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Kabardian language

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Template:Short description {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other Template:Circassians

File:WIKITONGUES- Yinal speaking Adyghe and Kabardian.webm
Yinal speaking Kabardian.

Kabardian (Template:IPAc-en),<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh</ref>Template:Efn also known as Template:Nowrap, is a Northwest Caucasian language, that is widely considered to be the eastern dialect of Adyghe. While some Soviet linguists have treated the two as distinct languages, the Circassians (including Kabardian people) consider the eastern and western language variants to be dialects of one Circassian language.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

It is spoken mainly in parts of the North Caucasus republics of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia (Eastern Circassia), and in Turkey, Jordan and Syria (the extensive post-war diaspora). It has 47 or 48 consonant phonemes, of which 22 or 23 are fricatives, depending upon whether one counts {{#invoke:IPA|main}} as phonemic, but it has only 3 phonemic vowels. It is one of very few languages to possess a clear phonemic distinction between ejective affricates and ejective fricatives.

Some linguists argue that Kabardian is only one dialect of an overarching Adyghe or Circassian language, which consists of all of the dialects of Adyghe and Kabardian together, and the Kabardians themselves most often refer to their language using the Circassian term Adighabze ("Adyghe language"). Several linguists, including Georges Dumézil, have used the terms "eastern Circassian" (Kabardian) and "western Circassian" (Adyghe) to avoid that confusion, but both "Circassian" and "Kabardian" may still be found in linguistic literature. There are several key phonetic and lexical differences that create a reasonably well-defined separation between the eastern and the western Circassian dialects, but the degree to which the two are mutually intelligible has not yet been determined. The matter is also complicated somewhat by the existence of Besleney, which is usually considered Template:By whom a dialect of Kabardian but also shares many features with certainTemplate:Which dialects of Adyghe.

Kabardian is written in a form of Cyrillic and serves as the literary language for Circassians in both Kabardino-Balkaria (where it is usually called the "Kabardian language") and Karachay-Cherkessia (where it is called the "Cherkess language").

Like all other Northwest Caucasian languages, Kabardian is ergative and has an extremely complex verbal system.

Since 2004, the Turkish broadcasting corporation TRT has maintained a half-an-hour programme a week in the Terek dialect of Kabardian.

DialectsEdit

Template:Tree list

  • East Circassian
    • Kabardian
      • West Kabardian
      • Central Kabardian
        • Baksan (basis for the literary language)
        • Malka
      • Eastern Kabardian
        • Terek
        • Mozdok
      • North Kabardian
        • Mulka
        • Zabardiqa (1925 until 1991 Soviet Zaparika)
    • Baslaney dialect (Template:Langx)

Template:Tree list/end

PhonologyEdit

The phoneme written Л л is pronounced as a voiced alveolar lateral fricative Template:IPAblink mostly by the Circassians of Kabarda and Cherkessia, but many Kabardians pronounce it as an alveolar lateral approximant Template:IPAblink in diaspora.<ref name="Phonetic Structures of Turkish Kabardian">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The series of labialized alveolar sibilant affricates and fricatives that exist in Adyghe {{#invoke:IPA|main}} became labiodental consonants {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in Kabardian, for example the Kabardian words мафӏэ {{#invoke:IPA|main}} "fire", зэвы {{#invoke:IPA|main}} "narrow", фыз {{#invoke:IPA|main}} "wife" and вакъэ {{#invoke:IPA|main}} "shoe" are pronounced as машӏо {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, зэжъу {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, шъуз {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and цуакъэ {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in Adyghe. Kabardian has a labialized voiceless velar fricative {{#invoke:IPA|main}} which correspond to Adyghe {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, for example the Adyghe word "тфы" (Template:Audio-IPA "five" is тху (Template:Audio-IPA) in Kabardian. In the Beslenei dialect, there exists an alveolar lateral ejective affricate {{#invoke:IPA|main}} which corresponds to Template:IPAblink in literary Kabardian.<ref name="UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive - Recording Details for Kabardian Baslanei dialect">UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive – Recording Details for Kabardian Baslanei dialect. In the first word list called kbd_word-list_1970_01.html The words "man" and "quarter" are pronounced as {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} compare to Standard Kabardian {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}</ref> The Turkish Kabardians (Uzunyayla) and Besleneys have a palatalized voiced velar stop {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and a palatalized velar ejective {{#invoke:IPA|main}} which corresponds to {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in literary Kabardian.<ref name="Phonetic Structures of Turkish Kabardian"/><ref name="A phonetic comparison of Kabardian spoken in the caucasus and Diaspora">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

ConsonantsEdit

Labial Alveolar Post-
alveolar 		Alveolo-
palatal 		Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Central Lateral plain lab. pal. plain lab. plain lab.
Nasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Plosive ejective Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link)1
voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link2 Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link2 Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link)1
Affricate ejective Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Fricative ejective Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Approximant Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Trill Template:IPA link
  1. In some Kabardian dialects (e.g. Baslaney dialect, Uzunyayla dialect), there is a palatalized voiced velar stop Template:IPAblink and a palatalized velar ejective Template:IPAblink that were merged with Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink in most Kabardian dialects.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> For example, the Baslaney words "гьанэ" Template:Ipa "shirt" and "кӏьапсэ" Template:Ipa "rope" are pronounced in other Kabardian dialects as "джанэ" Template:Ipa and кӏапсэ Template:Ipa.
  2. Consonants that exist only in borrowed words.

The glottalization of the ejective stops (but not fricatives) can be quite weak, and has been reported to often be creaky voice, that is, to have laryngealized voicing. Something similar seems to have happened historically in the Veinakh languages.

VowelsEdit

Kabardian has a vertical vowel system. Although many surface vowels appear, they can be analyzed as consisting of at most the following three phonemic vowels: {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref name="jipa">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="halle">Halle, Morris. "Is Kabardian a Vowel-Less Language?" Foundations of Language, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Feb., 1970), pp. 95–103.</ref><ref name="kuipers">Kuipers, Aert. "Phoneme and Morpheme in Kabardian", 1960, Janua Linguarum: Series Minor, Nos. 8–9. 's-Gravenhage: Mouton and Co.</ref>

The following allophones of the short vowels {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} appear:<ref>Kuipers, pp. 22–23.</ref><ref>Halle, pp. 96–98.</ref>

Feature Description Not preceding labialized cons. Preceding labialized cons.
Template:IPAslink Template:IPAslink Template:IPAslink Template:IPAslink
[+high, -back] main}} Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink
[-round, +back] main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink
[+round, +back] After labialized palatovelars, uvulars and laryngeals Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink
[-high, -back] After other consonants Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink ? ?

According to Kuipers,<ref>Kuipers, p. 23.</ref>

These symbols must be understood as each covering a wide range of sub-variants. For example, i stands for a sound close to cardinal {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in 'ji' "eight", for a sound close to English {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in "kit" in the word x'i "sea", etc. In fact, the short vowels, which are found only after consonants, have different variants after practically every series defined as to point of articulation and presence or absence of labialization or palatalization, and the number of variants is multiplied by the influence of the consonant (or zero) that follows.

Most of the long vowels appear as automatic variants of a sequence of short vowel and glide, when it occurs in a single syllable:<ref name="jipa"/><ref name="kuipers"/>

  • {{#invoke:IPA|main}} = {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
  • {{#invoke:IPA|main}} = {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
  • {{#invoke:IPA|main}} = {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
  • {{#invoke:IPA|main}} = {{#invoke:IPA|main}}

This leaves only the vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. Kuipers claims that this can be analyzed as underlying {{#invoke:IPA|main}} when word-initial, and underlying {{#invoke:IPA|main}} elsewhere, based on the following facts:<ref>Kuipers, pp. 32–39.</ref>

  • {{#invoke:IPA|main}} occurs only in the plural suffix {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, which does not occur word-initially.
  • {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is the only word-initial vowel; analyzing it as {{#invoke:IPA|main}} makes the language underlyingly universally consonant-initial.
  • Certain complications involving stress and morphophonemic alternations are dramatically simplified by these assumptions.

Halle finds Kuipers' analysis "exemplary".<ref>Halle, p. 98.</ref> Gordon and Applebaum note this analysis, but also note that some authors disagree, and as a result prefer to maintain a phoneme {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref name="jipa"/>

In a later section of his monograph, Kuipers also attempts to analyze the two vowels phonemes {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} out of existence. Halle, however,<ref name="halle"/> shows that this analysis is flawed, as it requires the introduction of multiple new phonemes to carry the information formerly encoded by the two vowel phonemes.

The vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}} appears in some loan words; it is often pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Citation needed

The diphthong {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in some dialects. {{#invoke:IPA|main}} may be realised as {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} as {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} as {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. This monophthongisation does not occur in all dialects.Template:Citation needed

The vowels {{#invoke:IPA|main}} can have the semi-vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in front of it.Template:Citation needed

OrthographyEdit

The official alphabet used for writing Kabardian, is Cyrillic alphabet, including additional letters, totalling 59 letters. Digraphs, trigraphs, and one tetragraph, are counted as independent letters on their own. The Cyrillic alphabet in its current form has been the official alphabet since 1938. Kabardian alphabet, while having minor differences reflecting dialectical variations, is very similar to orthography of the Adyghe language, the other prominent Circassian language.

Kabardian is also unofficially written and taught in Latin, in some diaspora communities, especially in Turkey where government-backing of a Latin-based script has been a cause for controversy and opposition among Kabardians who still overwhelmingly favor Cyrillic.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

HistoryEdit

File:Nogma arabic alphabet, 1825.PNG
Nogma's Arabic alphabet (1825)
File:Алфавит Бекмурзы Пачева (1881).PNG
Bekmurza Pachev's Arabic alphabet (1881)
File:Kabarda latin alphabet.jpg
The Latin alphabet for Kabardian, 1930 version<ref>Ţ. Borьquej. Ja pe ļевaqve. — Nalşьk, 1930.</ref>

Prior to the 19th century, Kabardian did not have a literary tradition yet, and it did not have a native orthography. At the time, Ottoman Turkish was used as the literary language by Circassians. Starting in the 1820s, efforts at compiling and standardizing Arabic-based scripts were undertaken by various Kabardian literaturists, and by the early 1920s, an officially-adopted Perso-Arabic-based script was in widespread educational and literary use. However, in 1924, Kabardian Arabic alphabet was discarded and replaced with Latin.. A second version of Latin script was adopted in 1930. This lasted for another 6 years, and in 1936, Latin alphabet was discarded in favour of Cyrillic. Kabardian Cyrillic alphabet underwent an iteration of modification in 1938, and the 1938 version has been in popular and official use ever since.<ref name="urys">Template:Cite book</ref>

The first ever notable attempt at compiling an orthography for Kabardian was conducted by famous Kabardian poet, Sh. Nogma, in 1825. His alphabet consisted of 42 letters, including 15 letters introduced by him, some of which had unusual forms, diverging from the conventional rasm (base of letters which are then used for addition of dots and diacritics). His alphabet thus did not take hold.<ref name="urys"/>

In 1830, in collaboration with Russian philologist and orientalist, Template:Interlanguage link, Nogma developed a Cyrillic-based script for Kabardian.<ref name="urys"/>

In 1865, an alphabet book in a Kabardian orthography similar to that of Abkhaz was written by Template:Interlanguage link, based on an orthography used by Peter von Uslar in 1862.<ref name="Кумахова">Template:Cite book</ref> It is as follows:<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

а б в β г ӷ гᷱ д
ҩ е ж з ӡ z һ і
ј к қ л м н о п
ԥ ԛ ԛᷱ File:Cyrillic small letter Shha with hook.svg р с ҫ т
ҭ у ф х х̓ ц File:Cyrillic capital letter Cil.svg File:Cyrillic capital letter Char.svg
ш ղ ղᷱ ѵ

Over the decades, the popularity in use of Arabic-derived script increased. In 1881, the poet Template:Interlanguage link compiled a standardized Perso-Arabic script for Kabardian consisting of 39 letters. He published various literature and wrote poetry in this version of the alphabet. The Arabic alphabet was gaining universal acceptance and increasing usage among Kabardian Circassians.<ref name="urys"/>

In 1908, Nuri Tsagov compiled another iteration of the Perso-Arabic alphabet, better suited for all consonant and vowel phonemes of Kabardian. This version of the alphabet was widely accepted, with many authors utilizing it to publish books and literature, including a primer. The alphabet gained official status in education and later also inspired the standardization of Arabic-based orthography for Adyghe language by Akhmetov Bekukh.<ref name="urys"/>

In line with the general linguistic policy of the Soviet Union at the time, the existing Perso-Arabic script was replaced with a newly developed Kabardian Latin alphabet in 1924. Khuranov is credited for first compiling the first version of Latin alphabet in May 1923. This version closely resembled the Latin alphabet adopted for Adyghe language in 1927. This alphabet consisted of many newly created letters, some even borrowed from Cyrillic. Another interesting feature of this iteration of Adyghe Latin Alphabet was that there was no distinction between lower case and upper case letters. Each letter only had one single case. The alphabet consisted of а b w d g ꜧ File:Latin small letter Ghe with middle hook.svg е ӡ z ž ⱬ i j k ⱪ q qh l File:Latin small letter L with descender.svg lh m n o p ph r s š ş t th v f fh x х̌ ɦ c ç ch y h u è ù â ỳ.<ref name="urys"/>

Kabardian Latin alphabet underwent another update in 1925. In this version, many of the newly created letters were removed in favour of introduction of accents and diacritics over base Latin letters. In this version, upper-case/lower-case distinction was reintroduced. The alphabet consisted of the following letters: A a, B b, V v, D d, E e, G g, Gu gu, Z z, Ž ž, Z̧ z̧, Ӡ ӡ, Ꜧ ꜧ, Ꜧu ꜧu, I i, J j, K k, Ku ku, Ⱪ ⱪ, Ⱪu ⱪu, Q q, Qu qu, Qh qh, Qhu qhu, L l, File:Latin capital letter L with descender.svgFile:Latin small letter L with descender.svg, Lh lh, M m, N n, O o, P p, Ph ph, R r, S s, Š š, Ş ş, T t, Th th, U u, F f, Fh fh, X x, Xu xu, X̌ x̌, X̌u x̌u, ɦ, C c, Ç ç, Ch ch, Y y, H h, ', Ù ù, Je je, Jo jo, Ju ju, Ja ja.<ref name="urys"/>

In 1930, the Kabardian Latin alphabet was replaced by a new version derived from the nationally-adopted new standard, Yañalif.<ref name="urys"/>

In 1936, Kabardian was one of the languages in the Soviet Union to switch to Cyrillic alphabet. Template:Interlanguage link, Kabardian public figure and linguist is credited with the compilation of the first official Cyrillic alphabet for Kabardian. They consisted of the following: А а, 'А 'а, Б б, В в, Г г, Гъ гъ, Д д, Е е, Ж ж, Жь жь, З з, И и, Й й, К к, К' к', Л л, Ль ль, Л' л', М м, Н н, О о, П п, П' п', Р р, С с, Т т, Т' т', У у, 'У 'у, Ф ф, Ф' ф', Х х, Хь хь, Хъ хъ, Ц ц, Ц' ц', Ч ч, Ш ш, Щ щ, Щ' щ', Ъ ъ, Ы ы, Ь ь, Э э, Ю ю, Я я. The extensive reliance on use of apostrophes made the alphabet inconvenient to learn and use. Thus two years later, in 1938, Template:Interlanguage link led a commission that reformed the Cyrillic alphabet to its present form.<ref name="urys"/>

Among the diasporic Circassian communities, the situation with respect to orthography has been more complex. Some groups have advocated for use of Latin or Arabic in line with the language of the larger society in which Circassian communities reside. On the other hand, since the adoption of Cyrillic in Circassia others have advocated for continued use of Cyrillic as it helps maintain contact with the Circassian homeland and the literary tradition there. This divergence goes back to the early 20th century, when in 1909, Muhammad Pchegatlukov developed a new and independent Arabic-based writing system in the Ottoman Empire. His proposed script did not manage to displace the main orthography of the time in the Circassian homeland, i.e. Nuri Tsagov's script.

More recently, there has been developments in Turkey. In the 2000s, the Konya-based Adyghe Language Teaching Association (ADDER) has compiled a Latin alphabet for Kabardian. While many in the Circassian community have opposed the move, the endorsement of the project by Turkey's ruling party, AK Party, has resulted in the boosting of ADDER script and its usage in development of new educational material.<ref name="alMonitor">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The alphabet consists of the following letters:A a, B b, C c, Ç ç, Ć ć, D d, E e, É é, F f, Ḟ ḟ, G g, Ǵ ǵ, Ğ ğ, H h, Ḣ ḣ, I ı, İ i, J j, Ĵ ĵ, K k, Ḱ ḱ, Ǩ ǩ, L l, Ĺ ĺ, M m, N n, O o, Ö ö, P p, Ṕ ṕ, Q q, R r, S s, Ś ś, Š š, Ş ş, Ṩ ṩ, T t, Ṫ ṫ, U u, Ü ü, W w, V v, X x, Y y, Z z, Ź ź, '<ref name="ADDER1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="ADDER2">6.Sınıf Adıgabze Çerkesçe Ders Kitabı pdf indir (Doğu Diyalekti). Link: [1]. Download link: https://www.mebders.com/indir/8373</ref>


File:Кабардинские алфавиты.PNG
1 – modern alphabet, 2 – alphabet of 1930, 3 – Khuranov's alphabet, 4 – Tsagov's alphabet, 5 – Lopatin's alphabet, 6 – Atazhukin's alphabet, 7 – Nogma's alphabet

Kabardian Cyrillic alphabetEdit

The table below lists the 59-letter Kabardian Cyrillic alphabet. Dighraphs, trigraphs, and a tetragraph are counted as independent letters.

Cyrillic IPA Perso-Arabic (before 1924)<ref name="urys"/> Scholarly transliteration<ref>KABARDIAN</ref> ADDER transliteration<ref name="ADDER1"/><ref name="ADDER2"/><ref name="ADDER3">Benk, A. C. (2020, October 1). Adder alfabesi. Jineps Gazetesi. https://jinepsgazetesi.com/2020/10/adder-alfabesi/</ref> BGN/PCGN transliteration<ref>ROMANIZATION OF KABARDIAN BGN/PCGN 2011 System</ref>
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}Template:Efn {{#invoke:IPA|main}} - - - {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}Template:Efn Template:IPAblink - - - {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}Template:Efn Template:IPAblink - - - {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:IPAblink {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

ADDER Latin alphabetEdit

Since the genocide and forced expulsion of Circassians in their homeland in the second half of the 19th century, most Circassians have been living as diaspora communities in countries such as Turkey, Syria, Jordan, and elsewhere. In fact, more Circassians live in the diaspora than within Circassia. As far as orthographic conventions among diasporic communities is concerned, a majority of diaspora Circasians have tried to follow the conventions and literary practices in place among people living in the Circassian homeland. This is to help diaspora communities maintain ties to their homeland. Therefore, before 1924, the Arabic-based scripts developed for Western and Eastern (Kabardian) Circassian, also took roots among the diaspora communities. This is also why for the past decades up till today, the majority of Circassians, be they in Turkey or Jordan or elsewhere, have adopted the Cyrillic alphabet and insist on educating the new generation in Cyrillic alphabet.

Nevertheless, the issue of orthography has not been without controversy among diaspora communities. In the 2000s in Turkey, the Konya-based Adyghe Language Teaching Association (ADDER) has compiled a Latin alphabet for Kabardian. While many in the Circassian community have opposed the move, the endorsement of the project by Turkey's ruling party, AK Party, has resulted in the boosting of ADDER script. Since then, government-endorsed education material and primers have been prepared in ADDER Latin script.<ref name="alMonitor"/>

Table below lists the 49-letter Kabardian Latin (ADDER) alphabet and their respective Cyrillic equivalents.<ref name="ADDER1"/><ref name="ADDER2"/><ref name="ADDER3"/> Highlighted letters are not considered independent letters, but are digraphs and are used to correspond to specific Kabardian phonemes.

A a
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		Á á
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		B b
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		C c
Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		Ć ć
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		Ç ç
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		D d
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		E e
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
É é
{{#invoke:IPA|main}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		F f
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		Ḟ ḟ
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		F f
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		G g
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		Ǵ ǵ
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		Ğ ğ
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		H h
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Ḣ ḣ
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		I ı
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		İ i
{{#invoke:IPA|main}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		J j
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		Ĵ ĵ
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		K k
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		Ḱ ḱ
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		Ǩ ǩ
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
L l
Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		Ĺ ĺ
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		Ĺ' ĺ'
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		M m
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		N n
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		O o
Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		Ö ö
{{#invoke:IPA|main}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		P p
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Ṕ ṕ
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		Q q
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		R r
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}} 		S s
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		Ś ś
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		Š š
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		Ş ş
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		Ş' ş'
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Ṩ ṩ
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		T t
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		Ṫ ṫ
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		U u
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		Ü ü
{{#invoke:IPA|main}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		W w
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		V v
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		X x
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Y y
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		Z z
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		Ź ź
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		'
Template:IPAblink
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

Kabardian Arabic alphabetEdit

Below table shows Kabardian Perso-Arabic alphabet, as it was the official script of Kabardian Circassian between 1908 and 1924, compiled by Nuri Tsagov.<ref name="urys"/>

Forms IPA Kabardian Cyrillic Equivalent Scholarly transliteration<ref>KABARDIAN</ref> Unicode Notes
Isolated Final Medial Initial
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ا}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـا }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـا }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| آ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| А а }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| Ā ā }} U+0622
U+0627
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ئ}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـئ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـئـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ئـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Ӏ ӏ }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no|ʾ}} U+0626
  1. This letter plays another role as well. It proceeds a vowel letter at the beginning of a word, with the exception of {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| آ }} (equivalent to Cyrillic А а)
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ؤ}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـؤ }} - - Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Ӏу Ӏу }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no|ʾ˚}} U+0624
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ە}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـە }} - {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ئە }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Э э }}
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Cyrl| Е е }}1 		lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| Ă ă }}
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| E e }} 		U+06D5
  1. The sound equivalent to Cyrillic letter "{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Е е }}" is represented by a digraph {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ئەیـ / ئەی / ـەی / ەی }}.
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|‍ہ‍}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـہ‍ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـہـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ئہـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Ы ы }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| Ə ə }} U+06C1
and
U+200D1
  1. The main character consists of U+06C1 (ـہ / ہ), and is always written in medial form. Thus, the use of Zero-width joiner (U+200D) may be necessary based on context. Below are sample scenarios:
    • {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| صہص }}
    • {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| د‍ہص }}
    • {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| صہ‍ }}
    • {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| د‍ہ‍ }}
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ب}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـب }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـبـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| بـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Б б }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| B b }} U+0628
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ت}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـت }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـتـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| تـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Т т }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| T t }} U+062A
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ث}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـث }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـثـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ثـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Ц ц }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| C c }} U+062B
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|پ}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـپ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـپـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| پـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| П п }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| P p }} U+067E
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ٮ}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـٮ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـٮـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ٮـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| ПӀ пӀ }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| Ṗ ṗ }} U+066E
  1. Equivalent to {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ࢠ }} (U+08A0) in Adyghe Arabic alphabet.
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ج}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـج }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـجـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| جـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Дж дж }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| Ǯʹ ǯʹ }} U+062C
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ح}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـح }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـحـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| حـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Хь хь }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| Ḥ ḥ }} U+062D
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|خ}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـخ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـخـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| خـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Хъ хъ }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| Ꭓ ꭓ }} U+062E
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ݗ}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـݗ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـݗـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ݗـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Х х }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| X x }} U+0757
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|چ}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـچ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـچـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| چـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Ч ч }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| Čʼ čʼ }} U+0686
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|د}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـد }} - - Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Д д }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| D d }} U+062F
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ذ}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـذ }} - - Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Дз дз }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| Ʒ ʒ }} U+0630
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ر}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـر }} - - Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Р р }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| R r }} U+0631
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ز}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـز }} - - Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| З з }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| Z z }} U+0632
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ژ}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـژ }} - - Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Ж ж }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| Ž ž }} U+0698
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ڗ}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـڗ }} - - Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| ЦӀ цӀ }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| C̣ c̣ }} U+0697
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|س}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـس }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـسـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| سـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| С с }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| S s }} U+0633
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ش}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـش }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـشـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| شـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Ш ш }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| Š š }} U+0634
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ص}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـص }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـصـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| صـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Щ щ }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| Ŝ ŝ }} U+0635
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ض}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـض }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـضـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ضـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Щӏ щӏ }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| Ṣ̂ ṣ̂ }} U+0636
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ط}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـط }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـطـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| طـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| ТӀ тӀ }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| Ṭ ṭ }} U+0637
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ظ}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـظ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـظـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ظـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Жь жь }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| Ẑ ẑ }} U+0638
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ع}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـع }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـعـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| عـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Гь' гь' }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| ʾ }} U+0639
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|غ}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـغ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـغـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| غـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Гъ гъ }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| Ġ ġ }} U+063A
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ف}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـف }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـفـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| فـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Ф ф }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| F f }} U+0641
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ڡ}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـڡ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـڡـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ڡـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Фӏ фӏ }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| F̣ f̣ }} U+06A1
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ق}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـق }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـقـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| قـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Къ къ }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| Q̇ q̇ }} U+0642
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ٯّ}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـٯّ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـٯّـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ٯّـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Кхъ кхъ }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| Q q }} U+066F
U+0651
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ک}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـک }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـکـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| کـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|ady-Cyrl| К к }} lang|ady-Latn|italic=no| K k }} U+0643
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|گ}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـگ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـگـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| گـ }} Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink (Template:IPAblink) lang|kbd-Cyrl| Г г }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| G g }} U+06AF
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ࢰ}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـࢰ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـࢰـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ࢰـ }} Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink (Template:IPAblink) lang|kbd-Cyrl| КӀ кӀ }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| Č̣ʼ č̣ʼ }}
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| Ḳ˚ ḳ˚ }} 		U+08B0
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ل}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـل }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـلـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| لـ }} Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Л л }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| L l }} U+0644
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ݪ}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـݪ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـݪـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ݪـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Лъ лъ }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| Ł ł }} U+076A
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ࢦ}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـࢦ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـࢦـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ࢦـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| ЛӀ лӀ }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| Ḷ ḷ }} U+08A6
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|م}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـم }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـمـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| مـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| М м }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| M m }} U+0645
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ن}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـن }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـنـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| نـ }} Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| Н н }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| N n }} U+0646
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|و}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـو }} - {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ئو / و }} Template:IPAblink / Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| У у }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| U u }}
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| W w }} 		U+0648
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ۆ}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـۆ }} - {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ئۆ }} Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| О о }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| O o }} U+06C6
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ۋ}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـۋ }} - - Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| В в }} lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| V v }} U+06CB
  1. Equivalent to {{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Arab| ڤ }} (U+06A4) in Adyghe Arabic alphabet.
{{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab|ی}} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـی }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ـیـ }} {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Arab| ئیـ / یـ }} Template:IPAblink / Template:IPAblink lang|kbd-Cyrl| И и }}
{{#invoke:lang|lang|ady-Cyrl| Й й }} 		lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| I i }} / {{#invoke:lang|lang|kbd-Latn|italic=no| J j }} U+06CC

GrammarEdit

Template:Main article Kabardian, like all Northwest Caucasian languages, has a basic agent–object–verb typology, and is characterized by ergative–absolutive alignment.

ExampleEdit

The following texts are excerpts from the official translations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Kabardian and Adyghe, along with the original declaration in English.

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Universal Declaration of Human Rights Цӏыху Хуэфащэхэм Теухуа Дунейпсо Джэпсалъэ Цӏыф Фэшъуашэхэм Афэгъэхьыгъэ Дунэепстэу Джэпсалъ
Article 1 1-нэ пычыгъуэ 1-нэрэ пычыгъу
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. ЦӀыху псори щхьэхуиту, я щӀыхьымрэ я хуэфащэхэмрэкӀэ зэхуэдэу къалъхур. Акъылрэ зэхэщӀыкӀ гъуазэрэ яӀэщи, зыр зым зэкъуэш зэхащІэ яку дэлъу зэхущытын хуейхэщ. ЦӀыф пстэури шъхьэфитэу, ялъытэныгъэрэ яфэшъуашэхэмрэкӀэ зэфэдэу къалъфы. Акъылрэ зэхэшӀыкӀ гъуазэрэ яӀэшъы, зыр зым зэкъош зэхашІэ азфагу дэлъэу зэфыщытынхэ фае.
Transliteration C‡yhu Huèfaŝèhèm Teuhua Dunejpso Džèpsalʺè C‡yf Fèšʺuašèhèm Afègʺèhʹygʺè Dunèepstèu Džèpsalʺ
1-nè pyčygʺuè 1-nèrè pyčygʺu
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Pronunciation main}} main}}
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ReferencesEdit

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NotesEdit

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SourcesEdit

External linksEdit

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  • {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Template:Northwest Caucasian languages Template:Languages of the Caucasus Template:Languages of Russia Template:Arabic script

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