Template:Short description Template:Infobox former monarchyThe king of Babylon (Akkadian: Template:Translit, later also Template:Translit) was the ruler of the ancient Mesopotamian city of Babylon and its kingdom, Babylonia, which existed as an independent realm from the 19th century BC to its fall in the 6th century BC. For the majority of its existence as an independent kingdom, Babylon ruled most of southern Mesopotamia, composed of the ancient regions of Sumer and Akkad. The city experienced two major periods of ascendancy, when Babylonian kings rose to dominate large parts of the Ancient Near East: the First Babylonian Empire (or Old Babylonian Empire, Template:Circa 1894/1880–1595 BC) and the Second Babylonian Empire (or Neo-Babylonian Empire, 626–539 BC). Babylon was ruled by Hammurabi, who created the Code of Hammurabi.
Many of Babylon's kings were of foreign origin. Throughout the city's nearly two-thousand year history, it was ruled by kings of native Babylonian (Akkadian), Amorite, Kassite, Elamite, Aramean, Assyrian, Chaldean, Persian, Greek and Parthian origin. A king's cultural and ethnic background does not appear to have been important for the Babylonian perception of kingship, the important matter instead being whether the king was capable of executing the duties traditionally ascribed to the Babylonian king: establishing peace and security, upholding justice, honouring civil rights, refraining from unlawful taxation, respecting religious traditions, constructing temples, providing gifts to the gods in the temples and maintaining cultic order. Babylonian revolts of independence during the times the city was ruled by foreign empires probably had little to do with the rulers of these empires not being Babylonians and more to do with the rulers rarely visiting Babylon and failing to partake in the city's rituals and traditions.
Babylon's last native king was Nabonidus, who reigned from 556 to 539 BC. Nabonidus's rule was ended through Babylon being conquered by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid Empire. Though early Achaemenid kings continued to place importance on Babylon and continued using the title 'king of Babylon', later Achaemenid rulers being ascribed the title is probably only something done by the Babylonians themselves, with the kings themselves having abandoned it. Babylonian scribes continued to recognise rulers of the empires that controlled Babylonia as their kings until the time of the Parthian Empire, when Babylon was gradually abandoned. Though Babylon never regained independence after the Achaemenid conquest, there were several attempts by the Babylonians to drive out their foreign rulers and re-establish their kingdom, possibly as late as 336/335 BC under the rebel Nidin-Bel.
IntroductionEdit
Royal titlesEdit
Template:See alsoTemplate:Multiple images Throughout the city's long history, various titles were used to designate the ruler of Babylon and its kingdom, the most common titles being 'viceroy of Babylon', 'king of Karduniash' and 'king of Sumer and Akkad'.Template:Sfn Use of one of the titles did not mean that the others could not be used simultaneously. For instance, the Neo-Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III (Template:Reign729–727 BC in Babylon), used all three of the aforementioned titles.Template:Sfn
- Viceroy (or governor) of Babylon (Template:Translit)Template:Sfn – emphasises the political dominion of Babylon itself.Template:Sfn For much of the city's history, its rulers referred to themselves as viceroys or governors, rather than kings. The reason for this was that Babylon's true king was formally considered to be its national deity, Marduk. By not explicitly claiming the royal title, Babylonian rulers thus showed reverence to the city's god.Template:Sfn The reign of the Neo-Assyrian king Sennacherib (Template:Reign705–681 BC) has been noted as a particular break in this tradition,Template:Sfn as he assumed the title king of Babylon (Template:Translit),Template:Sfn which may have contributed to widespread negative reception of him in Babylonia.Template:Sfn However, Template:Translit is recorded as being used in some inscriptions from before Sennacherib's time, such as in the inscriptions of his father and predecessor Sargon II (Template:Reign710–705 BC in Babylon), who used it interchangeably with Template:Translit.Template:Sfn Though Sennacherib's successors would primarily use Template:Translit,Template:Sfn there are likewise examples of them instead using Template:Translit.Template:Sfn These titles would also be used interchangeably by the later Neo-Babylonian kings.Template:Sfn
- King of Karduniash (Template:Translit)Template:Sfn – refers to rule of southern Mesopotamia as a whole.Template:Sfn 'Karduniash' was the Kassite name for the Babylonian kingdom, and the title 'king of Karduniash' was introduced by the city's third dynasty (the Kassites).Template:Sfn The title continued to be used long after the Kassites had lost control of Babylon, for instance as late as under the native king Nabu-shuma-ukin I (Template:ReignTemplate:Circa 900–888 BC)Template:Sfn and the Neo-Assyrian king Esarhaddon (Template:Reign681–669 BC).Template:Sfn
- King of Sumer and Akkad (Template:Translit)Template:Sfn – refers to rule of southern Mesopotamia as a whole.Template:Sfn A title originally used by the kings of the Third Dynasty of Ur (Template:Circa 2112–2004 BC), centuries prior to Babylon's foundation. The title was used by kings to connect themselves to the culture and legacy of the Sumerian and Akkadian civilizations,Template:Sfn as well as to lay claim to the political hegemony achieved during the ancient Akkadian Empire. The title was also a geographical one, in that southern Mesopotamia was typically divided into the two regions Sumer (the south) and Akkad (the north), meaning that 'king of Sumer and Akkad' referred to rulership over the entire country.Template:Sfn The title was used by the Babylonian kings until the end of the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 539 BC, and was also assumed by Cyrus the Great, who conquered Babylon and ruled Babylonia until his death in 530 BC.Template:Sfn
Role and legitimacyEdit
The Babylonian kings derived their right to rule from divine appointment by Babylon's patron deity Marduk and through consecration by the city's priests.Template:Sfn Marduk's main cult image (often conflated with the god himself), the statue of Marduk, was prominently used in the coronation rituals for the kings, who received their crowns "out of the hands" of Marduk during the New Year's festival, symbolizing them being bestowed with kingship by the deity.Template:Sfn The king's rule and his role as Marduk's vassal on Earth were reaffirmed annually at this time of year, when the king entered the Esagila, Babylon's main cult temple, alone on the fifth day of the New Year's Festival each year and met with the high priest. The high priest removed the regalia from the king, slapped him across the face and made him kneel before Marduk's statue. The king would then tell the statue that he had not oppressed his people and that he had maintained order throughout the year, whereafter the high priest would reply (on behalf of Marduk) that the king could continue to enjoy divine support for his rule, returning the royal regalia.Template:Sfn Through being a patron of Babylon's temples, the king extended his generosity towards the Mesopotamian gods, who in turn empowered his rule and lent him their authority.Template:Sfn
Babylonian kings were expected to establish peace and security, uphold justice, honor civil rights, refrain from unlawful taxation, respect religious traditions and maintain cultic order. None of the king's responsibilities and duties required him to be ethnically or even culturally Babylonian. Any foreigner sufficiently familiar with the royal customs of Babylonia could adopt the title, though they might then require the assistance of the native priesthood and the native scribes. Ethnicity and culture does not appear to have been important in the Babylonian perception of kingship: many foreign kings enjoyed support from the Babylonians and several native kings were despised.Template:Sfn That the rule of some foreign kings was not supported by the Babylonians probably has little to do with their ethnic or cultural background, but rather that they were perceived as not properly executing the traditional duties of the Babylonian king.Template:Sfn
DynastiesEdit
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As with other monarchies, the kings of Babylon are grouped into a series of royal dynasties, a practice started by the ancient Babylonians themselves in their king lists.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The generally accepted Babylonian dynasties should not be understood as familial groupings in the same vein as the term is commonly used by historians for ruling families in later kingdoms and empires. Though Babylon's first dynasty did form a dynastic grouping where all monarchs were related, the dynasties of the first millennium BC, notably the Dynasty of E, did not constitute a series of coherent familial relationships at all. In a Babylonian sense, the term dynasty, rendered as Template:Translit or Template:Translit, related to a sequence of monarchs from the same ethnic or tribal group (i.e. the Kassite dynasty), the same region (i.e. the dynasties of the Sealand) or the same city (i.e. the dynasties of Babylon and Isin).Template:Sfn In some cases, kings known to be genealogically related, such as Eriba-Marduk (Template:ReignTemplate:Circa 769–760 BC) and his grandson Marduk-apla-iddina II (Template:Reign722–710 BC and 703 BC), were separated into different dynasties, the former designated as belonging to the Dynasty of E and the latter as belonging to the (Third) Sealand dynasty.Template:Sfn
SourcesEdit
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Among all the different types of documents uncovered through excavations in Mesopotamia, the most important for reconstructions of chronology and political history are king-lists and chronicles, grouped together under the term 'chronographic texts'. Mesopotamian king lists are of special importance when reconstructing the sequences of monarchs, as they are collections of royal names and regnal dates, also often with additional information such as the relations between the kings, arranged in a table format. In terms of Babylonian rulers, the main document is the Babylonian King List (BKL), a group of three independent documents: Babylonian King List A, B, and C. In addition to the main Babylonian King Lists, there are also additional king-lists that record rulers of Babylon.Template:Sfn
- Babylonian King List A (BKLa, BM 33332)Template:Sfn — created at some point after the foundation of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, Babylonian King List A records the kings of Babylon from the beginning of Babylon's first dynasty under Sumu-abum (Template:ReignTemplate:Circa 1894–1881 BC) to Kandalanu (Template:Reign648–627 BC). The end of the tablet is broken off, suggesting that it originally listed rulers after Kandalanu as well, possibly also listing the kings of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. All dynasties are separated by horizontal lines, under which subscript records a sum of the regnal years of each dynasty, and the number of kings the dynasties produced. Written in Neo-Babylonian script.Template:Sfn
- Babylonian King List B (BKLb, BM 38122)Template:Sfn — date of origin uncertain, written in Neo-Babylonian script. Babylonian King List B records the kings of Babylon's first dynasty, and the kings of the First Sealand dynasty, with subscripts recording the number of kings and their summed up reigns in these dynasties. Regnal years are recorded for the kings of the first dynasty, but omitted for the kings of the Sealand dynasty. The regnal years used for the kings are inconsistent with their actual reign lengths, possibly due to the author having copied the list from a document where the years had been lost or damaged. The list records genealogical information for all but two of the kings of the first dynasty, but only for two of the kings of the Sealand dynasty. Because the document is essentially two lists for two dynasties, it is possible that it was copied and extracted from longer king lists in the late period for some unknown purpose.Template:Sfn
- Babylonian King List C (BKLc)Template:Sfn — a short text,Template:Sfn written in Neo-Babylonian script.Template:Sfn King List C is important as a source on the second dynasty of Isin, as the first seven lines of the preserved nine lines of text provide a portion of the sequence of kings of this dynasty and their dates. The corresponding section in Babylonian King List A is incompletely preserved.Template:Sfn As the list ends with the Isin dynasty's seventh king, Marduk-shapik-zeri (Template:ReignTemplate:Circa 1081–1069 BC), it is possible that it was written during the reign of his successor, Adad-apla-iddina (Template:ReignTemplate:Circa 1068–1047 BC).Template:Sfn Its short length and unusual shape (being curved rather than flat)Template:Sfn means that it might have been a practice tablet used by a young Babylonian student.Template:Sfn
- Synchronistic King List (ScKL)Template:Sfn — a collection of individual tablets and examplars. The Synchronistic King List features two columns, and records the kings of Babylon and Assyria together, with kings recorded next to each other presumably being contemporaries. Unlike most of the other documents, this list generally omits regnal years and any genealogical information, but it also differs in including many of the chief scribes under the Assyrian and Babylonian kings. The tablet with the earliest known portion of the list begins with the Assyrian king Erishum I (uncertain regnal dates) and the Babylonian king Sumu-la-El (Template:ReignTemplate:Circa 1880–1845 BC). The latest known portion ends with Ashur-etil-ilani (Template:Reign631–627 BC) in Assyria and Kandalanu in Babylon. As it is written in Neo-Assyrian script, it might have been created near the end of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.Template:Sfn
- Uruk King List (UKL, IM 65066)Template:Sfn — the preserved portion of this king list records rulers from Kandalanu in the Assyrian period to Seleucus II Callinicus (Template:Reign246–225 BC) in the Seleucid period.Template:Sfn
- Babylonian King List of the Hellenistic Period (BM 35603)Template:Sfn — written at Babylon at some point after 141 BC, recording rulers from the start of Hellenistic rule in Babylonia under Alexander the Great (Template:Reign331–323 in Babylon),Template:Sfn to the end of Seleucid rule under Demetrius II Nicator (Template:Reign145–141 BC in Babylon) and the conquest of Babylonia by the Parthian Empire.Template:Sfn Entries before Seleucus I Nicator (Template:Reign305–281 BC) and after Antiochus IV Epiphanes (Template:Reign175–164 BC) are damaged and fragmentary.Template:Sfn
As years in Babylon were named after the current king, and the current year of their reign, date formulas in economic, astronomical and literary cuneiform texts written in Babylonia also provide highly important and useful chronological data.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Kingship after the Neo-Babylonian EmpireEdit
In addition to the king lists described above, cuneiform inscriptions and tablets confidently establish that the Babylonians continued to recognise the foreign rulers of Babylonia as their legitimate monarchs after the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire and throughout the rule of the Achaemenid (539–331 BC), Argead (331–310 BC), and Seleucid (305–141 BC) empires, as well as well into the rule of the Parthian Empire (141 BC – AD 224).Template:Sfnm
Early Achaemenid kings greatly respected Babylonian culture and history, and regarded Babylonia as a separate entity or kingdom united with their own kingdom in something akin to a personal union.Template:Sfn Despite this, the Babylonians would grow to resent Achaemenid rule, just as they had resented Assyrian rule during the time their country was under the rule of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (722–626 BC).Template:Sfn Babylonian resentment of the Achaemenids likely had little to do with the Achaemenids being foreigners, but rather that the Achaemenid kings were perceived to not be capable of executing the duties of the Babylonian king properly, in line with established Babylonian tradition. This perception then led to frequent Babylonian revolts, an issue experienced by both the Assyrians and the Achaemenids. Since the capitals of the Assyrian and Achaemenid empires were elsewhere, these foreign kings did not regularly partake in the city's rituals (meaning that they could not be celebrated in the same way that they traditionally were) and they rarely performed their traditional duties to the Babylonian cults through constructing temples and presenting cultic gifts to the city's gods. This failure might have been interpreted as the kings thus not having the necessary divine endorsement to be considered true kings of Babylon.Template:Sfn
The standard regnal title used by the early Achaemenid kings, not only in Babylon but throughout their empire, was 'king of Babylon and king of the lands'. The Babylonian title was gradually abandoned by the Achaemenid king Xerxes I (Template:Reign486–465 BC), after he had to put down a major Babylonian uprising. Xerxes also divided the previously large Babylonian satrapy into smaller sub-units and, according to some sources, damaged the city itself in an act of retribution.Template:Sfn The last Achaemenid king whose own royal inscriptions officially used the title 'king of Babylon' was Xerxes I's son and successor Artaxerxes I (Template:Reign465–424 BC).Template:Sfn After Artaxerxes I's rule there are few examples of monarchs themselves using the title, though the Babylonians continued to ascribe it to their rulers. The only known official explicit use of 'king of Babylon' by a king during the Seleucid period can be found in the Antiochus cylinder, a clay cylinder containing a text wherein Antiochus I Soter (Template:Reign281–261 BC) calls himself, and his father Seleucus I Nicator (Template:Reign305–281 BC), by the title 'king of Babylon', alongside various other ancient Mesopotamian titles and honorifics.Template:Sfn The Seleucid kings continued to respect Babylonian traditions and culture, with several Seleucid kings recorded as having "given gifts to Marduk" in Babylon and the New Year's Festival still being recorded as a contemporary event.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn One of the last times the festival is known to have been celebrated was in 188 BC, under the Seleucid king Antiochus III (Template:Reign222–187 BC), who prominently partook in the rituals.Template:Sfn From the Hellenistic period (i. e. the rule of the Greek Argeads and Seleucids) onwards, Greek culture became established in Babylonia, but per Oelsner (2014), the Hellenistic culture "did not deeply penetrate the ancient Babylonian culture, that persisted to exist in certain domains and areas until the 2nd c. AD".Template:Sfn
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Under the Parthian Empire, Babylon was gradually abandoned as a major urban centre and the old Babylonian culture diminished.Template:Sfn The nearby and newer imperial capitals cities of Seleucia and later Ctesiphon overshadowed the ancient city and became the seats of power in the region.Template:Sfn Babylon was still important in the first century or so of Parthian rule,Template:Sfn and cuneiform tablets continued to recognise the rule of the Parthian kings.Template:Sfn The standard title formula applied to the Parthian kings in Babylonian documents was "Template:Translit Template:Translit" (Template:Translit, "Arsaces, king of kings").Template:Sfn Several tablets from the Parthian period also in their date formulae mention the queen of the incumbent Parthian king, alongside the king, the first time women were officially recognised as monarchs of Babylon.Template:Sfn The few documents that survive from Babylon in the Parthian period indicate a growing sense of alarm and alienation in Babylon as the Parthian kings were mostly absent from the city and the Babylonians noticed their culture slowly slipping away.Template:Sfn
When exactly Babylon was abandoned is unclear. The Roman author Pliny the Elder wrote in AD 50 that proximity to Seleucia had turned Babylon into a "barren waste" and during their campaigns in the east, Roman emperors Trajan (in AD 115) and Septimius Severus (in AD 199) supposedly found the city destroyed and deserted. Archaeological evidence and the writings of Abba Arikha (Template:Circa AD 219) indicate that at least the temples of Babylon may still have been active in the early 3rd century.Template:Sfn If any remnants of the old Babylonian culture still existed at that point, they would have been decisively wiped out as the result of religious reforms in the early Sasanian Empire Template:Circa AD 230.Template:Sfn
Due to a shortage of sources, and the timing of Babylon's abandonment being unknown, the last ruler recognised by the Babylonians as king is not known. The latest known cuneiform tablet is W22340a, found at Uruk and dated to AD 79/80. The tablet preserves the word Template:Translit (king), indicating that the Babylonians by this point still recognised a king.Template:Sfn At this time, Babylonia was ruled by the Parthian rival king (i. e. usurper) Artabanus III.Template:Sfn Modern historians are divided on where the line of monarchs ends. Spar and Lambert (2005) did not include any rulers beyond the first century AD in their list of kings recognised by the Babylonians,Template:Sfnm but Beaulieu (2018) considered 'Dynasty XIV of Babylon' (his designation for the Parthians as rulers of the city) to have lasted until the end of Parthian rule of Babylonia in the early 3rd century AD.Template:Sfn
Names in cuneiformEdit
The list below includes the names of all the kings in Akkadian, as well as how the Akkadian names were rendered in cuneiform signs. Up until the reign of Burnaburiash II (Template:ReignTemplate:Circa 1359–1333 BC) of the Kassite dynasty (Dynasty III), Sumerian was the dominant language for use in inscriptions and official documents, with Akkadian eclipsing it under the reign of Kurigalzu II (Template:ReignTemplate:Circa 1332–1308 BC), and thereafter replacing Sumerian in inscriptions and documents.Template:Sfn For consistency purposes, and because several kings and their names are known only from king lists,Template:Sfn which were written in Akkadian centuries after Burnaburiash II's reign, this list solely uses Akkadian, rather than Sumerian, for the royal names, though this is anachronistic for rulers before Burnaburiash II.
It is not uncommon for there to be several different spellings of the same name in Akkadian, even when referring to the same individual.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn To examplify this, the table below presents two ways the name of Nebuchadnezzar II (Template:Reign605–562 BC) was spelt in Akkadian (Template:Translit). The list of kings below uses more concise spellings when possible, primarily based on the renditions of names in date formulae and king lists.
| Concise spelling (king lists) | Elaborate spelling (building inscriptions) |
|---|---|
| File:Nebuchadnezzar in Akkadian.png Template:TranslitTemplate:Sfn |
File:Nebuchadnezzar in Akkadian (long version).png Template:TranslitTemplate:Sfn |
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Even if the same spelling is used, there were also several different scripts of cuneiform signs: a name, even if spelt the same, looks considerably different in Old Babylonian signs compared to Neo-Babylonian signs or Neo-Assyrian signs.Template:Sfn The table below presents different variants, depending on the signs used, of the name Antiochus in Akkadian (Template:Translit). The list of kings below uses Neo-Babylonian and Neo-Assyrian signs, given that those scripts are the signs primarily used in the king lists.
| Date formulae (Neo-Babylonian signs) | Antiochus cylinderTemplate:Efn | Antiochus cylinder (Neo-Babylonian signs) | Antiochus cylinder (Neo-Assyrian signs) |
|---|---|---|---|
| File:Antiochus in Akkadian.png Template:TranslitTemplate:Sfn |
File:Antiochus in Akkadian (Antiochus cylinder).png Template:TranslitTemplate:Sfn |
File:Antiochus in Akkadian (Antiochus Cylinder - ordinary Babylonian).png Template:TranslitTemplate:Sfn |
File:Antiochus in Akkadian (Antiochus Cylinder - Assyrian).png Template:TranslitTemplate:Sfn |
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Dynasty I (Amorite), 1894–1595 BCEdit
Template:Anchor Per BKLb, the native name for this dynasty was simply Template:Translit ('dynasty of Babylon').Template:Sfn To differentiate it from the other dynasties that later ruled Babylon, modern historians often refer to this dynasty as the 'First Dynasty of Babylon'.Template:Sfn Some historians refer to this dynasty as the 'Amorite dynasty'Template:Sfn on account of the kings being of Amorite descent.Template:Sfn While the king list gives a regnal length of 31 years for the final king, Samsu-Ditana, the destruction layer at Babylon is dated to his 26th year and no later sources have been found.<ref>Koppen, Frans van. "2. The Early Kassite Period". Volume 1 Karduniaš. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. 45-92</ref>
Dynasty II (First Sealand), 1725–1475 BCEdit
Template:Anchor Template:See also Both BKLa and BKLb refer to this dynasty as Template:Translit ('dynasty of Urukug'). Presumably, the city of Urukug was the dynasty's point of origin. Some literary sources refer to some of the kings of this dynasty as 'kings of the Sealand', and thus modern historians refer to it as a dynasty of the Sealand. The designation as the first Sealand dynasty differentiates it from Dynasty V, which the Babylonians actually referred to as a 'dynasty of the Sealand'.Template:Sfn This dynasty overlaps with Dynasty I and Dynasty III, with these kings actually ruling the region south of Babylon (the Sealand) rather than Babylon itself.Template:Sfn For instance, the king Gulkishar of this dynasty was actually a contemporary of Dynasty I's last king, Samsu-Ditana.Template:Sfn It is possible that the dynasty was included in Babylon's dynastic history by later scribes either because it controlled Babylon for a time, because it controlled or strongly influenced parts of Babylonia or because it was the most stable power of its time in Babylonia.Template:Sfn The dates listed below are highly uncertain, and follow the timespan listed for the dynasty in Beaulieu (2018), Template:Circa 1725–1475 BC, with the individual dates based the lengths of the reigns of the kings, also as given by Beaulieu (2018).Template:Sfn
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Dynasty III (Kassite), 1729–1155 BCEdit
Template:Anchor Template:See also The entry for this dynasty's name in BKLa is lost, but other Babylonian sources refer to it as Template:Translit ('dynasty of the Kassites').Template:Sfn The reconstruction of the sequence and names of the early rulers of this dynasty, the kings before Karaindash, is difficult and controversial. The king lists are damaged at this point and the preserved portions seem to contradict each other: for instance, BKLa has a king in-between Kashtiliash I and Abi-Rattash, omitted in the Synchronistic King List, whereas the Synchronistic King List includes Kashtiliash II, omitted in BKLa, between Abi-Rattash and Urzigurumash. It also seems probable that the earliest kings ascribed to this dynasty in king lists did not actually rule Babylon, but were added as they were ancestors of the later rulers.Template:Sfn Babylonia was not fully consolidated and reunified until the reign of Ulamburiash, who defeated Ea-gamil, the last king of the first Sealand dynasty.Template:Sfn
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Dynasty IV (Second Isin), 1153–1022 BCEdit
Template:Anchor Per BKLa, the native name of this dynasty was Template:Translit ('dynasty of Isin'). Presumably, the city of Isin was the dynasty's point of origin. Modern historians refer to this dynasty as the second dynasty of Isin to differentiate it from the ancient Sumerian dynasty of Isin.Template:Sfn Previous scholarship assumed that the first king of this dynasty, Marduk-kabit-ahheshu, ruled for the first years of his reign concurrently with the last Kassite king, but recent research suggests that this was not the case. This list follows the revised chronology of the kings of this dynasty, per Beaulieu (2018), which also means revising the dates of subsequent dynasties.Template:Sfn
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Dynasty V (Second Sealand dynasty), 1021–1001 BCEdit
Template:Anchor Per BKLa, the native name of this dynasty was Template:Translit ('dynasty of the Sealand'). Modern historians call it the second Sealand dynasty in order to distinguish it from Dynasty II.Template:Sfn
| King | Akkadian | Reigned from | Reigned until | Succession | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simbar-shipak | File:Simbar-Shipak in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
Template:Circa 1021 BC | Template:Circa 1004 BC | Probably of Kassite descent, unclear succession | Template:Sfnm |
| Ea-mukin-zeri | File:Ea-mukin-zeri in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
Template:Circa 1004 BC | Template:Circa 1004 BC | Probably of Kassite descent (Bit-Hashmar clan), usurped the throne from Simbar-Shipak | Template:Sfnm |
| Kashshu-nadin-ahi | File:Kashu-nadin-ahhe (dynastic chronicle).png Template:Translit |
Template:Circa 1003 BC | Template:Circa 1001 BC | Probably of Kassite descent, son of Simbar-shipak (?) | Template:Sfnm |
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Dynasty VI (Bazi), 1000–981 BCEdit
Template:Anchor BKLa refers to this dynasty as Template:Translit ('dynasty of Baz') and the Dynastic Chronicle calls it Template:Translit ('dynasty of Bit-Bazi'). The Bit-Bazi were a clan attested already in the Kassite period. It is likely that the dynasty derives its name either from the city of Baz, or from descent from Bazi, the legendary founder of that city.Template:Sfn
| King | Akkadian | Reigned from | Reigned until | Succession | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eulmash-shakin-shumi | File:Eulmash-shakin-shumi var. 2.png Template:Translit |
Template:Circa 1000 BC | Template:Circa 984 BC | Possibly of Kassite descent (Bit-Bazi clan), unclear succession | Template:Sfnm |
| Ninurta-kudurri-usur I | File:Ninurta-kudurri-usur (dynastic chronicle).png Template:Translit |
Template:Circa 983 BC | Template:Circa 981 BC | Possibly of Kassite descent (Bit-Bazi clan), unclear succession | Template:Sfnm |
| Shirikti-shuqamuna | File:Shirikti-shuqamuna in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
Template:Circa 981 BC | Template:Circa 981 BC | Possibly of Kassite descent (Bit-Bazi clan), brother of Ninurta-kudurri-usur I | Template:Sfnm |
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Dynasty VII (Elamite), 980–975 BCEdit
Template:Anchor Template:See also BKLa dynastically separates Mar-biti-apla-usur from other kings with horizontal lines, marking him as belonging to a dynasty of his own. The Dynastic Chronicle also groups him by himself, and refers to his dynasty (containing only him) as the Template:Translit ('dynasty of Elam').Template:Sfn
| King | Akkadian | Reigned from | Reigned until | Succession | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mar-biti-apla-usur | File:Mar-biti-apla-usur (dynastic chronicle).png Template:Translit |
Template:Circa 980 BC | Template:Circa 975 BC | Elamite, or more likely of Elamite ancestry, unclear succession | Template:Sfnm |
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Dynasty VIII (E), 974–732 BCEdit
Template:Anchor Per BKLa, the native name of this dynasty was Template:Translit ('dynasty of E'). The meaning of 'E' is not clear, but it is likely a reference to the city of Babylon, meaning that the name should be interpreted as 'dynasty of Babylon'. The time of the dynasty of E was a time of great instability and the unrelated kings grouped together under this dynasty even belonged to completely different ethnic groups. Another Babylonian historical work, the Dynastic Chronicle (though it is preserved only fragmentarily), breaks this dynasty up into a succession of brief, smaller, dynasties.Template:Sfn
- Template:Smallcaps: Babylonian King List A records the names of 17 kings of the dynasty of E, but it states afterwards that the dynasty comprised 22 kings. The discrepancy might be explainable as a scribal error, but it is also possible that there were further kings in the sequence. The list is broken at critical points, and it is possible that five additional kings, whose names thus do not survive, could be inserted between the end of the Babylonian interregnum and the reign of Ninurta-apla-X.Template:Sfn Lists of Babylonian rulers by modern historians tend to list Ninurta-apla-X as the first king to rule after Baba-aha-iddina's deposition.Template:Sfnm
Dynasty IX (Assyrian), 732–626 BCEdit
Template:Anchor Template:See also'Dynasty IX' is used to, broadly speaking, refer to the rulers of Babylonia during the time it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian Empire, including Assyrian kings of both the Adaside dynasty and the subsequent Sargonid dynasty, as well as various non-dynastic vassal and rebel kings. They are often grouped together as a dynasty by modern scholars as BKLa does not use lines to separate the rulers, used elsewhere in the list to separate dynasties.Template:Sfn BKLa also assigns individual dynastic labels to some of the kings, though thus not in the same fashion as is done for the more concrete earlier dynasties.Template:Sfn The Template:Translit designation associated with each king (they are recorded in the list up until Mushezib-Marduk) is included in the table below and follows Fales (2014).Template:Sfn
| King | Akkadian | Reigned from | Reigned until | Template:Translit | Succession | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nabu-mukin-zeri | File:Nabu-mukin-zeri in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
732 BC | 729 BC | Template:Translit 'Dynasty of Shapi' |
Chaldean chief of the Bit-Amukkani tribe, usurped the throne | Template:Sfnm |
| Tiglath-Pileser III | File:Tiglath-pileser in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
729 BC | 727 BC | Template:Translit 'Dynasty of [Assur]' |
King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — conquered Babylon | Template:Sfnm |
| Shalmaneser V | File:Shalmaneser in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
727 BC | 722 BC | King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — son of Tiglath-Pileser III | Template:Sfnm | |
| Marduk-apla-iddina II (First reign) |
File:Marduk-apla-iddina in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
722 BC | 710 BC | Template:Translit 'Dynasty of the Sealand' |
Chaldean chief of the Bit-Yakin tribe, proclaimed king upon Shalmaneser V's death | Template:Sfnm |
| Sargon II | File:Sargon in Neo-Assyrian2.png Template:Translit |
710 BC | 705 BC | Template:Translit 'Dynasty of [Hanigalbat]' |
King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — son of Tiglath-Pileser III (?) | Template:Sfnm |
| Sennacherib (First reign) |
File:Sennacherib in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
705 BC | 703 BC | King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — son of Sargon II | Template:Sfnm | |
| Marduk-zakir-shumi II | File:Marduk-zakir-shumi var. 2.png Template:Translit |
703 BC | 703 BC | A Template:Translit 'Son [descendant] of Arad-Ea' |
Babylonian rebel of the Arad-Ea family, rebel king | Template:Sfnm |
| Marduk-apla-iddina II (Second reign) |
File:Marduk-apla-iddina in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
703 BC | 703 BC | Template:Translit 'Soldier of [Hanigalbat?]' |
Chaldean chief of the Bit-Yakin tribe, retook the throne | Template:Sfnm |
| Bel-ibni | File:Bel-ibni (chronicle of early kings).png Template:Translit |
703 BC | 700 BC | Template:Translit 'Dynasty of E' |
Babylonian vassal king of the Rab-bānî family, appointed by Sennacherib | Template:Sfnm |
| Aššur-nādin-šumi | File:Ashur-nadin-shumi in Akkadian2.png Template:Translit |
700 BC | 694 BC | Template:Translit 'Dynasty of [Hanigalbat]' |
Son of Sennacherib, appointed as vassal king by his father | Template:Sfnm |
| Nergal-ushezib | File:Nergal-ushezib in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
694 BC | 693 BC | Template:Translit 'Dynasty of E' |
Babylonian rebel of the Gaḫal kin family, rebel king | Template:Sfnm |
| Mushezib-Marduk | File:Mushezib-Marduk in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
693 BC | 689 BC | Chaldean chief of the Bit-Dakkuri tribe, rebel king | Template:Sfnm | |
| SennacheribTemplate:Efn (Second reign) |
File:Sennacherib in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
689 BC | 20 October 681 BC |
King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — retook Babylon | Template:Sfnm | |
| Esarhaddon | File:Esarhaddon in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
December 681 BC |
1 November 669 BC |
King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — son of Sennacherib | Template:Sfnm | |
| AshurbanipalTemplate:Efn (First reign) |
File:Ashurbanipal in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
1 November 669 BC |
March 668 BC |
King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — son of Esarhaddon | Template:Sfnm | |
| Šamaš-šuma-ukin | File:Shamash-shum-ukin in Akkadian2.png Template:Translit |
March 668 BC |
648 BC | Son of Esarhaddon, designated by his father as heir to Babylon, invested as vassal king by Ashurbanipal | Template:Sfnm | |
| AshurbanipalTemplate:Efn (Second reign) |
File:Ashurbanipal in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
648 BC | 646 BC | King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — retook Babylon after rebellion by Šamaš-šuma-ukin | Template:Sfn | |
| Kandalanu | File:Kandalanu in Akkadian2.png Template:Translit |
647 BC | 627 BC | Appointed as vassal king by Ashurbanipal | Template:Sfnm | |
| Sin-shumu-lishirTemplate:Efn | File:Sin-shumu-lishir in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
626 BC | 626 BC | Usurper in the Neo-Assyrian Empire — recognised in Babylonia | Template:Sfnm | |
| SinsharishkunTemplate:Efn | File:Sinsharishkun in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
626 BC | 626 BC | King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — son of Ashurbanipal | Template:Sfnm | |
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Dynasty X (Chaldean), 626–539 BCEdit
Template:Anchor Template:See also The native name for this dynasty does not appear in any sources, as the kings of Dynasty X are only listed in king lists made during the Hellenistic period, when the concept of dynasties ceased being used by Babylonians chronographers to describe Babylonian history. Modern historians typically refer to the dynasty as the 'Neo-Babylonian dynasty', as these kings ruled the Neo-Babylonian Empire, or the 'Chaldean dynasty', after the presumed ethnic origin of the royal line.Template:Sfn The Dynastic Chronicle, a later document, refers to Nabonidus as the founder and only king of the 'dynasty of Harran' (Template:Translit), and may also indicate a dynastic change with Neriglissar's accession, but much of the text is fragmentary.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
| King | Akkadian | Reigned from | Reigned until | Succession | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nabopolassar | File:Nabopolassar in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
22/23 November 626 BC |
July 605 BC |
Babylonian rebel, defeated Sinsharishkun | Template:Sfnm |
| Nebuchadnezzar II | File:Nebuchadnezzar in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
August 605 BC |
7 October 562 BC |
Son of Nabopolassar | Template:Sfnm |
| Amel-Marduk | File:Amel-Marduk in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
7 October 562 BC |
August 560 BC |
Son of Nebuchadnezzar II | Template:Sfnm |
| Neriglissar | File:Neriglissar in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
August 560 BC |
April 556 BC |
Son-in-law of Nebuchadnezzar II, usurped the throne | Template:Sfnm |
| Labashi-Marduk | File:Labashi-Marduk in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
April 556 BC |
June 556 BC |
Son of Neriglissar | Template:Sfnm |
| Nabonidus | File:Nabonidus in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
25 May 556 BC |
13 October 539 BC |
Son-in-law of Nebuchadnezzar II (?), usurped the throne, co-rulers: Nitocris and Belshazzar | Template:Sfnm |
Babylon under foreign rule, 539 BC – AD 224Edit
The concept of dynasties ceased being used in king-lists made after the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, meaning that the native Babylonian designations for the ruling dynasties of the foreign empires that succeeded the Chaldean kings are unknown.Template:Sfn
Dynasty XI (Achaemenid), 539–331 BCEdit
Template:Anchor Template:See also
| King | Akkadian | Reigned from | Reigned until | Succession | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cyrus II the Great | File:Cyrus in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
29 October 539 BC |
August 530 BC |
King of the Achaemenid Empire — conquered Babylon | Template:Sfnm |
| Cambyses II | File:Cambyses in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
August 530 BC |
April 522 BC |
King of the Achaemenid Empire — son of Cyrus II | Template:Sfnm |
| Bardiya | File:Bardiya in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
April/May 522 BC |
29 September 522 BC |
King of the Achaemenid Empire — son of Cyrus II or an impostor | Template:Sfnm |
| Nebuchadnezzar III | File:Nebuchadnezzar in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
3 October 522 BC |
December 522 BC |
Babylonian rebel of the Zazakku family, claimed to be a son of Nabonidus | Template:Sfnm |
| Darius I the Great (First reign) |
File:Darius in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
December 522 BC |
25 August 521 BC |
King of the Achaemenid Empire — distant relative of Cyrus II | Template:Sfnm |
| Nebuchadnezzar IV | File:Nebuchadnezzar in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
25 August 521 BC |
27 November 521 BC |
Babylonian rebel of Armenian descent, claimed to be a son of Nabonidus | Template:Sfnm |
| Darius I the Great (Second reign) |
File:Darius in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
27 November 521 BC |
November 486 BC |
King of the Achaemenid Empire — retook Babylon | Template:Sfnm |
| Xerxes I the Great (First reign) |
File:Xerxes in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
November 486 BC |
July 484 BC |
King of the Achaemenid Empire — son of Darius I | Template:Sfnm |
| Shamash-eriba | File:Shamash-eriba in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
July 484 BC |
October 484 BC |
Babylonian rebel | Template:Sfnm |
| Bel-shimanni | File:Bel-shimanni in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
July 484 BC |
August 484 BC |
Babylonian rebel | Template:Sfnm |
| Xerxes I the Great (Second reign) |
File:Xerxes in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
October 484 BC |
465 BC | King of the Achaemenid Empire — retook Babylon | Template:Sfnm |
| Artaxerxes I | File:Artaxerxes in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
465 BC | December 424 BC |
King of the Achaemenid Empire — son of Xerxes I | Template:Sfnm |
| Xerxes II | — Template:Efn |
424 BC | 424 BC | King of the Achaemenid Empire — son of Artaxerxes I | Template:Sfnm |
| Sogdianus | — Template:Efn |
424 BC | 423 BC | King of the Achaemenid Empire — illegitimate son of Artaxerxes I | Template:Sfnm |
| Darius II | File:Darius in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
February 423 BC |
c. April 404 BC |
King of the Achaemenid Empire — illegitimate son of Artaxerxes I | Template:Sfnm |
| Artaxerxes II | File:Artaxerxes in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
c. April 404 BC |
359/358 BC | King of the Achaemenid Empire — son of Darius II | Template:Sfnm |
| Artaxerxes III | File:Artaxerxes in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
359/358 BC | 338 BC | King of the Achaemenid Empire — son of Artaxerxes II | Template:Sfnm |
| Artaxerxes IV | File:Artaxerxes in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
338 BC | 336 BC | King of the Achaemenid Empire — son of Artaxerxes III | Template:Sfnm |
| Nidin-Bel | File:Nidin-Bel cuneiform.png Template:Translit |
336 BC | 336/335 BC | Babylonian rebel (?), attested only in the Uruk King List, alternatively a scribal error | Template:Sfn |
| Darius III | File:Darius in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
336/335 BC | October 331 BC |
King of the Achaemenid Empire — grandson of Artaxerxes II | Template:Sfnm |
Dynasty XII (Argead), 331–305 BCEdit
Template:Anchor Template:See also
| King | Akkadian | Reigned from | Reigned until | Succession | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alexander III the Great | File:Alexander in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
October 331 BC |
11 June 323 BC |
King of Macedon — conquered the Achaemenid Empire | Template:Sfnm |
| Philip III Arrhidaeus | File:Philip in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
11 June 323 BC |
317 BCTemplate:Efn | King of Macedon — brother of Alexander III | Template:Sfnm |
| Antigonus I MonophthalmusTemplate:Efn | File:Antigonus in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
317 BC | 309/308 BC | King of the Antigonid Empire — general (Diadochus) of Alexander III | Template:Sfnm |
| Alexander IV | File:Alexander in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
316 BC | 310 BCTemplate:Efn | King of Macedon — son of Alexander III | Template:Sfnm |
Dynasty XIII (Seleucid), 305–141 BCEdit
Template:Anchor Template:See also
| King | Akkadian | Reigned from | Reigned until | Succession | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seleucus I Nicator | File:Seleucus in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
305 BCTemplate:Efn | September 281 BC |
King of the Seleucid Empire — general (Diadochus) of Alexander III | Template:Sfnm |
| Antiochus I Soter | File:Antiochus in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
294 BCTemplate:Efn | 2 June 261 BC |
King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Seleucus I | Template:Sfnm |
| SeleucusTemplate:Efn | File:Seleucus in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
281 BC | 266 BC | Joint-king of the Seleucid Empire — son of Antiochus I | Template:Sfnm |
| Antiochus II Theos | File:Antiochus in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
266 BCTemplate:Efn | July 246 BC |
King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Antiochus I | Template:Sfnm |
| Seleucus II Callinicus | File:Seleucus in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
July 246 BC |
225 BC | King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Antiochus II | Template:Sfnm |
| Seleucus III Ceraunus | File:Seleucus in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
225 BC | 223 BC | King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Seleucus II | Template:Sfnm |
| Antiochus III the Great | File:Antiochus in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
223 BC | 3 July 187 BC |
King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Seleucus II | Template:Sfnm |
| AntiochusTemplate:Efn | File:Antiochus in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
210 BC | 192 BC | Joint-king of the Seleucid Empire — son of Antiochus III | Template:Sfnm |
| Seleucus IV Philopator | File:Seleucus in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
189 BCTemplate:Efn | 3 September 175 BC |
King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Antiochus III | Template:Sfnm |
| Antiochus IV Epiphanes | File:Antiochus in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
3 September 175 BC |
164 BC | King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Antiochus III | Template:Sfnm |
| AntiochusTemplate:Efn | File:Antiochus in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
175 BC | 170 BC | Joint-king of the Seleucid Empire — son of Seleucus IV | Template:Sfnm |
| Antiochus V Eupator | File:Antiochus in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
164 BC | 162 BC | King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Antiochus IV | Template:Sfnm |
| Demetrius I Soter (First reign) |
File:Demetrius in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
c. January 161 BCTemplate:Efn |
c. January 161 BC |
King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Seleucus IV | Template:Sfnm |
| Timarchus | — Template:Efn |
c. January 161 BCTemplate:Efn |
c. May 161 BCTemplate:Efn |
Rebel satrap (vassal governor) under the Seleucids — captured and briefly ruled Babylonia | Template:Sfnm |
| Demetrius I Soter (Second reign) |
File:Demetrius in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
c. May 161 BC |
150 BC | King of the Seleucid Empire — reconquered Babylonia | Template:Sfnm |
| Alexander Balas | File:Alexander in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
150 BC | 146 BC | King of the Seleucid Empire — supposedly son of Antiochus IV | Template:Sfnm |
| Demetrius II Nicator | File:Demetrius in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
146 BC | 141 BC | King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Demetrius I | Template:Sfnm |
Dynasty XIV (Arsacid), 141 BC – AD 224Edit
Template:Anchor Template:See also
- Template:Smallcaps: The chronology of the Parthian kings, especially in the early period, is disputed on account of a lack of sources. The chronology here, which omits several rival kings and usurpers, primarily follows Shayegan (2011),Template:Sfn Dąbrowa (2012)Template:Sfn and Daryaee (2012).Template:Sfn For alternate interpretations, see the List of Parthian monarchs.
| King | Akkadian | Reigned from | Reigned until | Succession | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mithridates I | File:Arsaces in Akkadian.png Template:TranslitTemplate:Efn |
141 BC | 132 BC | King of the Parthian Empire — conquered Babylonia | Template:Sfnm |
| Phraates II (First reign) |
File:Arsaces in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
132 BC | July 130 BC |
King of the Parthian Empire — son of Mithridates I | Template:Sfnm |
| RinnuTemplate:Efn | File:Rinu in Akkadian.png Template:TranslitTemplate:Efn |
132 BC | July 130 BC |
Mother and regent for Phraates II, who was a minor at the time of his accession | Template:Sfnm |
| Antiochus VII Sidetes | File:Antiochus in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
July 130 BC |
November 129 BC |
King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Demetrius I, conquered Babylonia | Template:Sfnm |
| Phraates II (Second reign) |
File:Arsaces in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
November 129 BC |
128/127 BCTemplate:Efn | King of the Parthian Empire — reconquered Babylonia | Template:Sfnm |
| UbulnaTemplate:Efn | File:Ubulna in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
November 129 BC |
128/127 BC | Unclear identity, associated with Phraates II – probably his queen | Template:Sfnm |
| Hyspaosines | File:Hyspaosines in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
128/127 BCTemplate:Efn | November 127 BC |
King of Characene — captured Babylon in the wake of Antiochus VII Sidetes's campaign | Template:Sfnm |
| Artabanus I | File:Arsaces in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
November 127 BC |
124 BC | King of the Parthian Empire — brother of Mithridates I, conquered Babylonia | Template:Sfnm |
| Mithridates II | File:Arsaces in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
124 BC | 91 BC | King of the Parthian Empire — son of Artabanus I | Template:Sfnm |
| Gotarzes I | File:Arsaces in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
91 BC | 80 BC | King of the Parthian Empire — son of Mithridates II | Template:Sfnm |
| Asi'abatarTemplate:Efn | File:Asi'abatar in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
91 BC | 80 BC | Wife (queen) of Gotarzes I | Template:Sfnm |
| Orodes I | File:Arsaces in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
80 BC | 75 BC | King of the Parthian Empire — son of Mithridates II or Gotarzes I | Template:Sfnm |
| IspubarzaTemplate:Efn | Template:Translit | 80 BC | 75 BC | Sister-wife (queen) of Orodes I | Template:Sfnm |
| Sinatruces | File:Arsaces in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
75 BC | 69 BC | King of the Parthian Empire — son or brother of Mithridates I | Template:Sfnm |
| Phraates III | File:Arsaces in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
69 BC | 57 BC | King of the Parthian Empire — son of Sinatruces | Template:Sfnm |
| PiriustanaTemplate:Efn | Template:Translit | 69 BC | ?? | Wife (queen) of Phraates III | Template:Sfnm |
| TeleuniqeTemplate:Efn | Template:Translit | ?? | 57 BC | Wife (queen) of Phraates III | Template:Sfnm |
| Orodes II | File:Arsaces in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
57 BC | 38 BC | King of the Parthian Empire — son of Phraates III | Template:Sfnm |
| Phraates IV | File:Arsaces in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
38 BC | 2 BC | King of the Parthian Empire — son of Orodes II | Template:Sfnm |
| Phraates VTemplate:Efn | File:Arsaces in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
2 BC | AD 4 | King of the Parthian Empire — son of Phraates IV | Template:Sfnm |
| Orodes III | File:Arsaces in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
AD 4 | AD 6 | King of the Parthian Empire — son of Phraates IV (?) | Template:Sfnm |
| Vonones I | File:Arsaces in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
AD 6 | AD 12 | King of the Parthian Empire — son of Phraates IV | Template:Sfnm |
| Artabanus II | File:Arsaces in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
AD 12 | AD 38 | King of the Parthian Empire — grandson of Phraates IV (?) | Template:Sfnm |
| Vardanes I | File:Arsaces in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
AD 38 | AD 46 | King of the Parthian Empire — son of Artabanus II | Template:Sfnm |
| Gotarzes II | File:Arsaces in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
AD 38 | AD 51 | King of the Parthian Empire — son of Artabanus II | Template:Sfnm |
| Vonones II | File:Arsaces in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
AD 51 | AD 51 | King of the Parthian Empire — grandson of Phraates IV (?) | Template:Sfnm |
| Vologases I | File:Arsaces in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
AD 51 | AD 78 | King of the Parthian Empire — son of Vonones II or Artabanus II | Template:Sfnm |
| Pacorus II | File:Arsaces in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
AD 78 | AD 110 | King of the Parthian Empire — son of Vologases I | Template:Sfnm |
| Artabanus IIITemplate:Efn | File:Arsaces in Akkadian.png Template:Translit |
AD 79/80 | AD 81 | Rival king of the Parthian Empire (against Pacorus II) — son of Vologases I | Template:Sfnm |
| Osroes I | — Template:Efn |
AD 109 | AD 129 | King of the Parthian Empire — son of Pacorus II | Template:Sfnm |
| Vologases III | — Template:Efn |
AD 110 | AD 147 | King of the Parthian Empire — son of Pacorus II | Template:Sfnm |
| Parthamaspates | — Template:Efn |
AD 116 | AD 117 | King of the Parthian Empire — son of Osroes I | Template:Sfnm |
| Vologases IV | — Template:Efn |
AD 147 | AD 191 | King of the Parthian Empire — grandson of Pacorus II | Template:Sfnm |
| Vologases V | — Template:Efn |
AD 191 | AD 208 | King of the Parthian Empire — son of Vologases IV | Template:Sfnm |
| Vologases VI | — Template:Efn |
AD 208 | AD 216/228 | King of the Parthian Empire — son of Vologases V | Template:Sfnm |
| Artabanus IV | — Template:Efn |
AD 216 | AD 224 | King of the Parthian Empire — son of Vologases V | Template:Sfnm |
See alsoEdit
- List of Assyrian kings – for the Assyrian kings
- List of Mesopotamian dynasties – for other dynasties and kingdoms in ancient Mesopotamia
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
BibliographyEdit
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Template:Ancient MesopotamiaTemplate:Babylonian kingsTemplate:Ancient Mesopotamian royal titlesTemplate:Early Rulers of Mesopotamia