morrill's.<ref>William Belmont Parker, The Life and Public Services of Justin Smith Morrill Template:Webarchive, 1924, page 52</ref>

Morrill invested in several successful ventures, including banks, railroads, and real estate.<ref name="Martinez">Template:Cite book</ref> By the late 1840s he was financially secure enough to retire, and he became a gentleman farmer.<ref name="Martinez"/>

In addition to farming, Morrill became active in the Whig Party, including serving as chairman of the Orange County Whig Committee, a member of the Vermont State Whig Committee, and a Delegate to the 1852 Whig National Convention.<ref>Alfred Charles True, A History of Agricultural Education in the United States: 1785–1925, 1929, page 95</ref>

Congressional careerEdit

File:Justin Smith Morrill (cwpbh.04981) (cropped).jpg

Justin Smith Morrill (pictured between 1865 and 1880)

In 1854 Morrill was elected to the Thirty-fourth Congress as a Whig.Template:Sfn He was a founder of the Republican Party, and won reelection five times as a Republican, serving from March 4, 1855, to March 3, 1867.Template:Sfn He served as chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means in the Thirty-ninth Congress.Template:Sfn He also served on the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, which drafted the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

In 1866 Morrill was elected to the U.S. Senate as a Union Republican.Template:Sfn He was reelected as a Republican in 1872, 1878, 1884, 1890, and 1896, and served from March 4, 1867, until his death, almost thirty-one years.Template:Sfn He served as chairman of the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds (Forty-first through Forty-fourth Congresses) where he played a vital role in obtaining the current Library of Congress main building through his work on the Joint Select Committee on Additional Accommodations for the Library.Template:Sfn He also served as chairman of the Committee on Finance (Forty-fifth, Forty-seventh through Fifty-second, Fifty-fourth and Fifty-fifth Congresses).Template:Sfn In addition, Morrill was a regent of the Smithsonian Institution from 1883 to 1898 and a trustee of the University of Vermont from 1865 to 1898.Template:Sfn

LegislationEdit

File:Morrill Hall.jpg

Morrill Hall at Iowa State University, one of several Morrill Halls at colleges created by the Morrill Act

The Morrill Tariff of 1861 was a protective tariff law adopted on March 2, 1861. Passed after anti-tariff southerners had left Congress during the process of secession, Morrill designed it with the advice of Pennsylvania economist Henry C. Carey.<ref>Cynthia Clark Northrup, Elaine C. Prange Turney, Encyclopedia of Tariffs and Trade in U.S. History Template:Webarchive, 2003, page 265</ref> It was one of the last acts signed into law by James Buchanan, and replaced the Tariff of 1857.<ref>Alvin S. Felzenberg, The Leaders We Deserved (and a Few we Didn't)Template:Dead link, 2010, page 190</ref> Additional tariffs Morrill sponsored were passed to raise revenue during the American Civil War.<ref>Bob Navarro, The Country in Conflict Template:Webarchive, 2008, page 105</ref>

Morrill is best known for sponsoring the Morrill Act, also known as the Land Grant College Act. This act was signed into law by Abraham Lincoln in 1862, and established federal funding for higher education in every state of the country. In his own words:

This bill proposes to establish at least one college in every State upon a sure and perpetual foundation, accessible to all, but especially to the sons of toil, where all of needful science for the practical avocations of life shall be taught, where neither the higher graces of classical studies nor that military drill our country now so greatly appreciates will be entirely ignored, and where agriculture, the foundation of all present and future prosperity, may look for troops of earnest friends, studying its familiar and recondite economies, and at last elevating it to that higher level where it may fearlessly invoke comparison with the most advanced standards of the world.{{#if:Justin Smith Morrill, 1862, as quoted by William Belmont Parker, The Life and Public Services of Justin Smith Morrill|{{#if:|}}
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He also authored the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act of 1862, which targeted the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, based on the then-existing practice of plural marriage (polygamy). It imposed a five-hundred dollar fine and up to five years imprisonment for the crime of polygamy. On January 6, 1879, in Reynolds v. United States the Supreme Court, upheld the Anti-Bigamy Act's ban on plural marriage.<ref>Michael S. Durham, Desert Between the Mountains Template:Webarchive, 1999, page 199</ref><ref>Richard Neitzel Holzapfel, The Utah Journey Template:Webarchive, 2009, page 211</ref><ref>Gordon Morris Bakken, editor, Law in the Western United States Template:Webarchive, 2000, page 292</ref>

While serving in the U.S. House, Morrill secured passage of legislation to establish the National Statuary Hall Collection inside the United States Capitol.<ref name="Statuary">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Under the provisions of this 1864 law, each state is permitted to provide two statues of noteworthy citizens for display inside the Capitol.<ref name="Statuary"/>

A second Land Grant College Act in 1890 targeted the former Confederate states and led to the creation of several historically black colleges and universities.<ref>Roger L. Geiger, editor, History of Higher Education Annual Template:Webarchive, 1998, page 81</ref>

The Land Grant College Acts ultimately led to the founding of 106 colleges including many state universities, polytechnic colleges, and agricultural and mechanical colleges.<ref>Epsilon Sigma Phi, Land Grant Universities Template:Webarchive, retrieved March 10, 2014</ref>

Personal LifeEdit

File:Justin Morrill Mausoleum.jpg

Mausoleum of Senator Justin Smith Morrill in Strafford, Vermont

In 1851, Morrill married Ruth Barrell Swan (1822–1898) of Easton, Massachusetts.Template:Sfn They had two children. Justin Harris Morrill (1853–1855) died in childhood. James Swan Morrill (1857–1910) graduated from the University of Vermont in 1880 and Columbian College Law School in 1882. He was a lawyer and farmer and served in a variety of offices including as a member of the Vermont House of Representatives.<ref>Hiram Carleton, Genealogical and Family History of the State of Vermont Template:Webarchive, Volume 1, 1903, page 85</ref><ref>Vermont Secretary of State, Legislative Manual Template:Webarchive, 1902, page 107</ref><ref>Washington Post, James S. Morrill Dead, July 29, 1910</ref><ref>George Washington University, General Alumni Catalogue of George Washington University, 1917, page 174</ref> He wrote Self-Consciousness of Noted Persons, published in 1886.<ref>Template:Cite NSRW A facsimile of the book is available at archive.org.</ref>

Morrill died in Washington, D.C. on December 28, 1898.<ref>Leonard C. Schlup, James G. Ryan, Historical Dictionary of the Gilded Age Template:Webarchive, 2003, page 321</ref> He was buried at Strafford Cemetery.<ref>Inter-state Journal magazine, The Morrill Mausoleum Template:Webarchive, September 1900, page 3</ref>

At the time of Morrill's death his 43 years and 299 days of continuous Congressional service was the longest in U.S. history. He has since been surpassed, but still ranks 31st as of the end of the 118th Congress (December 2024).

LegacyEdit

File:JSMorrill-House.jpg

The Morrill Homestead in Strafford, Vermont

The Justin Smith Morrill Homestead in Strafford is a National Historic Landmark.<ref>U.S. Government Printing Office, House Resolution 1253 Template:Webarchive, Commemorating the 200th anniversary of the birth of Vermont Senator Justin Smith Morrill, April 14, 2010</ref>

Many colleges established under the Morrill Act created a 'Morrill Hall' in his honor.<ref>Robert F. Wilson, Vermont Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff Template:Webarchive, 2008</ref>

Morrill was initiated into the Delta Upsilon fraternity as an honorary member in 1864.<ref>Delta Upsilon fraternity, The Delta Upsilon Quarterly Template:Webarchive, Volume 11, 1892, page 30</ref> He received honorary degrees from the University of Vermont, University of Pennsylvania, Dartmouth College, and many other institutions.<ref>D. Appleton and Company, Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events Template:Webarchive, 1898, page 559</ref>

Justin Morrill College at Michigan State University was named for him.<ref>Michigan State University, College of Arts and Letters, Justin Morrill College, 1965–1979 Template:Webarchive, retrieved March 10, 2014</ref>

In 1962, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 4 cent postage stamp to celebrate the centennial of the Morrill Land-Grant College Act. In 1999, the Postal Service issued a 55 cent Great Americans series postage stamp of Morrill to honor his role in establishing the land grant colleges.<ref>Cornell University, Senator Justin S. Morrill: The Land-Grant College Act and Cornell Template:Webarchive, retrieved March 10, 2014</ref>

In 1967 Ohio State University opened two residence halls on its campus. Named for Morrill and Abraham Lincoln, they are also known as The Towers.<ref name="Ohio Stadium (late 1940s)">Template:Cite news</ref> They are the tallest buildings on the OSU campus, and among the tallest in Columbus Ohio.