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Kahuna

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File:USMC-101120-M-2339L-009.jpg
Priest conducting religious ceremony honoring the Hawaiian god Lono in Waimanalo, Hawaii

Kahuna ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Template:Langx) is a Hawaiian word that refers to an expert in any field. Historically, it has been used to refer to doctors, surgeons and dentists, as well as priests, ministers, and sorcerers.<ref name="def of kahuna ulukau">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

BackgroundEdit

A {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} may be versed in agriculture,<ref name="Kia">Archived at GhostarchiveTemplate:Cbignore and the Wayback MachineTemplate:Cbignore: {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Cbignore</ref><ref name="Kathy_Long_The_Three_Kahunas">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> canoe building, or any other skill or knowledge area. They may be called on by the community to bless new buildings and construction projects or to officiate weddings.<ref name="US_Census">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Heinze1991" />

Forty types of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} are listed in the book Tales from the Night Rainbow, twenty in the healing professions alone, including {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, a medical priest or practitioner, and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "an expert who diagnoses, as sickness or pain, by feeling the body".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

There are several categories of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. A craft kahuna, such as the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is an expert canoe maker, and a {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is an expert navigator.Template:Cn A {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is a "medical doctor, medical practitioner, [or] healer. Template:Lit".<ref name="kahuna lapa au">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} (Page 114 in print document, p. 144 in electronic)</ref>

Kahuna nuiEdit

According to Fornander, there are ten colleges or branches of the Hawaiian priesthood:<ref name="Fornander1920">Template:Cite book</ref>

  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} were said to practice sorcery, to bring death or injury to others by means of prayer.<ref name="Fornander1920" />
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} were said to use spirits for divination and spirit possession.<ref name="Fornander1920" /><ref name="HandyDavis2012">Template:Cite book</ref>
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: one who practices medicinal healing.<ref name="Lapaau">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Lit): one who locates the site for the construction of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, or temples.<ref name="kuhikuhi definition">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: one who divines and predicts future events, a prophet.<ref name="definition for kilokilo">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: soothsayers, diviners, prophets.<ref name="Fornander1920" />

To master all ten branches made one a {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or high priest.<ref name="Fornander1920" /> {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} usually lived in places such as Waimea Valley, which is known as the Valley of the Priests. They were given slices of land that spanned from the mountain to the sea.<ref name="Valley_of_the_Priests">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="waimeavalley">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hewahewa, a direct descendant of [[PaTemplate:Okinaao]], was a {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} to Kamehameha I. A contemporary, [[Leimomi MoTemplate:Okinaokini Lum]] is a {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name="Hokulea">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="BizJournal_2004">Template:Cite news</ref> David Kaonohiokala Bray was a well-known {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name="Heinze1991">Template:Cite book</ref>

King Kamehameha IV, in his translation of the Book of Common Prayer, used the term {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} to refer to Anglican priests, and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} to refer to both lay and ordained Anglican ministers.Template:Cn

Legal statusEdit

Craft {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} were never prohibited; however, during the decline of native Hawaiian culture, many died and did not pass on their wisdom to new students. As an example, when the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was built to be sailed to the South Pacific to prove the voyaging capabilities of the ancient Hawaiians, master navigator Mau Piailug from Satawal was brought to Hawaii to reteach navigation to the Hawaiians.<ref name="voyaging revival 2016">Template:Cite news</ref>

After American missionaries went to Hawaii in 1820, they reportedly prohibited {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} practices. But, in the 100 years after the missionaries arrived, all {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} practices were legal until 1831, some were illegal until 1863, all were legal until 1887, and some were illegal until 1919. Since 1919 all have been legal except sorcery, which was initially declared illegal but was decriminalized in 1972.<ref name="Chai2005">Template:Cite book</ref>

The first Christian missionaries arrived in 1820. [[KaTemplate:Okinaahumanu]], one of the most powerful people in the Hawaiian nation, did not convert until 1825. Eleven years after missionaries arrived, she proclaimed laws against hula, chant, kava, and Hawaiian religion.<ref>Kamakau, Ruling Chiefs, pp. 298–301.</ref>

Non-Hawaiian usesEdit

The term was used in the 1959 film Gidget, in which "The Big Kahuna", played by Cliff Robertson (Martin Milner in the TV episode), was the leader of a group of surfers. The figure of the Big Kahuna became commonplace in Beach party films of the 1960s, such as Beach Blanket Bingo, in which the Big Kahuna was the best surfer on the beach. Hawaiian surfing master Duke Kahanamoku may have been referred to as the Big Kahuna, but he rejected the term as he knew the original meaning.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In the New Age spiritual system known as Huna, which uses some Hawaiian words and concepts appropriated from Hawaiian tradition,<ref name="Kahaleole" /> kahuna denotes someone of priestly or shamanic standing.<ref name="King2014">Template:Cite book</ref> The prevalence of these works in pop culture has influenced definitions in English dictionaries, such as Merriam-Webster, which not only defines kahuna as "a preeminent person or thing" but also offers "Hawaiian shaman" as a secondary definition.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Wells College professor Lisa Kahaleole Hall, a Native Hawaiian, wrote in a peer-reviewed journal published by the University of Hawaiʻi that Huna "bears absolutely no resemblance to any Hawaiian worldview or spiritual practice" and calls it part of the "New Age spiritual industry."<ref name="Kahaleole">Hall, Lisa Kahaleole. "'Hawaiian at Heart' and Other Fictions", The Contemporary Pacific, Volume 17, Number 2, pp. 404–413, 2005, University of Hawai'i Press.</ref>

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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BibliographyEdit

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