Karakoram
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The Karakoram (Template:IPAc-en)<ref>Template:Cite Dictionary.com</ref> is a mountain range in the Kashmir region spanning the border of Pakistan, China, and India, with the northwestern extremity of the range extending to Afghanistan and Tajikistan. Most of the Karakoram mountain range is within Pakistan's Gilgit-Baltistan region, the northern subdivision of Kashmir.
Karakoram's highest and the world's second-highest peak, K2, is located in Gilgit-Baltistan. The mountain range begins in the Wakhan Corridor in Afghanistan in the west, encompasses the majority of Gilgit-Baltistan, controlled by Pakistan and then extends into Ladakh, controlled by India and Aksai Chin, controlled by China. It is part of the larger Trans-Himalayan mountain ranges.
The Karakoram is the second-highest mountain range on Earth and part of a complex of ranges that includes the Pamir Mountains, Hindu Kush, and the Indian Himalayas.<ref>Template:Britannica.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The range contains 18 summits higher than Template:Cvt in elevation, with four above Template:Cvt:<ref>Template:Harvnb.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite episode</ref> K2 (Template:Cvt AMSL) (the second-highest peak on Earth), Gasherbrum I, Broad Peak, and Gasherbrum II.
The range is about Template:Cvt in length and is the most glaciated place on Earth outside the polar regions. The Siachen Glacier (Template:Cvt long) and Biafo Glacier (Template:Cvt long) are the second- and third-longest glaciers outside the polar regions.<ref name="Measurements">Tajikistan's Fedchenko Glacier is Template:Cvt long. Baltoro and Batura Glaciers in the Karakoram are Template:Cvt long, as is Bruggen or Pio XI Glacier in southern Chile. Measurements are from recent imagery, generally supplemented with Russian 1:200,000 scale topographic mapping as well as Jerzy Wala,Orographical Sketch Map: Karakoram: Sheets 1 & 2, Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research, Zurich, 1990.</ref>
The Karakoram is bounded on the east by the Aksai Chin plateau, on the northeast by the edge of the Tibetan Plateau and on the north by the river valleys of the Yarkand and Karakash rivers beyond which lie the Kunlun Mountains. At the northwest corner are the Pamir Mountains. The southern boundary of the Karakoram is formed, west to east, by the Gilgit, Indus and Shyok rivers, which separate the range from the northwestern end of the Himalaya range proper. These rivers flow northwest before making an abrupt turn southwestward towards the plains of Pakistan. Roughly in the middle of the Karakoram range is the Karakoram Pass, which was part of a historic trade route between Ladakh and Yarkand that is now inactive.
The Tashkurghan National Nature Reserve and the Pamir Wetlands National Nature Reserve in the Karalorun and Pamir mountains have been nominated for inclusion in UNESCO in 2010 by the National Commission of the People's Republic of China for UNESCO and have been tentatively added to the list.<ref name="unesco">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
NameEdit
Karakoram is a Turkic term meaning black gravel. The Central Asian traders originally applied the name to the Karakoram Pass.<ref name="Mason">Template:Cite book</ref> Early European travellers, including William Moorcroft and George Hayward, started using the term for the range of mountains west of the pass, although they also used the term Muztagh (meaning, "Ice Mountain") for the range now known as Karakoram.<ref name="Mason" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Later terminology was influenced by the Survey of India, whose surveyor Thomas Montgomerie in the 1850s gave the labels K1 to K6 (K for Karakoram) to six high mountains visible from his station at Mount Haramukh in Kashmir Valley, codes extended further up to more than thirty.
In traditional Indian geography the mountains were known as Krishnagiri (black mountains), Kanhagiri and Kanheri.<ref name="Kohli2002">Template:Citation</ref>
ExplorationEdit
Due to its altitude and ruggedness, the Karakoram is much less inhabited than parts of the Himalayas further east. European explorers first visited early in the 19th century, followed by British surveyors starting in 1856.
The Muztagh Pass was crossed in 1887 by the expedition of Colonel Francis Younghusband<ref>French, Patrick. (1994). Younghusband: The Last Great Imperial Adventurer, pp. 53, 56-60. HarperCollinsPublishers, London. Reprint (1995): Flamingo. London. Template:ISBN.</ref> and the valleys above the Hunza River were explored by General Sir George K. Cockerill in 1892. Explorations in the 1910s and 1920s established most of the geography of the region.
The name Karakoram was used in the early 20th century, for example by Kenneth Mason,<ref name="Mason" /> for the range now known as the Baltoro Muztagh. The term is now used to refer to the entire range from the Batura Muztagh above Hunza in the west to the Saser Muztagh in the bend of the Shyok River in the east.
Floral surveys were carried out in the Shyok River catchment and from Panamik to Turtuk village by Chandra Prakash Kala during 1999 and 2000.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Geology and glaciersEdit
The Karakoram is in one of the world's most geologically active areas, at the plate boundary between the Indo-Australian plate and the Eurasian plate.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> A significant part, somewhere between 28 and 50 percent, of the Karakoram Range is glaciated covering an area of more than Template:Convert,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> compared to between 8 and 12 percent of the Himalaya and 2.2 percent of the Alps.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Mountain glaciers may serve as an indicator of climate change, advancing and receding with long-term changes in temperature and precipitation. The Karakoram glaciers are slightly retreating,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> unlike the Himalayas where glaciers are losing mass at significantly higher rate, many Karakoram glaciers are covered in a layer of rubble which insulates the ice from the warmth of the sun.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Where there is no such insulation, the rate of retreat is high.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
- Siachen Glacier
- Baltoro Glacier
- Hispar Glacier
- Batura Glacier
- Biafo Glacier
- Chogo Lungma Glacier
- Yinsugaiti Glacier
Ice AgeEdit
In the last ice age, a connected series of glaciers stretched from western Tibet to Nanga Parbat, and from the Tarim basin to the Gilgit District.<ref name="K1988">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="K2011">Template:Cite book (glacier maps downloadable)</ref> To the south, the Indus glacier was the main valley glacier, which flowed Template:Convert down from Nanga Parbat massif to Template:Convert elevation.<ref name="K1988" /><ref name="K2001">Template:Cite journal</ref> In the north, the Karakoram glaciers joined those from the Kunlun Mountains and flowed down to Template:Convert in the Tarim basin.<ref name="K2011" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
While the current valley glaciers in the Karakoram reach a maximum length of Template:Convert, several of the ice-age valley glacier branches and main valley glaciers, had lengths up to Template:Convert. During the Ice Age, the glacier snowline was about Template:Convert lower than today.<ref name="K2011" /><ref name="K2001" />
Highest peaksEdit
Template:Karakoram OSM Here is a list for the highest peaks of the Karakoram. Included are some of the mountains named with a K code, the most famous of which is the K2 (mountain).
The majority of the highest peaks are in the Gilgit–Baltistan region administered by Pakistan. Baltistan has more than 100 mountain peaks exceeding Template:Convert height from sea level.
SubrangesEdit
The naming and division of the various subranges of the Karakoram is not universally agreed upon. However, the following is a list of the most important subranges, following Jerzy Wala.<ref>Jerzy Wala, Orographical Sketch Map of the Karakoram, Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research, Zurich, 1990.</ref> The ranges are listed roughly west to east.
- Batura Muztagh
- Rakaposhi-Haramosh Mountains
- Spantik-Sosbun Mountains
- Hispar Muztagh
- South Ghujerab Mountains
- Panmah Muztagh
- Wesm Mountains
- Masherbrum Mountains
- Baltoro Muztagh
- Saltoro Mountains
- Siachen Muztagh
- Rimo Muztagh
- Saser Muztagh
PassesEdit
Template:Karakoram Mountain Pass OSM Passes from west to east are:
- Dandala Pass is the most important and earlier pass. It starts from Ghursay saitang city to Yarqand in China. It is the main trade route between Khaplu, Ladakh, Kharmang to Yarqand, China.
- Kilik Pass
- Mintaka Pass
- Khunjerab Pass is the highest paved international border crossing at Template:Convert. It serves the China-Pakistan Friendship Highway, the "8th world wonder".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Shimshal Pass
- Mustagh Pass
- Karakoram Pass
- Sasser Pass
- Naltar Pass or Pakora Pass<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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The Khunjerab Pass is the only motorable pass across the range. The Shimshal Pass (which does not cross an international border) is the only other pass still in regular use.
Cultural referencesEdit
The Karakoram mountain range has been referred to in a number of novels and movies. Rudyard Kipling refers to the Karakoram mountain range in his novel Kim, which was first published in 1900. Marcel Ichac made a film titled Karakoram, chronicling a French expedition to the range in 1936. The film won the Silver Lion at the Venice Film Festival of 1937. Greg Mortenson details the Karakoram, and specifically K2 and the Balti, extensively in his book Three Cups of Tea, about his quest to build schools for children in the region. K2 Kahani (The K2 Story) by Mustansar Hussain Tarar describes his experiences at K2 base camp.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
See alsoEdit
- Karakoram Highway
- List of mountain ranges of the world
- List of highest mountains (a list of mountains above Template:Convert)
- Mount Imeon
- Naltar Valley
- Trans-Karakoram Tract
ReferencesEdit
CitationsEdit
SourcesEdit
- Curzon, George Nathaniel. 1896. The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus. Royal Geographical Society, London. Reprint: Elibron Classics Series, Adamant Media Corporation. 2005. Template:ISBN (pbk); Template:ISBN (hbk).
- Kipling, Rudyard 2002. Kim (novel); ed. by Zohreh T. Sullivan. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. Template:ISBN—This is the most extensive critical modern edition with footnotes, essays, maps, etc.
- Mortenson, Greg and Relin, David Oliver. 2008. Three Cups of Tea. Penguin Books Ltd. Template:ISBN (pbk); Viking Books Template:ISBN (hbk); Tantor Media Template:ISBN (MP3 CD).
- Kreutzmann, Hermann, Karakoram in Transition: Culture, Development, and Ecology in the Hunza Valley, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006. Template:ISBN.
- Template:Citation
Further readingEdit
- Dainelli, G. (1932). A Journey to the Glaciers of the Eastern Karakoram. The Geographical Journal, 79(4), 257–268.
External linksEdit
- Blankonthemap The Northern Kashmir Website
- Pakistan's Northern Areas dilemma
- Great Karakorams – images on Flickr
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