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Charles XV or Carl (Carl Ludvig Eugen; Swedish and Norwegian officially: Karl; 3 May 1826 – 18 September 1872) was King of Sweden and Norway, there often referred to as Charles IV, from 8 July 1859 until his death in 1872. Charles was the third Swedish monarch from the House of Bernadotte. He was the first one to be born in Sweden, the first to grow up speaking Swedish as his first language, and the first to be raised from birth in the Lutheran faith.
BiographyEdit
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Early lifeEdit
He was born in Stockholm Palace, Stockholm, in 1826 and dubbed Duke of Scania at birth. Born the eldest son of Crown Prince Oscar of Sweden and his wife Crown Princess Josephine, he would be second in line to the throne of his grandfather, the ruling King Charles XIV John of Sweden. During his childhood he was placed in the care of the royal governess, Countess Christina Ulrika Taube.<ref>Gustaf Elgenstierna, Den introducerade svenska adelns ättartavlor. 1925–36.</ref> When he was 15, he was given his first officer's commission in 1841 by his grandfather the king.
Crown PrinceEdit
The aging King Charles XIV John would suffer a stroke on his 81st birthday in 1844, dying little more than a month later. His successor would be his son, Charles's father Oscar, who ascended the throne as King Oscar I of Sweden. Upon his father's accession to the throne in 1844, the youth Charles was made a chancellor of the universities of Uppsala and Lund, and in 1853 chancellor of Royal Swedish Academy of Arts. On 11 February 1846, he was made an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Crown Prince was Viceroy of Norway briefly in 1856 and 1857. He became Regent on 25 September 1857, and king on the death of his father on 8 July 1859.<ref name=EB1911/> As grandson of Augusta of Bavaria, he was a descendant of Gustav I of Sweden and Charles IX of Sweden, whose Vasa blood returned to the throne after being lost in 1818 when Charles XIII of Sweden died.
On 19 June 1850, he married in Stockholm Louise of the Netherlands, niece of William II of the Netherlands through her father and niece of William I of Prussia, German Emperor, through her mother. The couple was personally quite dissimilar; Louise was a cultured and refined woman, however, she was considered to be quite plain and Charles was disappointed with her appearance. Louise was in love with her husband, whereas he preferred other women, saddening her deeply. His well-known mistresses included the actress Laura Bergnéhr, the countess Josephine Sparre, Wilhelmine Schröder and the actresses Hanna Styrell and Elise Hwasser, and the Crown Prince neglected his shy wife. On the other hand, his relationship to his only daughter, Louise, was warm and close.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ReignEdit
As Crown Prince, Charles's brusque manner had led many to regard his future accession with some apprehension, yet he proved to be one of the most popular of Scandinavian kings and a constitutional ruler in the best sense of the word. His reign was remarkable for its manifold and far-reaching reforms. Sweden's existing municipal law (1862), ecclesiastical law (1863) and criminal law (1864) were enacted appropriately enough under the direction of a king whose motto was: Land skall med lag byggas – "With law shall the land be built".<ref name=EB1911/> Charles also helped Louis De Geer to carry through his reform of the Parliament of Sweden in 1866. He also declared the freedom of women by passing the law of legal majority for unmarried women in 1858 – his sister Princess Eugenie became the first woman who was declared mature.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Though known as King Charles XV (15th) in Sweden (and also on contemporary Norwegian coins<ref>Example</ref>), he was actually the ninth Swedish king by that name, as his predecessor Charles IX (reigned 1604–1611) had adopted a numeral according to a fictitious history of Sweden.<ref>Article Karl in Nordisk familjebok</ref>
Charles, like his father Oscar I, was an advocate of Scandinavianism and the political solidarity of the three northern kingdoms, and his friendship with Frederick VII of Denmark, it is said, led him to give half promises of help to Denmark on the eve of the war of 1864, which, in the circumstances, were perhaps misleading and unjustifiable. In view, however, of the unpreparedness of the Swedish army and the difficulties of the situation, Charles was forced to observe a strict neutrality.<ref name=EB1911>{{#if: |
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}}{{#ifeq: ||}}</ref> On behalf of Charles, Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek, Dutch diplomat in Japan, concluded a "Vänskaps-, handels- och sjöfartstraktat" ("Friendship, Trade and Maritime Treaty") between Sweden-Norway and Japan on 11 November 1868 (see the Treaty of Yokohama). The treaty opened Hakodate, Yokohama, Nagasaki, Kobe and Osaka to trade for Swedish and Norwegian traders (Article 3). The treaty also gave Sweden-Norway the opportunity to send consuls to the newly opened ports, where they were given the right to exercise jurisdiction over Swedes and Norwegians (consular jurisdiction).<ref>Sweden, Japan, and the Long Second World War: 1931–1945, by Pascal Lottaz, Ingemar Ottosson</ref>
Plagued by ill-health for the last years of his life, Charles succombed to abdominal tuberculosis in Malmö on 18 September 1872.<ref>Template:Cite book ch 41 pp 289–99</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
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He was followed on the thrones of both Norway and Sweden by his brother, crowned Oscar II.
Personal lifeEdit
Charles XV attained some eminence as a painter<ref name=EB1911/> and as a poet. In 1872, Charles XV had controversial plans to enter a non-morganatic marriage with the Polish countess Maria Beatrix Krasińska through the assistance of Ohan Demirgian, plans that aroused opposition both in the Royal house and Government and which were interrupted only by his death.<ref>Ohan Demirgian, urn:sbl:17456, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Carl-Gustaf Thomasson.), hämtad 2014-12-13.</ref>
Charles's popularity often had him referred to colloquially as "Kron-Kalle" (Crown-Charlie).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
IssueEdit
By his wife, Louise of the Netherlands, Charles had two children, a son who died in infancy and a daughter who married the King of Denmark. The early death of Charles's only legitimate son meant that he was succeeded on the thrones of Sweden and Norway by his younger brother Oscar II.
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Louise Josephine Eugenie | 31 October 1851 | 21 March 1926 | married, 1869, Frederik VIII of Denmark; had issue (including Christian X of Denmark and Haakon VII of Norway). |
| Carl Oscar Vilhelm Frederik | 14 December 1852 | 13 March 1854 | died in infancy of pneumonia. |
Charles also sired an illegitimate son, Carl Johan Bolander, (4 February 1854 – 28 July 1903), the father of Bishop Nils Bolander,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and daughter, Ellen Svensson Hammar (28 October 1865 – 1931), and it has been widely rumored that Charles had many more extramarital children.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
A few weeks before Charles's death, his daughter Louise (then Crown Princess of Denmark) gave birth to her second son, Prince Carl of Denmark. In 1905, Prince Carl ascended to the throne of Norway with the regnal name Haakon VII, thus becoming Charles's successor in that country.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
No subsequent king of Sweden to this day is Charles's descendant. However, his descendants are on the thrones of Denmark, Luxembourg, Belgium and Norway.
HonoursEdit
- National decorations<ref name="SNStats">Template:Citation</ref>
- Knight and Commander of the Seraphim, with Collar, 3 May 1826
- Knight of the Order of Charles XIII, 3 May 1826
- Commander Grand Cross of the Sword, 3 May 1826
- Commander Grand Cross of the Polar Star, 3 May 1826
- Grand Cross of St. Olav, with Collar, 3 May 1826
- Foreign decorations<ref name="SNStats"/>
ArmsEdit
| File:Coat of arms of Carl Ludvig (later Charles XV and IV), Crown Prince of Sweden, Duke of Skåne (1826-1844).svg Prince of Sweden and Norway, Duke of Scania (1826–1844) |
File:Coat of arms of The Crown Prince of Sweden, Duke of Skåne.svg Crown Prince of Sweden and Norway, Duke of Scania (1844–1859) |
File:Armoiries des rois Oscar Ier et Charles XV de Suede.svg King Charles XV of Sweden and Norway |
File:Royal Monogram of King Charles XV of Sweden.svg Monogram of King Charles XV of Sweden |
,_Crown_Prince_of_Sweden,_Duke_of_Sk%C3%A5ne_(1826-1844).svg){kind=link}
AncestryEdit
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ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
Template:Sister project Template:NIE Poster
- The Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav – Norwegian and Swedish Monarchs Grand Masters of the Order
- Family tree of the Royal Norwegian House
- Kings of Norway (in Norwegian)
- Much material on early kings (in Norwegian)
- Template:Cite AmCyc
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