Kiva

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Reconstructed kiva at Bandelier National Monument

Interior of a reconstructed kiva at Mesa Verde National Park

Ruins of a great kiva at Chaco Culture National Historical Park

The Great Kiva at Aztec Ruins National Monument was excavated by Earl Morris in 1921 and reconstructed by him 13 years later.

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Interior of Great Kiva at Aztec Ruins National Monument showing the vast size of the structure

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Ruins of the kiva at Puerco Pueblo, Petrified Forest National Park

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Chacoan round room features

A kiva (also estufa<ref>John Peabody Harrington, The Ethnogeography of the Tewa Indians - p.306, 1916</ref>) is a space used by Puebloans for rites and political meetings, many of them associated with the kachina belief system. Among the modern Hopi and most other Pueblo peoples, "kiva" means a large room that is circular and underground, and used for spiritual ceremonies and a place of worship.

Similar subterranean rooms are found among ruins in the Southwestern United States, indicating uses by the ancient peoples of the region including the ancestral Puebloans, the Mogollon, and the Hohokam.Template:Sfn Those used by the ancient Pueblos of the Pueblo I Period and following, designated by the Pecos Classification system developed by archaeologists, were usually round and evolved from simpler pit-houses. For the Ancestral Puebloans, these rooms are believed to have had a variety of functions, including domestic residence along with social and ceremonial purposes.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

EvolutionEdit

Template:More citations needed section During the late 8th century, Mesa Verdeans started building square pit structures that archeologists call protokivas. They were typically Template:Convert deep and Template:Convert in diameter. By the mid-10th and early 11th centuries, these had evolved into smaller circular structures called kivas, which were usually Template:Convert across. Mesa Verde-style kivas included a feature from earlier times called a sipapu, which is a hole dug in the north of the chamber that is thought to represent the Ancestral Puebloans' place of emergence from the underworld.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

When designating an ancient room as a kiva, archaeologists make assumptions about the room's original functions and how those functions may be similar to or differ from those used in modern practice. The kachina belief system appears to have emerged in the pre-Columbian Southwest around 1250, while kiva-like structures occurred much earlier. This suggests that the room's older functions may have been changed or adapted to suit the new religious practice.

As cultural changes occurred, particularly during the Pueblo III Period between 1150 and 1300, kivas had a prominent place in the community. However, some kivas were built above ground. Kiva architecture became more elaborate, with tower and great kivas incorporating specialized floor features. For example, kivas in Mesa Verde National Park were generally keyhole-shaped. Finding one kiva for each five or six rooms was normal in most larger communities. Kiva destruction, primarily by burning, has been seen as a strong archaeological indicator of conflict and warfare during this period.

Fifteen top rooms encircle the central chamber of the vast Great Kiva at Aztec Ruins National Monument.

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After 1325 or 1350, except in the Hopi and Pueblo region, the ratio changed from 60 to 90 rooms for each kiva. This may indicate a religious or organizational change within the society, perhaps affecting the status and number of clans among the Pueblo people.

Great kivaEdit

Great kivas differ from regular kivas, which archeologists call Chaco-style kivas (although Chaco Canyon also features great kivas), in several ways; first and foremost, great kivas are always much larger and deeper than Chaco-style kivas. Whereas the walls of great kivas always extend above the surrounding landscape, the walls of Chaco-style kivas do not, but are instead flush with the surrounding landscape. Chaco-style kivas are often found incorporated into the central room blocks of great houses, but great kivas are always separate from core structures. Great kivas almost always have a bench that encircles the inner space, but this feature is not found in Chaco-style kivas. Great kivas also tend to include floor vaults, which might have served as foot drums for ceremonial dancers, but Chaco-style kivas do not.Template:Sfn Great kivas are believed to be the first public buildings constructed in the Mesa Verde region.Template:Sfn