Khawaja Nazimuddin

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Sir Khawaja NazimuddinTemplate:Efn Template:Post-nominals (19 July 1894 – 22 October 1964), also spelled Khwaja Nazimuddin,<ref>Biography, britannica.com. Accessed 19 May 2025.</ref> was an East Pakistani politician and statesman who served as the second Governor-General of Pakistan from 1948 to 1951, and later as the second Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1951 to 1953.

Born into an aristocratic Nawab family in Bengal in 1894, he was educated at the Aligarh Muslim University before pursuing his post-graduation studies at the Cambridge University. Upon returning, he embarked on his journey as a politician on the platform of the All-India Muslim League. Initially, his political career revolved around advocating for educational reforms and development in Bengal. Later on, he started supporting the cause for a separate Muslim homeland, rising to become the party's principal Bengali leader and a close associate of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He served as Prime Minister of Bengal in British India from 1943 to 1945, and later as the 1st Chief Minister of East Bengal in independent Pakistan.

Nazimuddin ascended to Governor-General in 1948 after the death of Jinnah, before becoming Prime Minister in 1951 following the assassination of his predecessor, Liaquat Ali Khan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His term was marked by constant power struggles with his own successor as Governor-General, Ghulam Muhammad, as law and order deteriorated amid the rise of the Bengali language movement and protests in his native Dhaka in 1952, and religious riots in Lahore a year later. The latter crisis saw the first instance of martial law, limited to the city, and led to Governor-General Ghulam Muhammad dismissing Nazimuddin on 17 April 1953.

Nazimuddin's ministry was the first federal government to be dismissed in Pakistan's history, though his former ministers, Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar, Abdul Sattar Pirzada, and Mahmud Husain refused to take the oath of office in the new cabinet.<ref name="Pakistan: A Political Study">Template:Cite book</ref> He retired from national politics, dying after a brief illness in 1964. He is buried at the Mausoleum of Three Leaders in Dhaka.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was one of the leading founding fathers of Pakistan and the first Bengali to have governed Pakistan.

BiographyEdit

Family background, early life and educationEdit

Khawaja Nazimuddin was born into a wealthy Muslim family of the Nawabs of Dhaka on 19 July 1894, then under British Raj rule.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Routledge, Lentz">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="pakstory" /><ref name="Avalon Publishing, Oberst, Malik, Kennedy">Template:Cite book</ref> His father was Khwaja Nizamuddin and his paternal grandfather was Khwaja Fakhruddin. His family hailed from Kashmir and was long settled in Dhaka.<ref name="Baxter1991">Template:Cite book</ref> He was the maternal grandson of Nawab Bahadur Sir Khwaja Ahsanullah and his mother, Nawabzadi Bilqis Banu, notable for her own statue.<ref name="SAGE Publications India, Sobhan">Template:Cite book</ref> Nazimuddin had a younger brother, Khwaja Shahabuddin, who would later play a vital role in Pakistani politics.<ref name="Hamid1986">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="SAGE Publications India, Sobhan"/>Template:Rp They were the first cousin of Nawab Khwaja Habibullah, son of Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah Bahadur, who helped lay the foundation of the Muslim League in 1906.<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Chattarji">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Kalpaz Publications, Sundarajan">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He grew up speaking Urdu.<ref name="Coakley2005">Template:Cite book</ref>

He was educated at the Dunstable Grammar School in England, but returned to British India following his matriculation, where he enrolled to attend the MAO College of the Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) in Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name="Excerpts I">Template:Cite book</ref> Nazimuddin secured his graduation with a bachelor's degree in sociology from AMUTemplate:Citation needed and returned to England to pursue higher education.<ref name="Routledge, Khan">Template:Cite book</ref>

After AMU, Nazimuddin went to England. He attended Trinity Hall in the University of Cambridge, and earned a Master of Arts.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His training in England enabled him to practice law and become a Barrister-at-Law in England.<ref name="Excerpts I"/> He was knighted in 1934.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1947–49, Nazimuddin was granted the degree of Doctor of Laws by the vice-chancellor of Dhaka University, Mahmud Hasan.<ref name="Report">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

PoliticsEdit

Public service and independence movementEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Nazimuddin returned to India to join his brother Khwaja Shahbuddin from England, taking an interest in civil and public affairs that led him to join the Bengali politics.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Both brothers joined the Muslim League, and Nazimuddin successfully ran for the municipality election and was elected as chairman of Dhaka Municipality from 1922 until 1929.<ref name=pakstory>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During this time, he was appointed as education minister of Bengal. He remained minister of Education till 1934. That year he was appointed to the Viceroy's Executive Council, which he served until 1937.<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Chatterji">Template:Cite book</ref> In his former capacity, he successfully piloted the Compulsory Primary Education Bill. He piloted the Bengal Agriculture Debtors' Bill and the Bengal Rural Development Bill in 1935–1936.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

He participated in regional elections held in 1937 on a Muslim League's platform but conceded his defeat in favour of Fazlul Haq of Krishak Praja Party (KPP) who was appointed as Prime Minister of Bengal, while assuming his personal role as member of the legislative assembly.<ref name="Scarecrow Press, Rahman">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Rp Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

Home and Prime Minister of Bengal and Chief Minister of East BengalEdit

Upon the formation of the coalition government in an agreement facilitated between the Muslim League and the Krishak Praja Party, Nazimuddin was appointed as the home minister under Haq's premiership., which he continued until 1941.<ref name="Scarecrow Press, Kunal and Shubhra Chakrabarti">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

Due to his conservative elite position, he became close associate of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, then-president of the Muslim League, who appointed him as a member of the executive committee to successfully promote the Muslim League's party agenda and program that gained popularity in East Bengal.<ref name="Scarecrow Press, Kunal and Shubhra Chakrabarti"/>Template:Rp<ref name="Random House India, Jaffrelot">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1941, Nazimuddin broke away from the coalition led by Premier Fazlul Haq and decided to become a leader of the opposition, leading campaign against Haq's premiership and primarily focused on Bengali nationalism issues.<ref name="Scarecrow Press, Kunal and Shubhra Chakrabarti"/>Template:Rp In 1943, Nazimuddin took over the government from Premier Haq when the latter was dismissed by the Governor, John Herbert, amid controversies surrounding in his political campaigns.<ref name="Roger Partridge">Template:Cite book</ref> During this time, Nazimuddin played a crucial political role for the cause for the separate Muslim homeland, Pakistan.<ref name="Scarecrow Press, Kunal and Shubhra Chakrabarti"/>Template:Rp

His premiership lasted until 1945, when his ministry's appropriation for agriculture was defeated in the assembly by 106 to 97 votes. The next day, 29 March, Speaker of the Assembly Syed Nausher Ali, an Indian nationalist Muslim and a prominent member of the Congress Party, ruled that the vote was effectively one of no confidence. On 31 March, the administration was taken over by Governor of Bengal Richard Casey under section 93 of the Government of India Act 1935.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

From 1945 to 1947, Nazimuddin continued to serve as the chairman of the Muslim League in Bengal, ardently supporting the political cause for Pakistan against the Congress Party.<ref name="Scarecrow Press, Kunal and Shubhra Chakrabarti"/>Template:Rp This despite Nazimuddin and other Muslim League leaders not having thought through the consequences of the Pakistan Movement. As late as February 1947, Governor of Punjab Sir Evan Jenkins reported that Nazimuddin said "he did not know what Pakistan means and that nobody in the Muslim League knew."<ref name="PublicAffairs, Haqqani">Template:Cite book</ref> During this time, Nazimuddin had been in conflict with Premier Suhrawardy and strongly opposed the United Bengal Movement as in United Bengal capital would have remained in Hindu dominated Kolkata and not Dhaka in Muslim majority East Bengal. In addition, the conflict between the two men exposed deep division in the society as Suhrawardy represented the middle class, while Nazimuddin was representing the aristocracy.<ref name="Routledge, Bidyut Chakrabarty">Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1947, he again contested the party elections in the Muslim League against Suhrawardy's platform and securing his nomination as the party chairman for the Muslim League's East Bengal chapter.<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Nair">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp His success in the party election eventually led him to be appointed as the first Chief Minister of East Bengal after the Partition of India in 1947 and effectively gained control of the Muslim League in the province.<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Nair"/>Template:Rp

As the Chief Minister, he led the motion of confidence that ultimately voted in favour of joining the Federation of Pakistan and reorganized the Government of East Bengal by delegating conservative members in his administration.<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Nair"/>Template:Rp

On April 6, 1948, the East Bengal Assembly passed a resolution, led by the Sir Khwaja Nazimuddin-led Muslim League government, making Bengali an official language of the province.

Governor-General of Pakistan (1948–51)Edit

On 14 August of 1947, Governor-General Muhammad Ali Jinnah relinquished the party presidency of the Pakistan Muslim League (PML) to Sir Khwaja Nazimuddin who took over the party of the President of Pakistan Muslim League (PML), due to his party electoral performance.<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Nair" />Template:Rp After the death of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Nazimuddin was appointed acting governor-general. At the urging of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, on 14 September 1948.<ref name="Pakistan Affairs, 1948">Template:Cite magazine</ref> His oath of office was supervised by Chief Justice Sir Abdul Rashid of the Federal Court of Pakistan, with Liaquat Ali Khan in attendance.<ref name="pakstory" />

As Governor-General, Nazimuddin set a precedent of neutrality and non-interference in the government, and provided his political support to Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan's government, which was seen as essential to the working of the responsible government at that time.<ref name="Mittal Publications, Akbar">Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1949, Governor-General Nazimuddin established the parliamentary committee, the Basic Principles Committee, on the advice of Prime Minister Ali Khan to underlying basic principles that would lay the foundation of the Constitution of Pakistan.<ref name="SOP_01">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>It was during his tenure as Governor-General East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950 was passed in East Bengal. This law abolished the Zamindari system in the region, after which the lands of the state were under the federal government. It was seen as a democratic move to a people's state rather than a feudal class system.

Prime Ministership (1951–53)Edit

File:Khwaja Nazimuddin was named as the second Governor-General of Pakistan.jpg

Khawaja Nazimuddin, with M.G. Muhammad in New York City, 1946.

After the assassination of Liaqat Ali Khan in 1951, the Muslim League leaders asked Governor-General Nazimuddin to take over the prime ministership<ref name="Ferozsons, Noon">Template:Cite book</ref> as well as the party's presidency, as there was no other person found suitable for the post.<ref name="pakstory" /> He appointed Finance Minister Sir Malik Ghulam to the Governor-General's post.<ref name="pakstory" /> Nazimuddin's government focused on promoting the political programs aimed at conservative ideas.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Ispahani">Template:Cite book</ref> During his time in office, a framework was begun for a constitution that would allow Pakistan to become a republic within the Commonwealth, and end its British Dominion status under the Crown.

Nazimuddin's administration took place during a poor economy and the rise of provincial nationalism in four provinces and East Bengal, which made him unable to run the country's affairs effectively.<ref name="Sterling Publishers, Kulkarni">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

In 1951, Prime Minister Nazimuddin's government conducted the country's first nationwide census, where it was noted that 57% of the population of Karachi were refugees from India, which further complicated the situation in the country.<ref name="I.B.Tauris, Pike">Template:Cite book</ref>

In January 1952, Prime Minister Nazimuddin announced publicly in Dacca that Jinnah had been right: for the sake of Pakistan's national unity, Urdu must be the official language of Pakistan–East and West.<ref name="Yale University Press, Jones">Template:Cite book</ref> On 21 February 1952, a demonstration in the Bengali Language Movement demanding equal and official status to the Bengali language turned bloody, with many fatalities caused by police firings.<ref name="Greenwood Publishing Group, Mitra">Template:Cite book</ref> This demonstration was held when he declared Urdu the National Language of Pakistan, following the previous statement of Muhammad Ali Jinnah that Urdu shall be the 'one and only' language of Pakistan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1953, a violent religious movement led by far-right Jamaat-e-Islami began to agitate for the removal of the Ahmadi religious minority from power positions, and demanded a declaration of this minority as non-Muslims.<ref name="Oneworld, Ziring">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

Nazimuddin was held morally responsible for riots being spread and resisted such pressures;<ref name="Oneworld, Ziring"/>Template:Rp but mass rioting broke out in Punjab against both the government and followers of this religious minority.<ref name="Oneworld, Ziring"/>Template:Rp To quell the unrest, Nazimuddin declared martial law in Punjab.<ref name="ABC-CLIO, Mohiuddin">Template:Cite book</ref> Major General Azam Khan was made Chief Martial Law Administrator and brought Lahore under control within a couple of days.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Nazimuddin forced out the Chief Minister of Punjab, Mumtaz Daultana, and replaced him with Feroz Khan Noon.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

DismissalEdit

The agitations and violence spread through the successful Bengali language movement and the riots in Lahore proved the inability of Nazimuddin's government, as he was widely seen as weak in running the government administration.<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Jennings">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

In an attempt to improve the economy and internal security, Malik Ghulam asked Prime Minister Nazimuddin to step down in the wider interest of the country.<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Jennings"/>Template:Rp Nazimuddin refused to oblige, and Malik Ghulam used reserve powers granted in the Government of India Act 1935, dismissed Nazimuddin.<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Jennings"/>Template:Rp

Nazimuddin then requested the Federal Court of Pakistan's intervention against this action, but the Chief Justice, Muhammad Munir did not rule on the legality of the dismissal, but instead forced new elections to be held in 1954.<ref name="Routledge, Chak">Template:Cite book</ref> Malik Ghulam appointed another Bengali politician, Muhammad Ali Bogra who was then serving as the Pakistan Ambassador to the United States, as the new prime minister until the new elections to be held in 1954.<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Jennings"/>Template:Rp

Death and legacyEdit

Later life and deathEdit

File:Tomb Of Three Leader 3.A.M.R.jpg

Mausoleum of three leaders at Dhaka

After his dismissal, he and his family remained active in parliamentary politics; his nephew, Khwaja Wasiuddin, was an army general serving as GOC-in-C II Corps and later repatriated to Bangladesh in 1974.

His younger brother, Shahabuddin, remained active in politics and became Information minister in President Ayub Khan's administration.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Khan">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

Sir Khwaja died in 1964, aged 70. He was buried in the Mausoleum of three leaders in his hometown of Dhaka.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Wealth and honoursEdit

Nazimuddin and his brother, Shahabuddin, belonged to an aristocratic family who were known for their wealth. In a thesis written by Joya Chatterji, Nazimuddin was described for unquestionable loyalty to the British administration in India:<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

Short statured with a bulging pear-like figure, he was known for his insatiable appetite and his unfailing submission to the ... Britishers ... Dressed in British-styled Sherwani and breechers-like Churidar pajamas with a Fez cap and wearing little shoes, he carried a... cane of knob and represented an age and tradition.{{#if:Joya Chatterji, Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Chatterji"/>Template:Rp|{{#if:|}}
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By 1934, the family had estates that covered almost 200,000 acres and was well spread over different districts of Eastern Bengal, together with properties in Shillong, Assam and Kolkata, had a yearly rent of £120,000 ($2,736,497.94 in 2017).<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Chatterji"/>Template:Rp By the 1960s, the majority of estate was relocated from East Pakistan to the different areas of Pakistan, leaving very little of his estate in East.<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Chatterji"/>Template:Rp

He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) in 1926, and was knighted in the 1934 King's Birthday Honours by the King-Emperor, George V, when he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE).<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>

In 1958, he was awarded the highest civilian award titled Nishan-e-Pakistan. Later by the Government of Pakistan, Nazimuddin has been honoured from time to time after his death. In Karachi, the residential areas, Nazimabad and North Nazimabad in suburbs of Karachi, had been named after him. In Islamabad, there is a road intersection, Nazimuddin Road, named for him.

Commemorative postage stampEdit

In his honour, the Pakistan Post issued a commemorative stamp in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series in 1990.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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Current Events Biography, 1949

External linksEdit

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