Kobold

File:Evans (1895)-Nymphs-p033-kobold.jpg

The kobold of HildesheimTemplate:Right

A kobold ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; kobolt, kobolde,<ref name="Grimms-DW-kobold"/> cobold) is a general or generic name for the household spirit (hausgeist) in German folklore.

It may invisibly make noises (i.e., be a poltergeist), or helpfully perform kitchen chores or stable work. But it can be a prankster as well. It may expect a bribe or offering of milk, etc. for its efforts or good behaviour. When mistreated (cf. fig. right), its reprisal can be utterly cruel.Template:Efn

A {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Langx) meaning "little hat" is one subtype; this and other kobold sprites are known for its pointy red cap, such as the niss (cognate of nisse of Norway) or puk (cognate of puck fairy) which are attested in Northern Germany, alongside drak, a dragon-type name, as the sprite is sometimes said to appear as a shaft of fire, with what looks like a head. There is also the combined form Nis Puk.

A house sprite Hinzelmann is a shape-shifter assuming many forms, such as a feather or animals. The name supposedly refers to it appearing in cat-form, Hinz[e] being an archetypical cat name. The similarly named Heinzelmänchen of Cologne (recorded 1826) is distinguished from Hinzelmann.Template:Refn

The Schrat is cross-categorized as a wood sprite and a house sprite, and some regional examples correspond to kobold, e.g., Upper Franconia in northern Bavaria.<ref name="HdA-Ranke-schrat"/>Template:Refn The kobold is sometimes conflated with the mine demon kobel or Bergmännlein/Bergmännchen, which Paracelsus equated with the earth elemental gnome. It is generally noted that there can be made no clear demarcation between a kobold and nature spirits.<ref name="Lurker-dict-kobold"/>

The Klabautermann aboard ships are sometimes classed as a kobold.

Overview

A kobold is known by various names (discussed under Template:Section link). As a household spirit, it may perform chores such as tidying the kitchen, but can be prankish, and when mistreated can resort to retribution, sometimes of the utmost cruelty. It is often said to require the household to put out sweet milk (and bread, bread soup) as offering to keep it in good behaviour.

The legend of the house sprite's retribution is quite old. The tale of the hütchen (or hodekin in Low German, meaning "little hat"; tale retold as Grimms Deutsche Sagen No. 74) is set in the historical background after c. 1130, and attested in a work c. 1500.Template:RefnTemplate:Efn This sprite that haunted the castle of the Bishop of Hildesheim,Template:Refn retaliated against a kitchen boy who splashed filthy water on it (Cf. fig. top right) by leaving the lad's dismembered body cooking in a pot. Likewise the resident {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} of Mecklenburg Castle, in 1327, allegedly chopped up a kitchen boy into pieces after he took and drank the milk offered to the sprite, according to an anecdote recorded by historian Thomas Kantzow (d. 1542).

The story of the "multi-formed" Hinzelmann (Grimms DS No. 75)Template:Refn features a typical house sprite, tidying the kitchen, repaying insolence, etc. Though normally invisible, it is a shapeshifter as its byname suggests. When the lord of Hudemühlen Castle flees to Hanover, the sprite transforms into a feather to follow the horse carriage. It also appears as a marten and serpent after attempts at expelling it.

A kobold by the similar name Heintzlein (Heinzlein) was recorded by Martin Luther.Template:Refn Although a group of house sprite names (Heinz, Heinzel, Heinzchen, Heinzelman, Hinzelman, Hinzemännchen, etc.) are considered to derive from diminutive pet name of "Heinrich", the name Hinzelmann goes deeper, and alludes to the spirit appearing in the guise of a cat, the name Hinz[e] being an archetypical name for cats. Also Hinzelmann and Heinzelmänchen of Cologne are considered different house sprites altogether, the latter categorized as one of "literary" nature.Template:Refn The house sprite names Chim or Chimken, Chimmeken, etc. are diminutive informal names of Joachim.

But its true form is often said to be that of a small child, sometimes only felt to be as such by the touch of the hand, but sometimes a female servant eager to see it is shown a dead body of a child (cf. Hinzelmann). The folklore was current in some regions, e.g. Vogtland that the kobold was the soul of a child who died unbaptized. The Grimms (Deutsche Sagen) also seconded the notion of "kobold" appearing as a child wearing a pretty jacket, but Jacob Grimm (Deutsche Mythologie) stated contrarily that kobolds are red-haired and red-bearded, without examples. Later commentators noted that the house sprite Petermännchen sports a long, white beard. The Klabautermann is red-haired and white-bearded according to a published source.Template:Efn

The kobold often has the tendency to wear red pointy hats, a widely disseminated mark of European household spirits under other names such as the Norwegian nisse; the North or Northeastern German kobolds named Niss or Puk (cog. puck) are prone to wearing such caps. The combined form Nis Puk is also known. In the north the house sprite may be known by the dragon-like name {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, said to appear in a form like a fire shaft.

Sometimes household sprites manifests as a noisemaker (poltergeist). It may first be such a rattler, then an invisible speaker, then a sprite doing chores, etc. and gradually making its presence and personality more clear (see Hintzelmann tale). In some regions, the kobold is held to be the soul of a prematurely killed child (Template:Section link).

They may be hard to eradicate, but it is often said that a gift of an article of clothing will cause them to leave.Template:RefnTemplate:RefnTemplate:Refn

The klopfer is a "noisemaker" or poltergeist type of kobold name, while the poppele and butz (which Grimm and others considered to be noise inspired) are classed as names referring to a doll or figurine.<ref name="HdA-WeiserAall-kobold"/>

The name kobold itself might be classed in this "doll" type group, as the earliest instances of use of the word kobold in 13th century Middle High German refers jokingly to figurines made of wood or wax,<ref name="lexer-kobolt">Lexer (1878). "{{#invoke:URL|url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}", Mittelhochdeutsches Handwörterbuch</ref>Template:Sfnp and the word assumptively also meant "household spirit" in MHG,Template:Refn and certainly something of a "household deity" in the post-medieval period (gloss dated 1517).Template:Refn

The etymology of kobold that Grimm supported derived the word from Latin cobalus (Greek {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Template:Transliteration),Template:Sfnp but this was also Georg Agricola's Latin/Greek cypher for kobel, syn. Template:Interlanguage link denoting mine spirits, i.e. gnome.Template:Refn This Greek etymology has been superseded by the Germanic one explaining the word as the compound kob/kof 'house, chamber' + walt 'power, authority' (cf. cobalt#etymology).

The gütel has a variant {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, a hayloft or stable kobold, which tampers with horses.

Nomenclature and origins

The "kobold" is defined as the well-known household spirit, descended from household gods and hearth deities, according to Grimms' dictionary.Template:Refn

However, Middle High German "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" is defined as "wooden or waxen figures of a nixie-ish (neckische) house spirit", used in jest.<ref name="lexer-kobold">Lexer, Max (1872) Mittelhochdeutsches Handwörterbuch s.v. "{{#invoke:URL|url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}"</ref>

Kobold as generic term

File:Praetorius(1668)-p0000-08haußmänner-kobolde-gütgen.jpg

Household spirit, kobold, or gütgenTemplate:Right

The term "kobold" was being used as general or generic term for "house spirit" known by other names even before Grimm, e.g., Erasmus Francisci (1690) who discusses the hütchen tale under the section on "Kobold".<ref name="francisci1690"/>Template:Efn The book Hintzelmann (published 1701, second edition 1704) was an expanded reworking by an anonymous author, based on the older-dated diaries of Pastor Feldmann (fl. 1584–1589)Template:Sfnp also used "kobold" and "poltergeist" in commentary,<ref>Template:Harvp And Cap. II, p. 27, where "Feld-Teufel.. Kobolte" are mentioned.</ref> but this cannot be considered an independent source since the book (i.e., the rewriter) cites Erasmus Francisci elsewhere.Template:SfnpTemplate:Efn Both these were primary sources for the kobold tales in Grimms' Deutsche Sagen, No. 74, 75.

Praetorius (1666) discussed the household spirit under names such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (dat. pl. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}Template:Sic, kobold, gütgen, and Latin equivalents.<ref>Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp</ref>

Steier (1705) glossing kobold as "Spiritus familiaris"<ref name="steier-dict1705"/> perhaps indicates kobold being considered a generic term.

Glossed sources

It is a relatively late vocabularius where kobelte is glossed as (i.e., analogized as) the Roman house and hearth deities "Lares" and Penates, as in Trochus (1517),Template:Refn or "kobold" with "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" as in Steier (1705).<ref name="steier-dict1705"/>

While the term "kobold" is attested in Middle High German glossaries,<ref name="lexer-kobold"/> they may not corroborate a "house spirit" meaning. The terms {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} together with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} to gloss {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in Diefenbach's<ref name="diefenbach-dict-procubare"/> source (Breslauer's Vocabularius, 1340<ref name="diefenbach-dict-sources"/>)Template:Refn may (?) suggest "kobold" being regarded more like an alp and mare which are dream demons.

But indications are that these Germanic household deities were current in the older periods, attested by Anglo-Saxon cofgodu (glossed "penates")<ref name="lexer-kobolt"/><ref name="grein-cof"/> and Old High German (Old Frankish) Template:Langx for house or hearth deities also glossed as penates.Template:Refn

(Middle High German location spirit stetewalden)

There is an attestation to a kobold-like name for a house or location spirit, given as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}Template:Sfnp by Frater Rudolfus of the 13th century,<ref>Franz, Adolf ed. (1906), Frater Rudolfus (c. 1235-1250) {{#invoke:URL|url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}, p. 428</ref> meaning "ruler of the site" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).<ref name="schaefer&pisarek&gritsch2020"/><ref name="johansons1962"/>

Ur-origins

Otto Schrader also observed that "cult of the hearth-fire" developed into "tutelary house deities, localized in the home", and the German kobold and the Greek agathós daímōn both fit this evolutionary path.Template:RefnTemplate:Refn

Etymology

The kobalt etymology as consisting of kob "chamber" + walt "ruler, power, authority", with the meaning of "household spirit" has been advanced by various authors, as early as Template:Interlanguage link (1861–1864) who postulated a form {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, quoted in Grimms' dictionary.Template:Refn Other writers such as Müller-Fraureuth (1906) also weighed in on the question of its etymology.<ref name="mueller-fraureuth1906"/>Template:Refn

Other linguists such as Otto Schrader (1908) suggested ancestral (Old High German) {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "the one who rules the house".<ref name="Schrader1908"/> Dowden (2002) offers the hypothetical precursor {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name="Dowden2000"/>

The kob/kub/kuf- root is possibly related to Old Norse/Icelandic: kofe "chamber",<ref name="mueller-fraureuth1906"/><ref name="johansson1883"/> or Old High German: chubisi "house".<ref name="johansson1883"/> and the English word "cove" in the sense of 'shelter'.<ref name="mueller-fraureuth1906"/>Template:RefnTemplate:Refn

This is now accepted as the standard etymology.<ref name="EtymWortb2012-ed-kluge&seebold-kobold"/><ref name="Lurker-dict-kobold"/> Even though the Grimm brothers were aware of it,Template:Refn Jacob Grimm seemingly endorsed a different etymology (Template:Section link), though this eventually got displaced.Template:Sfnp<ref name="kretschmer1928"/>

Kobold as doll

There are no attested uses of the word "kobold" (Middle High German: kobolt) prior to the 13th century. Grimm opines that earlier uses may have existed, but remain undiscovered or lost.<ref>Template:Harvp: "possibly earlier, if only we had authorities". Cf. note 4.</ref>Template:Efn

The earliest known uses of the word kobold in 13th century Middle High German refer jokingly to figurines made of wood or wax.<ref name="lexer-kobolt"/>Template:Sfnp The exemplum in Konrad von Würzburg's poem (<1250) refers to a man as worthless as a kobold-doll made from boxwood.Template:SfnpTemplate:Refn

This use does not directly support the notion of the kobold being regarded as a spirit or deity. The scenario conjectured by Grimm (seconded by Karl Simrock in 1855) was that home sprites used to be carved from wood or wax and set up in the house, as objects of earnest veneration, but as the age progressed, they degraded into humorous or entertaining pieces of décor.<ref>Template:Harvp "for fun"; and notes, vol. 4, Template:Harvp</ref>Template:Refn

(Stringed puppet)

The kobolt and Tatrmann were also boxwood puppets manipulated by wires, which performed in puppet theater in the medieval period, as evident from example usage.<ref name="graesse1856"/><ref>Template:Harvp, citing Wahtelmaere 140, "rihtet zuo mit den snüeren die tatermanne" alludes to it being "guid[ed].. with strings".</ref> The traveling juggler (Template:Langx) of yore used to make a kobold doll appear out of their coats, and make faces with it to entertain the crowd.Template:Sfnp<ref name="graesse1856"/>

Thomas Keightley comments that legends and folklore about kobolds can be explained as "ventriloquism and the contrivances of servants and others".Template:Sfnp

The 17th century expression to laugh like a kobold may refer to these dolls with their mouths wide open, and it may mean "to laugh loud and heartily".<ref>Template:Harvp: lachen als ein kobold, p. 424 "koboldische lachen"; Template:Harvp "laugh like a kobold", p. 512 tr. as "goblin laughter".</ref>

(Dumb doll insult)

There are other medieval literary examples using kobold or tatrmann as a metaphor for mute or dumb human beings.Template:Refn

Note that some of the kobold synonyms are specifically classified as Kretinnamen, under the slander for stupidity category in the HdA, as aforementioned.Template:Sfnp

Grimm's alternate etymology

Joseph Grimm in Teutonic Mythology gave the etymology of kobold/kobolt as derived from Latin cobalus (pl. cobali) or rather its antecedent Greek koba'los (pl. kobaloi; Template:Langx, plural: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) meaning "joker, trickster".Template:RefnTemplate:RefnTemplate:Refn The final -olt he explained as typical German language suffix for monsters and supernaturals.<ref name="Grimm-DM-cobalus">Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp</ref>

The derivation of kobold from Greek kobalos is not original to Grimm, and he credits Ludwig Wachler (1737).Template:RefnTemplate:Sfnp

Thus the generic "goblin"Template:Sfnp is a cognate of "kobold" according to Grimm's etymology, and perhaps even a descendant word deriving from "kobold".<ref name="Dowden2000"/><ref>Knapp 62.</ref> The Dutch kabout, kabot, kabouter, kaboutermanneken, etc., were also regarded as deriving from cabolus by Grimm, citing Dutch linguist Cornelis Kiliaan.Template:RefnTemplate:Sfnp

Conflation with mine spirit

Template:Further Jacob Grimm certainly knew that kobel and Bergmännlein (=BergmännchenTemplate:Efn) were the proper terms Agricola used for "mine spirits" since his Deutsche Mythologie quoted these terms from Georgius Agricola (16th cent.) in the annotation volume.<ref name="grimm-DM-kobel">Template:Harvp {{#invoke:URL|url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}, Anmerkungen zu S. 377; Grimm (1888), {{#invoke:URL|url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}</ref>Template:Refn<ref name="agricola-tr-hoover1912"/> So to know the actual German terms ("kobel"), one needed to consult the glossary<ref name="LibrarySurgeonGeneral1941"/> The glossary was later attached to a 1657 omnibus edition consisting of an excerpt of De animatibus added to de re metallica in XII books, which is clearly Basel 1657 edition Grimm is citing.<ref name="agricola1657-gloss"/>

But Grimms' dictionary, while admitting that the mine spirit went by the name kobel, considered that word merely to be a variant or offshoot of kobold (for the house spirit). The dictionary stated under "kobold" that kobel must be a diminutive cognate Template:Linktext).Template:Refn And under "kobalt" it considered the name of cobalt ore derived from the supposed mischief caused by the kobold or Template:Interlanguage link (mountain manikin, mountain spirit) in these mines.<ref name="Grimms-DW-kobalt"/>

Thus unsurprisingly, later writers have continued referring to mine spirits as "kobolds", or to consider "kobold" to be both house spirit and mine spirit in a wider senseTemplate:Refn (cf. Template:Section link, Template:Section link). At any rate it is recognized that the original "house spirit" kobold got conflated with the "mine spirit", also known as kobel.Template:Refn

Visitors from mines

Spiritualist Emma Hardinge Britten (1884) recorded a story about a "kobolds" in the mines who communicated with local German residents (of Harz Mountains?) using banging sounds, and fulfilled the promise to visit their homes. Extracted as real-life experience from a Mrs. Kalodzky, who was visiting peasants named Dorothea and Michael Engelbrecht.Template:Refn As promised, these kobolds appeared in the house in shadow as small human-like figures "more like a little image carved out of black shining wood".Template:RefnTemplate:Efn The informant claims she and her husbandTemplate:Efn have both seen the beings since, and described them as "diminutive black dwarfs about two or three feet in height, and at that part which in the human being is occupied by the heart, they carry the round luminous circle", and the sighting of the circle is more common than the dwarfish beings.<ref name="britten1884"/>

Subtypes

(Other house spirits)

Template:Location map+ The term kobold has slipped into becoming a generic term, translatable as goblin, so that all manners of household spirits (hausgeister) became classifiable as "types" of kobold. Such alternate names for the kobold house sprite are classified by type of naming (A. As doll, B. As pejoratives for stupidity, C. Appearance-based, D. Characteristics-based, E. Diminutive pet name based), etc., in the Template:Interlanguage link (HdA).Template:Refn<ref name="HdA-WeiserAall-kobold"/>

A geographical map of Germany labeled with the different regional appellations has appeared in a 2020 publication.<ref name="schaefer&pisarek&gritsch2020"/>

Grimm, after stating that the list of kobold (or household spirit) in German lore can be long, also adds the names {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref>Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp</ref>

Doll or puppet names

The term kobold in its earliest usage suggest it to be a wooden doll (Cf. §Origins under Template:Section link below). A synonym for kobold in that sense includes Tatrmann, which is also attested in the medieval period.Template:Sfnp

What is clear is that these kobold dolls were puppets used in plays and by travelling showmen, based on 13th century writings. They were also known as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and described as manipulated by wires. Either way, the idol or puppet was invoked rhetorically in writing by the minstrels, etc. to mock clergymen or other people.Template:Refn

The household spirit names {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} were thought by Grimm to derive from noise-making,Template:Sfnp but the HdA considers them to be doll names. The poppele is thought to be the German word Puppe for doll.<ref>German word corresponding to French pouppé, in the HdA</ref> The term Butz meanwhile could refer to a "tree trunk", and by extension either "overgrown" or "little", or "stupid" thus is cross-categorized as an example of "cretin names" (category B).<ref name="HdA-WeiserAall-kobold"/><ref name="Grimm-DW-butzputz">Cf. Grimm DW "{{#invoke:URL|url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}" sense 4), apparently a part of a wood or hedge that needs be trimmed off.</ref> Ranke suggests the meaning of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("klutz, hunk of wood") or a "small being", with a "noisemaker ghost" is possible by descent from MHG {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "to beat, strike".<ref name="HdA-Ranke-butz"/>

While the MHG dictionary defines {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} as a "knocking[-sound making] kobold" or poltergeist, or frightening form,<ref name="lexer-butze">Lexer (1878). "{{#invoke:URL|url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}", Mittelhochdeutsches Handwörterbuch</ref> Grimm thinks that all MHG usage treats butze as a type of bogey or scarecrow ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).<ref name="Grimm-DW-butzebutz">Grimm, Deutsches Wörterbuch, Band 2, s.v. "{{#invoke:URL|url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}"</ref> So in some sense, Butz[e] is simply a generic bogeyman (German: Butzemann). And butz[e], while nominally a kobold (house spirit), is almost a generic term for all kinds of spectres in the Alps region.<ref name="HdA-Ranke-butz"/>

The East Central German name {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (diminutive of "god", i.e. "little god", var. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref name="koehler1867"/><ref name="meiche-no389"/>) has been suggested as a kobold synonym of the fetish figurine type.Template:Sfnp Grimm knew the term but placed the discussion of it under the "Wild man of the woods" section<ref>Ch. XVII, §Scrat (faunus). Wood-folk. In the annotation supplementary volume to be more precise: Template:Harvp, to Template:Harvp.</ref> conjecturing the use of güttel as synonymous to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (i.e., sense of 'idol') in medieval heroic legend.Template:RefnTemplate:Refn The term gütel answers to Agricola's guteli (in Latin) as an alternate common name for the mine spirit (bergmännlein).<ref name="agricola-tr-hoover1912"/><ref name="HdA-Burren-guetel"/>

Mandrake root dolls

File:Praetorius(1668)-p0000-15Pflantzleute-Alraunen.jpg

Plant-people, Alraun (mandrake) Template:Right

The HdA categorizes {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} as a dragon name.Template:Sfnp In English, "mandrake" is easily seen as a "-drake" or "dragon" name. In German, a reference needs be made to the Latin form mandragora where -dragora came to be regarded as meaning a dragon.<ref name="HdA-Marzell-alraun"/>

Since the mandrake do not natively grown in Germany, the so-called Alrune dolls were manufactured out of the available roots such as bryony of the gourd family, gentian, and tormentil (Blutwurz).<ref name="HdA-Marzell-alraun"/>Template:Rp The lore surrounding them is thus more like a charm whose possession brought luck and fortune, supposedly through the agency of some spirit,<ref name="HdA-Marzell-alraun"/>Template:Rp rather than a house-haunting kobold. The alraune doll was also known by names such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (generic name for such dolls<ref name="Allgemeine-Ency-gluecksmaennchen"/>) and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name="Allgemeine-Ency-gluecksmaennchen"/><ref name="HdA-Marzell-alraun"/> It is a mistake to consider such alraun dolls as completely equivalent to the kobald, the household spirit, in Grimm's opinion.Template:Refn

But the kobold kind known as Alrune ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) did indeed exist locally in the folklore of the north, in Saterland, Lower Saxony.Template:RefnTemplate:Sfnp Alrune was also recognized as a kobold-name in Friesland,Template:Sfnp and even Switzerland.<ref name="vernaleken1859"/>Template:RefnTemplate:Refn

Cretin names

Template:Further The aforementioned butz may allude to a wooden object, or a "dolt" by extension. The Schrat (Schratte) is also formally categorized as a "cretin name" type of kobold nomenclature in the HdA.<ref name="HdA-WeiserAall-kobold"/> However, the term Schrat and its variants has remained current in the sense of "house spirit" only in certain parts such as "southeast Germany": more specifically northern Bavaria including the Upper Palatinate, Fichtel Mountains, Vogtland (into Thuringia), and Austria (Styria and Carinthia) according to the various sources the HdA cites.<ref>Template:Harvp, note 54)</ref>

The tale "Schrätel und wasserbär" (kobold and polar bear) had been recorded in Middle High German,<ref name="taylor1919"/> and is recognized as a "genuine" kobold tale.Template:Sfnp The tale is set in Denmark, whose king received the gift of a polar bear and lodges at a peasant's house infested by a "schretel". But it is driven away by the ferocious bear, which the spirit thinks is a "big cat".<ref name="taylor1919"/> Obviously Scandinavian origin is suspected, with the Norwegian version retaining the polar bear which turns into other beasts in Central European variants.Template:Sfnp Old Norse/Icelandic Template:Linktext meaning "sorcerer, giant" has been listed as cognate forms.Template:Sfnp

There exists a version of this water-bear tale, set in Bad Berneck im Fichtelgebirge, Upper Franconia, where a holzfräulein has been substituted for the schrätel, and the haunting occurring at a miller's, and the "big cat" dispatching the spirit.<ref>Grimm (1888), {{#invoke:URL|url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}, note to 1: 480.</ref> Still, the forms {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} seemed to be current around Fichtelgebirge (Fichtel Mountains), or at least in Upper Franconia region as a sprite haunting a house or stable.Template:Refn The schrezala form is recognized in Vogtland also.<ref name="fentsch1865"/>

Thus schretzelein is marked in Upper Franconia (around Hof, Bavaria) in the location map above, based on additional sources.Template:RefnTemplate:Refn A {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} reputedly haunted a household at Template:Interlanguage link near Teuschnitz, Upper Franconia, and tended to cattle, washed the dishes, and put out the fire. But when the mistress of the house well-intendedly gave the gift of clothing to the spirit who looked like a six-year old Template:Linktext, it exclaimed it had been now been given payment and must now leave.<ref name="fentsch1865"/>Template:Refn However, the forms {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} are marked in Upper Franconia and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in Lower Franconia on Schäfer et al.'s map.<ref name="schaefer&pisarek&gritsch2020"/>

Forms of schrat as kobold also occurs in Poland as skrzat, glossed in a c. 1500 dictionary as a household spirit ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), also known by variant skrot.Template:Refn The Czech forms (standardized as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) could mean a kobold, but could also denote a "mine spirit" or a hag.Template:Refn

Pet names

There is a roster of names of kobolts or little folk derived from shortened affectionate forms of human names, including Chimken (Joachim), Wolterken (Walter), Niss (Nils).<ref name="lecouteux-dict-dwarfnames"/><ref>Category E Kosenamen, Template:Harvp</ref>

While Hinz, Hinzelmann, Heinz are categorized as C subtype "beast-shape names" (cat-shape names) in the HdA (Cf. Template:Section link, below),Template:Refn

The HdA does not explicitly include the child-sprite Heintzlein (Heinzlein) mentioned by Martin Luther in his Table Talk, which turns out to be the spirit of the unwanted child murdered by its mother (a motif seen by kobolds elsewhere).Template:Refn This spirit is renamed "Heinzchen" in Heine's exposition,<ref name="luther-apud-heine">Template:Harvp Heine requotes via Dobeneck.</ref> and perhaps also in Grimm's Deutsche Sagen No. 71 as well.<ref>Template:Harvp, No. 71 "Kobold", p. 92. Luther's Table-Talk is listed as a source.</ref>

Grimm also lists other variant spellings ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) to be considered together. Grimm's commentary then mentions Heinze as a mountain sprite (Berggeist, gnome) in Rollenhagen's Froschmeuseler, Heinze being a diminutive (or rather more properly the affectionate shortened forms, or hypocorism) of Heinrich.<ref>Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp</ref>

The kobold Heinzelmännchen (another diminutive of Heinrich<ref name="lecouteux-dict-dwarfnames"/>) is particularly associated with Cologne,<ref name="EtymWortb2012-ed-kluge&seebold-heinzelmaenchen"/> is actually separated out as a "Category H Literary name" in the HdA,Template:Sfnp apparently regarded as a late literary invention or reconstruction.Template:Refn The Heinzelmännchen is also clearly distinguished from the Hinzelmann in current scholarship, according to modern linguist Elmar Seebold,<ref name="EtymWortb2012-ed-kluge&seebold-heinzelmaenchen"/> though they may have beeninterchangeably discussed in the past. Accordingly, a mix of heinzelman, hinzelman" were given as "pet name (shortened human name)" type of kobold names by Grimm,Template:Sfnp (cf. Template:Section link below and the daughter article Heinzelmännchen).

Chimke (var. Chimken, Chimmeken), diminutive of Joachim is a Niederdeutsch for a poltergeist; the story of "Chimmeken" dates to c. 1327 and recorded in Thomas Kantzow's Pomeranian chronicle (cf. Template:Section link).<ref name="kantzow-ed-kosegarten"/><ref>Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp, rendered "noisy ghost".</ref> Chimgen (Kurd ChimgenTemplate:Refn), and Chim are other forms.Template:RefnTemplate:Refn<ref>Prateorius (1666) apud Template:Harvp</ref>Template:Refn

Wolterken, also Low German, is diminutive for Walther, and another piece of household spirit of the pet name type, Wolterken glossed as "lares" and attested together with "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" and "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" in Template:Interlanguage link (1587) Panurgia lamiarum.<ref name="meiger1587"/>Template:SfnpTemplate:RefnTemplate:EfnTemplate:Sfnp

Nis (Niß) is also explained to be a northern pet name for Nils.Template:Sfnp

Apparel names

Under the classification of household spirit names based on appearance, a subcategory collects names based on apparel, especially the hat (classification C. a), under which are listed {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, etc. and even {{#invoke:Lang|lang}},Template:SfnpTemplate:RpTemplate:Refn which is one of the names of a cap or cloak of invisibility.<ref>Template:Harvp: "sprites have.. power.. of vaninshing or making themselves invisible,.. nebelkappen.. helkeplein, etc."</ref> To this group belongs the Low Saxon form {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Langx) of the house sprite Hütchen from Hildesheim, which wears a felt hat (Template:Langx).Template:RefnTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Grimm also adds the names {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.Template:Sfnp

Cat-shape

File:The Little white feather.jpeg

Hinzelmann was a kobold who haunted Hudemühlen Castle.Template:Right

Template:Further The kobold Hinzelmann or Hintzelmann<ref name="Grimms-DS075-hinzelmann"/> is completely distinguishable from the "literary" kobold Heinzelmännchen according to modern scholarship<ref name="EtymWortb2012-ed-kluge&seebold-heinzelmaenchen"/> (cf. Template:Section link).

And while the name Heinzelmann (Heinzelmännchen) is forged from diminutives of Heinrich,<ref name="lecouteux-dict-dwarfnames"/> more importantly, the names Hinzelmann, Heinzelman (or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, etc.,) are names alluding to the kobold's frequent cat-like shape or transformation, and categorized Under type C "Appearance-based", subtype "beast-shape based names" in the HdA.Template:Sfnp The analysis is expounded upon by Jacob Grimm, who notes that Hinze was the name of the cat in the Reineke (German version of Reynard the Fox) so it was the common pet name for cats. Thus hinzelman, hinzemännchen are recognized as cat-based names, to be grouped with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (from kater "Template:Linktext") which may be precursor to tatermann.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp

The katzen-veit named after a cat is categorized by Grimm as a "wood sprite", but also discussed under kobold,Template:Sfnp and classed as a "cat appearance" type kobold name (category C b) in HdA.Template:Sfnp Grimm localized the katzen-veit at Fichtelberg,Template:Sfnp and Prateorius also recognized this as the lore of the Vogtland region,<ref name="duennhaupt1980-bibl-praetorius"/> though Praetorius's work published (1692) under the pseudonym Lustigero Wortlibio claims katzen-veit to be a famous "cabbage spirit" in the Hartzewalde (in Elbingerode, now part of Oberharz am Brocken in the Harz mountains, cf. map).<ref name="duennhaupt1980-bibl-praetorius"/>

The Hitzelmann that haunted Hudemühlen Castle in Lower Saxony was described at length by Pastor Feldmann Der vielförmige Hintzelmann (1704). As the title suggests, this Hinzelmann was a many and varied shapeshifter, transforming into a white feather,<ref>Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp</ref> or a marten, or a serpent.<ref>Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp</ref> (cf. Template:Section link).

The kobold appears in the guise of a cat to eat the panada bribe, in Saintine's version.<ref>Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp</ref>

Poltergeists

The HdA’s category D consists of kobold names from their behavioural characteristics, and other than some non-German sprites discussed, these are mainly the poltergeists, or noise-making spirits (otherwise, they are names derived after their favourite dish, cf. Template:Section link below).Template:Sfnp The poltergeists include the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("knocker"),<ref name="Grimms-DS076-klopfer"/>Template:Sfnp {{#invoke:Lang|lang}},Template:Sfnp etc.Template:Sfnp

Some poltergeists had been assumed to be named after their noise-making nature in the past, but HdA re-categorized them otherwise as puppet names. So rather than taking {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} to be a form of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "doll", Grimm argued that the poltergeist {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}})Template:Refn　and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}　(regionally also {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, etc.) were related to verb {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} meaning to 'soft-knock or thump repeatedly' (or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "noisemaking"<ref name="HdA-Jacoby-boppelgebet"/>), with a side meaning of a 'muffled (masked, covered-up) ghost to frighten children'.<ref>Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp: "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" ["to keep bobbing or thumping softly and rapidly"]... "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" ["side meaning of.. muffled ghost that frighten children"]; "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" ["is that which muffles (puppt) itself"] Note: Template:Linktext (occurring twice) meant " hide one’s face, disguise oneself" (not really 'muffled'), and einhüllt also means 'cover')</ref>

Likewise, though Grimm thought {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was reference to noise,Template:Sfnp even though butz seems to refer to a "tree trunk" and thus, had been classed as A for doll-name by HdA.Template:Sfnp<ref name="Grimm-DW-butzputz"/>

Rumpelstilzchen of Grimms' KHM No. 55 (as well as the Rumpelstilt mentioned by Johann FischartTemplate:Refn) are discussed as a poltergeist type of kobold by Grimm as well,Template:Sfnp though not formally admitted under this poltergeist category of kobold names in the HdA. The name Rumpelstilts is composed of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} meaning "(crumpled) noise" and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} with several meanings such as "stilts", a pair of poles used as extension of legs.Template:Sfnp

Milk-lovers

In category D, there are names deriving from their favorite food being the bowl of milk, namely {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("Potjack")Template:Sfnpand the Swiss {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} meaning "milk vat" (cf. Template:Section link).Template:Sfnp

Heinzelmännchen

File:Heinzelmännchen - 53080734345 - Jack Zipes Historic Fairy Tale Postcard Collection - Herrfurth, Oskar (German, 1862-1934).jpg

Heinzelmännchen Template:Right

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

The Heinzelmännchen of Cologne resemble short, naked men. Like typical house sprites, they were said to perform household chores such as baking bread, laundry, etc. But they remained beyond sight of humans.<ref name="weyden1826"/><ref name="keightley1828"/> According to Ernst Weyden (1826), bakers in the city until the late 18th century never needed hired help because, each night, the kobolds known made as much bread as a baker could need. However, the people of the various shops could not suppress their curiosity at seeing them, and schemed to see them. A tailor's wife strewed peas on the stairs to trip up and hope to see them. Such endeavors caused the sprites to disappear from all the shops in Cologne, before around the year 1780.Template:Refn

This house sprite is included as kobold, but is considered a literary retelling, based on the fact the knowledge about the sprite had been spread by August Kopisch's ballad (1836).<ref>Template:Harvp: Category H. Literarische Namen.</ref>

Miscellaneous

Other house spirits categorized as "K. Other names" by the HdA are {{#invoke:Lang|lang}},Template:Rp {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.Template:Sfnp The mönch lore is widespread from Saxony to Bavaria.<ref>Template:Harvp "{{#invoke:URL|url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}</ref>

King Goldemar, king of dwarfs, is also re-discussed under the household spirit commentary by Grimm, presumably because he became a guest to the human king Neveling von Hardenberg at his Castle Hardenstein for three years,Template:Sfnp making a dwarf sort of a household spirit on a limited-term basis.

For cognate beings of kobolds or house spirits in non-German cultures, see Template:Section link.

Characteristics

File:Kobold artlibre jnl.jpg

Drawing of a Kobold

The kobold is linked to a specific household.Template:Sfnp Some legends claim that every house has a resident kobold, regardless of its owners' desires or needs.Template:Sfnp The means by which a kobold enters a new home vary from tale to tale.

Should someone take pity on a kobold in the form of a cold, wet creature and take it inside to warm it, the spirit takes up residence there.<ref name="Ashliman 46"/> A tradition from Perleberg in northern Germany says that a homeowner must follow specific instructions to lure a kobold to their house. They must go on St John's Day between noon and one o'clock, into the forest. When they find an anthill with a bird on it, they must say a certain phrase, which causes the bird to transform into a small human. The figure then leaps into a bag carried by the homeowner, and they can then transfer the kobold to their home.<ref>Thorpe 141.</ref> Even if servants come and go, the kobold stays.Template:Sfnp

House kobolds usually live in the hearth area of a house,<ref name="Rose 40, 183"/> although some tales place them in less frequented parts of the home, in the woodhouse,<ref>Thorpe 84.</ref> in barns and stables, or in the beer cellar of an inn. At night, such kobolds do chores that the human occupants neglected to finish before bedtime:<ref name="Rose 40, 183">Rose 40, 183.</ref> They chase away pests, clean the stables, feed and groom the cattle and horses, scrub the dishes and pots, and sweep the kitchen.<ref name="Praetorius1666"/>Template:Sfnp The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is described as a spirit that scrapes the horse (that is to say, with the currycomb or in German, Striegel) in their stalls, feeds the swine to fatten them, and draws water and carries it over to the cattle to drink.Template:Refn

Other kobolds help tradespeople and shopkeepers.

Kobolds are spirits and, as such, part of a spiritual realm. However, as with other European spirits, they often dwell among the living.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp The spirit's doings, and how humans interact will be discussed further below (Template:Section link)

Kobolds can take on the appearance of children, be dressed a certain way, or manifest as non-human animals, fire, humans, and objects.Template:Sfnp This is further discussed below (Template:Section link)

Physical description

File:Feldmann(1704)-Hinzelmann-p023a-Hinzelmann-mit-Flügeln.jpg

Winged Hintzelmann in the household.Template:Right

File:Saintine (1862)-illust-Dore-p288-Kobold&cuisinière.jpg

The kobold Chim helps the kitchen maidTemplate:Right

There seems to be contradictory opinion on whether a kobold should be generally regarded as boyish looking, or more elderly and bearded. An earlier edition (1819) of the Brockhaus Enzyklopädie gives the childlike description,<ref name="AllgReal-Ency-kobold"/> however, a later edition (1885) amends to the view of an elderly looking kobold, with a beard.<ref name="Allgemeine-Ency-kobold"/> Yet actual instances of a bearded household kobold seems to concentrate on one lone example or two.Template:Refn

The lore that a kobold, when spotted is often seen as a young child wearing a pretty jacket is presented in Grimms Deutsche Sagen (1816), No.71 "Kobold".<ref>Template:Harvp also quoted by Template:Harvp</ref> And a cherubic, winged child illustration occurs in the 1704 printed book narrative of the kobold, Hintzelmann (cf. right).

The bearded look was underscored by Jacob Grimm's Deutsche Mythlogie where the kobold was ascribed red hair and beard, without specific examples.<ref name="huetchen"/>Template:Efn Simrock summarized that "they" (apparently applying broadly to dwarfs, house spirits, wood sprites, and subterranean folk) tend to have red hair and red beard,Template:Efn as well as red clothing.Template:Sfnp The example of Petermännchen of SchwerinTemplate:Sfnp is a story that mentions its white beard,<ref>Template:Harvp 1．{{#invoke:URL|url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}, pp. 14–15, 467</ref>Template:Refn and an instance of a kobold from Mecklenburg, with long white beard and wearing a hood (Template:Linktext) mentioned by GoltherTemplate:Refn is in fact Petermännchen also.<ref name="bartsch1879-petermaenchenn"/> The klabautermann which some reckon to be a ship-kobold<ref name="brewer1880-klabotermann"/>Template:Sfnp has been purported to have a fiery red head of hair and white beard.Template:Refn

On the kobold assuming the guise of small children, there is a piece of lore that the kobolds are the spirits of dead children and often appear with a knife that represents the means by which they were put to death.Template:RefnTemplate:Sfnp<ref>Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp</ref> Cf. Template:Section link

Other tales describe kobolds appearing as herdsmen looking for work<ref name="Ashliman 46">Template:Harvp "{{#invoke:URL|url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}", p. 46.</ref> and little, wrinkled old men in pointed hoods.<ref name="Rose 40, 183"/>

One 19th century source claimed mine kobolds with black skin were seen by her and her husband multiple times. (cf. Template:Section link).<ref name="britten1884"/>

Red cap

Kobolds supposedly also tend to wear a pointy red hat, though Grimm acknowledges that the "red peaky cap" is also the mark of the Norwegian nisse.<ref name="huetchen">Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp</ref> Grimm mentions the spirit known as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (meaning "little hat" of felt,Template:Refn cf. Template:Section link) immediately after, perhaps as an example of such a cap-wearer.

The kobold wearing a red cap and protective pair of boots is reiterated by, e.g., Wolfgang Golther.Template:Sfnp Grimm describes household spirits owning fairy shoes or fairy boots, which permits rapid travel over difficult terrain, and compares it to the league boots of fairytale.Template:Sfnp

There is lore concerning the infant-sized niss-puk ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} var. Neß Puk, where Puk is cognate to English puck) wearing (pointed) red caps localized in various part of the province of Schleswig-Holstein, in northernmost Germany adjoining Denmark.<ref>Cf. Template:Harvp</ref>Template:RefnTemplate:Refn

Karl Müllenhoff provided the "kobold" lore of the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} of Schleswig-Holstein,Template:Refn in his anthology, this tale localized at Rethwisch, Steinburg (Krempermarsch).<ref name="muellenhoff-no350-Schwertmann">Template:Harvp No. 350 "{{#invoke:URL|url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}", pp. 261–262, with an endnote at p. 601.</ref> The Schwertmann was said to dwell in a {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (or donnerloch,<ref name="muellenhoff1849"/> "thunder pit", i.e., pit in the ground said to be caused by lightning<ref name="kriechbaum1920"/>), which Müllenhoff insists was a "large water pit".Template:Efn<ref name="muellenhoff-no350-Schwertmann"/> It would emerge from this pit-hole and perpetrate mischief on villagers, but could also (try to) be helpful. It could appear in the guise of fire, and appreciated the gift of shoes, though his burning feet quickly turns them into tatters.<ref name="muellenhoff-no350-Schwertmann"/>Template:Refn According to supposed eyewitness accounts by people in Stapelholm the Niß PukTemplate:Efn was no larger than a 1 or 1 1/2 year old infant (some say 3-year old)Template:Efn and had a "large head and long arms, and small but bright cunning eyes",Template:Efn and wore "red stockings and a long grey or green tick coat..[and] red, peaked cap".Template:Efn<ref name="muellenhoff-no430-Wolterken">Template:Harvp "No. 430. {{#invoke:URL|url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}", pp. 317–319 with various notes.</ref><ref>Translated without attribution by Template:Harvp</ref>

The lore of the house kobold pukTemplate:Efn was also current farther east in Pomerania, including now Polish Farther Pomerania.Template:Sfnp The kobold-niss-puk was regarded as wearing a "red jacket and cap" in western Uckermark.Template:Sfnp The tale of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} told in Swinemünde (now Świnoujście)Template:Efn held that a man's luck ran out when he rebuilt his house and the blessing passed on to his neighbor who reused the old beams. The pûks was witnessed wearing a cocked hat ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), red jacket with shiny buttons.<ref>Template:Harvp, No. 18 "{{#invoke:URL|url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}, pp. 15–16"</ref>

Invisibility and true form

File:Saintine (1862)-illust-Dore-p289-enfant mort flottait dans tonneau de sang.jpg

Kitchen maid wanting to meet the kobold Chim, finds dead child in vat of bloodTemplate:Right

File:Feldmann(1704)-Hinzelmann-p195a-Küchinn-und-Kind-2Messer-gesteckt.jpg

Female cook expecting to see Hintzelmann in cellar finds child with two knives stuck in heart.Template:Right

The normal invisibility of the Chimgen (or Chim) kobold is explained in legend which tells of a female servant taking a fancy to her house's kobold and asking to see him. The kobold refuses, claiming that to look upon him would be terrifying. Undeterred, the maid insists, and the kobold tells her to meet him later—and to bring along a pail of cold water. The kobold waits for the maid, nude and with a butcher knife in his back. The maid faints at the sight, and the kobold wakes her with the cold water. And she never wished to see the ChimgenTemplate:Refn ever again.<ref>Template:Harvp: "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}", apud Template:Harvp</ref>Template:Sfnp

In one variant, the maid urges her favourite kobold named Heinzchen (or actually Heintzlein<ref name="luther1566"/>) to see him in his natural state, and is then led to the cellar, where she is shown a dead baby floating in a cask full of blood; years before, the woman had borne a bastard child, killed it, and hidden it in such a cask.Template:RefnTemplate:RefnTemplate:Refn

True identity as child's ghost

Saintine follows the story above with a piece of lore that kobolds are regarded as (ghosts of) infants, and the tail ("caudal appendage") that they have represent the knife used to kill them.<ref>Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp</ref> What Praetorius (1666) stated was that the goblin haunting a house often appeared in the guise of children with knives stuck in their backs, revealing them to be ghosts of children murdered in that manner.Template:Refn

The lore that the kobold's true identity is the soul of a child who died unbaptized was current in the Vogland (including such belief held for the gutel of Erzgebirge).Template:Sfnp Like the soul, the kobold can assume any shape, even "sheer fire".Template:Sfnp

Cf. Grimm, the lore that unbaptized children become {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Interlanguage link)Template:Refn<ref>Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp</ref> Also, the Irrlicht (≈ will-o'-the-wisp), called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} locally in the southern Altmark, were said to be the souls of unbaptized children.<ref>Template:Harvp C. Gebräuche und Aberglauben　{{#invoke:URL|url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}</ref>Template:Refn

Goldemar's traces

Although King Goldemar (or Goldmar), a famous kobold from Castle Hardenstein, had hands "thin like those of a frog, cold and soft to the feel", he never showed himself.Template:Sfnp King Goldemar was said to sleep in the same bed with Neveling von Hardenberg. He demanded a place at the table and a stall for his horses.Template:Sfnp The master of Hudemühlen Castle, where Heinzelmann lived, convinced the kobold to let him touch him one night.

When a man threw ashes and tares about to try to see King Goldemar's footprints, the kobold cut him to pieces, put him on a spit, roasted him, boiled his legs and head, and ate him.Template:Sfnp

Fire phenomena

File:Hertz(1922)Bruder Rausch-illustr-Staffen-p080-Feuermännlein.jpg

Feuermännlein (little "fiery man") Template:Right

The kobold is said to appear as an oscillating fire-pillar ("stripe") with a part resembling a head, but appears in the guise of a black cat when it lands and is no longer airborne (Altmark, Saxony).Template:Sfnp Benjamin Thorpe likens this to similar lore about the dråk ("drake") in Swinemünde (now Świnoujście), Pomerania.Template:Sfnp

A legend from the same period taken from Pechüle, near Luckenwald, says that a drak (apparently corrupted from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} meaning "drake" or "dragon"Template:Refn) or kobold flies through the air as a blue stripe and carries grain. "If a knife or a fire-steel be cast at him, he will burst, and must let fall what which he is carrying".Template:Sfnp Some legends say the fiery kobold enters and exits a house through the chimney.<ref name="Ashliman 53">Template:Harvp "{{#invoke:URL|url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}", p. 53.</ref> Legends dating to 1852 from western Uckermark ascribe both human and fiery features to the kobold; he wears a red jacket and cap and moves about the air as a fiery stripe.Template:Sfnp Such fire associations, along with the name drake, may point to a connection between kobold and dragon myths.<ref name="Ashliman 53"/>

A Template:Interlanguage link could also refer to the will-o'-the-wisp during the Shakespearean period.<ref name="ShakHenryVIII-ed-boswell1821"/>Template:Refn And "fire drake" was used as shorthand for dråk of PomeraniaTemplate:Efn by literary scholar George Lyman Kittredge,Template:Efn who went on to explain, that the German wisps, called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("fiery man") are conflate with, or rather indistinguishable from the German fire-drakes (dråk).<ref name="kitteredge-firedrake">Template:Harvp, n3, cont. to p. 432.</ref> To the Irrlicht is attached a folk belief about the fire-light being the soul of unbaptized childrenTemplate:Refn a motif already noted for the kobold. And the cited story of the Feuermann (Lausitz legend) explains it to be a wood-kobold ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) which sometimes entered houses and dwelled in the fireplace or chimney, like the Wendish "drake".<ref name="haupt1862"/>

But the HdA does not furnish kobold names for "fire" or "wisp", and instead, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} which are said to fly through air like an enflamed hay-pole ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) laden with grain or gold (according to Pommeranian lore)<ref name="ZfVk01-jahn&meyercohn"/>Template:Sfnp have all been categorized under the "I dragon names" category.Template:Refn The connection between the fiery drak and the dragon-associated name in the Austrian dialect {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} for shooting star is commented on by Ranke.Template:Sfnp (cf. Template:Section link below for lore of kobolds hatching from eggs, thus leading to comparisons with basilisks and dragons).

Animal form

Other kobolds appear as non-human animals.Template:Sfnp Folklorist D. L. Ashliman has reported kobolds appearing as wet cats and hens.<ref name="Ashliman 46"/>

In Pomerania there are several tales specimens that a kobold, puk, or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} hatches from a yolk-less chicken egg ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}),Template:SfnpTemplate:Refn and in other tales, a kobold (aka "redjacket") appears in a cat's guise<ref>Template:Harvp No. 135 "Das Dorf Konerow", from Konerow village now incorporated into Wusterhusen, Vorpommern-Greifswald ; Template:Harvp No. 146 "Die beiden Rôdjäckten in Gollnow", from Gollnow (now Goleniów) village in Template:Interlanguage link</ref> or a puk appears as a hen.<ref>Template:Harvp No. 53. "Der Puk als Hahn".</ref>Template:Sfnp

The comparison is readily made to the legend of the hen-hatched basilisk, and Polívka makes further comparisons to lore involving hens and dragons.<ref name="polivka1918"/>

Thorpe has recorded that the people of Altmark believed that kobolds appeared as black cats while walking the earth.Template:Sfnp The kobold Hinzelmann could appear as a black marten (Template:Langx) and a large snake.<ref name="Grimms-DS075-hinzelmann"/>Template:RpTemplate:Sfnp

One lexicon glosses the French term for werewolf, loup-garou, as kobold.Template:Refn This is somewhat underscored by the remark that werewolf transformation was considered an ability of sorcerers with unibrow, which was a physical mark shared with the Schratel spirit (as wood sprite).Template:Sfnp

These do not comprise an exhaustive list of what forms the kobold can take on. The hinzelmann besides the cat appears as a "dog, hen, red or black bird, buck goat, dragon, and a fiery or bluish form", according to an old encyclopedic entry.<ref name="Allgemeine-Ency-kobold"/> Ranke (1910) gave a similar list for kobold transformations which includes bumblebee (Template:Linktext).Template:Sfnp

Activities and interactions

Offerings and retributions

A kobold expects to be fed in the same place at the same time each day.<ref name="Praetorius1666"/>

But it is known that the kobold becomes extremely dedicated to caring for its household, performing the chores and services in its maintenance, as in the case of the Hinzelmann.<ref>Feldmann (1704), Cap. XII. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} [Hintzelmann is a diligent overseer of the household], pp.126–139. Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp</ref> The association between kobolds and work gave rise to a saying current in 19th-century Germany that a woman who worked quickly "had the kobold" ("sie hat den Kobold").Template:Sfnp<ref name="Moore1847"/>

Legends tell of slighted kobolds becoming quite malevolent and vengeful,<ref name="Rose 40, 183"/><ref name="Praetorius1666"/> afflicting errant hosts with supernatural diseases, disfigurements, and injuries.Template:Sfnp Their pranks range from beating the servants to murdering those who insult them.Template:Sfnp<ref name="Rose 151–2">Rose 151–2.</ref>

In the story of the Chimmeken of the Mecklenburg Castle, (supra, dated 1327 given by Kantzow) the milk customarily put for the sprite by the kitchen was stolen by a kitchen-boy (Küchenbube), and the spirit consequently left the boy's dismembered body in a kettle of hot water.<ref name="kantzow-ed-kosegarten"/>Template:Refn<ref name="lecouteux-dict-dwarfnames"/> In comparison, a more amicable {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} anecdotally served monks at Mecklenburg monastery, bargaining for multicolored tunic with lots of bells in return for his services.Template:Refn

A similar episode of the vengeful {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}Template:Refn (normalized as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}Template:Refn) occurs in a chronicle of Hildesheim, c. 1500,Template:RefnTemplate:RefnTemplate:RefnTemplate:Refn where the sprite exacted vengeance from the kitchen boy of the castleTemplate:Refn who had the habit of throwing kitchen filth on him; the sprite strangled the lad in his sleep, leaving the severed body parts cooking in a pot over the fire. The head cook who complained was pushed from the heights to his death.Template:RefnTemplate:Refn

According to Max Lüthi, the household spirits' being ascribed such abilities reflect the fear of the people who believe in them.Template:Sfnp

The bribe left to the household spirit was a combination of milk and bread according to multiple sources. In the printed edition of Der vielförmige Hintzelmann (1704), Hintzelmann was supposed to be provided with a bowl of sweet milk with white bread crumbled over it (as illustrated in the book).<ref>Template:Harvp {{#invoke:URL|url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }} pp. 108ff. "Schüssel voll süsser Milch worinnen weiß Brodt gebrocket.. und auf seinen Tisch stellen mussen."</ref>Template:Sfnp The offering was to be milk and Template:Linktext (bread roll) also according to a lexicon for Altmark.Template:Refn The offering was described as panada (bread [and milk] soup) in the French retelling by Saintine.<ref name="saintine1862"/>

Novelist Heinrich Heine noted in connection with the present (Hildesheim) tale that the favourite food was the gruel for the Scandinavian nisse.Template:Sfnp

Other dairy lore

As a sort of the reverse of the offering, one tradition claims that the kobold will strew wood chips (sawdust, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) about the house and putting dirt or cow manure in the milk cans. And if the master of the house leaves the wood chips and drinks the soiled milk, the kobold is pleased and takes up residence at the household.Template:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp

The bribe put out for the kobold may be butter, for example, the Niß Puk of the Bombüll farmstead at Wiedingharde in Schleswieg-Holstein would tend to the Template:Linktext, but demanded a morsel of butter on a plate each evening, and the Puk would choke the best milking cow if it was not provided.<ref>Template:Harvp "CDXLVI.Niß Puk in der Luke" [446 Niss-Puk in the (gable) hatch-window], pp. 231–232.</ref>

According to the lore from South Tyrol (now part of Italy), the Stierl farmstead at Template:Ill experienced the trouble where the farmer's wife could not make butter for all her churning in the bucket ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).Template:Refn The farmer decided it was the doings of a kobold, and went down to the basement where lived Kröll Anderle who was learned in the magic books,Template:Efn and Anderle gave instructions to dip a glowing hot skewer into the liquid while churning the bucket under the eaves, which succeeded. But the kobold driven out repaid the farmer's wife with a hot log leaving her a permanent burn injury.<ref name="heyl1897"/>

Good-evil duality

Archibald MacLaren has attributed kobold behaviour to the virtue of the homeowners; a virtuous house has a productive and helpful kobold; a vice-filled one has a malicious and mischievous pest. If the hosts give up those things to which the kobold objects, the spirit ceases its annoying behaviour.Template:Sfnp Hinzelmann punished profiligacy and vices such as miserliness and pride;Template:Sfnp for example, when the haughty secretary of Hudemühlen was sleeping with the chamber maid, the kobold interrupted a sexual encounter and hit the secretary with a broom handle<ref>Template:Harvp Cap. XX. "Hintzelmann straffet einen Schreiber ab/ wegen seiner Hoffart und Courtesie", pp. 224–238: "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (broom handle)", p. 228</ref>Template:Sfnp King Goldemar revealed the secret transgressions of clergymen, much to their chagrin.Template:Sfnp

Even friendly kobolds are rarely completely good,Template:Sfnp and house kobolds may do mischief for no particular reason. They hide things, push people over when they bend to pick something up, and make noise at night to keep people awake.<ref name="Chantilly 98"/>Template:Sfnp The kobold Hödeken of Hildesheim roamed the walls of the castle at night, forcing the watch to be constantly vigilant.Template:Sfnp A kobold in a fishermen's house on the Wendish Spree, about a German mile (Template:Convert) from the Köpenick quarter of Berlin, reportedly moved sleeping fishermen so that their heads and toes lined up.<ref>Template:Harvp No. 86.1 "Kobolde", p. 81</ref>Template:Sfnp King Goldemar enjoyed strumming the harp and playing dice.Template:Sfnp

Good fortune

A kobold can bring wealth to his household in the form of grain and gold.<ref name="Ashliman 46"/> In this function it often is called Drak. A legend from Saterland and East Friesland tells of a kobold called the Alrûn (which is the German term for mandrake). In the tale from Nordmohr/Nortmoor, E. Friesland, now Low Saxony) despite standing only about a foot tall, the creature could carry a load of rye in his mouth for the people with whom he lived and did so daily as long as he received a meal of biscuits (Zwieback) and milk.<ref name="kuhn&schwarz-PartC-XVI-220">Template:Harvp "C. Gerbräuche und Aberglauben", "XVI. Dråk, kobold" No. 220, p. 423</ref>Template:Sfnp Kobolds bring good luck and help their hosts as long as the hosts take care of them.

The kobold Hödekin, who lived with the bishop of Hildesheim in the 12th century, once warned the bishop of a murder. When the bishop acted on the information, he was able to take over the murderer's lands and add them to his bishopric.Template:Sfnp

The house-spirit in some areas were called Alrûn ("mandrake"), though this was also the name of a trinket sold in bottles,Template:Sfnp which instead of being genuine mandrake could be any doll shaped from some plant root.<ref name="Allgemeine-Ency-gluecksmaennchen"/> And the saying to have an Alrûn in one's pocket means "to have luck at play".Template:Sfnp However, kobold gifts may be stolen from the neighbours; accordingly, some legends say that gifts from a kobold are demonic or evil.<ref name="Ashliman 46"/> Nevertheless, peasants often welcome this trickery and feed their kobold in the hopes that it continue bringing its gifts.<ref name="Dowden2000"/> A family coming into unexplained wealth was often attributed to a new kobold moving into the house.<ref name="Ashliman 46"/>

Eradication

Folktales tell of people trying to rid themselves of mischievous kobolds. In one tale, a man with a kobold-haunted barn puts all the straw onto a cart, burns the barn down, and sets off to start anew. As he rides away, he looks back and sees the kobold sitting behind him. "It was high time that we got out!" it says.Template:Sfnp A similar tale from Köpenick tells of a man trying to move out of a kobold-infested house. He sees the kobold preparing to move too and realises that he cannot rid himself of the creature.<ref>Template:Harvp "{{#invoke:URL|url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}", pp. 91–92.</ref>

Exorcism by a Christian priest works in some tales; in certain versions of the Hödekin in the kitchen of the castle enfeoffed to the Bishop of Hildesheim, the bishop managed to exorcise Hödekin using "ecclesiastical censures"<ref name="ritson1831"/> or church-spells.<ref name="Bunce1878"/> The attempts to expel the Hintzelmann from the Castle Hudemühlen by a nobleman and later by an exorcist trying to use a book of holy spells were foiled; it later left of its own will.<ref>Template:Harvp No. 75 "Hintzelmann", pp.110–111, 113–114, 127; Template:Harvp</ref>

Insulting a kobold may drive it away, but not without a curse; when someone tried to see his true form, Goldemar left the home and vowed that the house would now be as unlucky as it had been fortunate under his care.Template:Sfnp

Other specialized kobolds

Other than the mine spirit kobold above, there are others "house spirits" that haunt shops, ships , etc. places of various professions.

The Klabautermann (cf. also Template:Section link below) is a kobold from the beliefs of fishermen and sailors of the Baltic Sea.Template:Sfnp Adalbert Kuhn recognized in northern Germany the form {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (syn. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) which haunted mills and ships, subsisted on the milk put out for them, and in return performed chores such as milking cows, grooming horse, helping the kitchen, or scrubbing the ship.<ref>Template:Harvp, "{{#invoke:URL|url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}", p. 15</ref>

The bieresel, sometimes called a type of kobold<ref name="schmidt1759"/>Template:Refn live in breweries and the beer cellars of inns or pubs, bring beer into the house, clean the tables, and wash the bottles, glasses and casks. The family must leave a can of beer,Template:Refn (cf. Hödfellow) and must treat the kobold with respect, never mocking or laughing at the creature.

Klabautermann

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Klabautermann on ship.jpg

A Klabautermann on a ship, from Buch Zur See, 1885.

The Klabautermann is a spirit that dwells in ships, according to the beliefs of the seafaring folk around the Baltic Sea in Germany and Netherlands, etc.Template:Sfnp The spirit has been classed as a ship-koboldTemplate:Sfnp<ref name="brewer1880-klabotermann"/> and is sometimes even called a "kobold".Template:Sfnp The Klabautermann typically appears as a small, pipe-smoking humanlike figure wearing a red or grey jacket,<ref name="Kirby&Hinkkanen2000"/> or yellow attire, wearing nightcap-style sailor's hat<ref name="brewer1880-klabotermann"/> or a pair of yellow hoses and riding boots, and a "steeple-crowned" pointy hat.Template:Refn

Klabautermanns may be benevolent and aid the ship's crews in their tasks, but also be a menace or nuisance.<ref name="Kirby&Hinkkanen2000"/><ref name="Ellet1846"/> For example, it may help pump water from the hold, arrange cargo, and hammer at holes until they can be repaired.<ref name="Ellet1846"/> But they can pull pranks with the tackle lines as well.<ref name="Ellet1846"/>

The Klabautermann is associated with the wood of the ship on which it lives. It enters the ship via the wood used to build it, and it may appear as a ship's carpenter.<ref name="Kirby&Hinkkanen2000"/> It is said that if an unbaptized child is buried in a heath under a tree, and that timber is used to build a ship, the child's soul will become the klabautermann which will inhabit that ship.Template:Sfnp

Parallels

Kobold beliefs mirror legends of similar creatures in other regions of Europe, and scholars have argued that the names of creatures such as goblins and kabouters derive from the same roots as kobold. This may indicate a common origin for these creatures, or it may represent cultural borrowings and influences of European peoples upon one another. Similarly, subterranean kobolds may share their origins with creatures such as gnomes and dwarves.

Sources equate the domestic kobold with creatures such as the Danish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}Template:Sfnp<ref name="Bunce1878"/> and Swedish tomte,<ref name="runeberg1947"/> Scottish brownie,Template:Sfnp<ref name="Baring-Gould1913"/> the Devonshire pixy,<ref name="Baring-Gould1913"/> English boggart,<ref name="Bunce1878"/> and English hobgoblin.Template:Sfnp

If the definition of kobold is extended beyond the house sprite and extended to mine spirits and subterranean dwellers (aka gnomes), then the parallels to mine-kobolds can be recognized in the Cornish knocker and the English bluecap<ref name="taillepieds1588-tr-summers">Summers, Montague, {{#invoke:URL|url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }} in Taillepied, Noël (1933) [1588] A Treatise of Ghosts: Being the Psichologie, Or Treatise Upon Apparitions, Translated by Summers, London: Fortune Press.</ref> as well as the Welsh coblynau.<ref name="black1893"/>

Irish writer Thomas Keightley argued that the German kobold and the Scandinavian nis predate the Irish fairy and the Scottish brownie and influenced the beliefs in those entities, but modern folklorist Richard Mercer Dorson noted Keightley's bias as a strong adherent of Grimm, embracing the thesis of regarding ancient Teutonic mythology as underlying all sorts of folklore.<ref name="Dorson1999"/>

British antiquarian Charles Hardwick ventured a theory that the spirits like the kobold in other cultures, such as the Scottish bogie, French goblin, and English Puck were also etymologically related.Template:Refn In keeping with Grimm's definition, the kobaloi were spirits invoked (i.e., used as invective?) by such tongue-wagging rogues.<ref name="Liddell&Scott-kobalos">Liddell and Scott (1940). A Greek–English Lexicon. s.v. "{{#invoke:URL|url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}". Revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Template:ISBN. Online version retrieved 25 February 2008.</ref>

The zashiki-warashi (lit. 'sitting-room lad') of Japanese folklore parallels the kobold.<ref name="makita1973"/><ref name="tsunoda2007"/> Many points of commonality have been pointed out, for instance, the house inhabited by the sprite flourishes, but will fall to ruin once it leaves. The warashi is also of prankish nature,Template:Sfnp but does not actually help out with household chores.Template:Sfnp Both sprites can be appeased by offerings of favorite food, which is Template:Interlanguage link ("adzuki rice") for the Japanese version.Template:Sfnp

In culture

Literary references

German writers have long borrowed from German folklore and fairy lore for both poetry and prose. Narrative versions of folktales and fairy tales are common, and kobolds are the subject of several such tales.<ref>Gostwick, Joseph (1849). "{{#invoke:URL|url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}", German Literature. Edinburgh: William and Robert Chambers, p. 221</ref> The kobold is invoked by Martin Luther in his Bible, translates the Hebrew lilith in Isaiah 34:14 as kobold.<ref>"Isaiah 34:14: Parallel Translations", Biblos.com. Retrieved 8 November 2007</ref><ref>Jeffrey, David Lyle, ed. (1992). A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. Template:ISBN, p. 452.</ref>

In Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust, the kobold represents the Greek element of earth.Template:Refn This merely goes to show that Goethe saw fit to substitute "kobold" for the gnome of the earth, one of Paracelsus's four spirits.<ref name="goethe-tr-hayward1855"/> In Faust Part II, v. 5848, Goethe uses Gütchen (syn. Güttel above) as synonym for his gnome.<ref name="HdA-Burren-guetel"/><ref name="goethe-ed-thomas1897"/>

Theatrical and musical works

A kobold is musically depicted in Edvard Grieg's lyric piece, opus 71, number 3.

Der Kobold, Op. 3, is also Opera in Three Acts with text and music by Siegfried Wagner; his third opera and it was completed in 1903.

The kobold characters Pittiplatsch occurs in modern East German puppet theatre. . Pumuckl the kobold originated as a children's radio play series (1961).

Games and D&D literature

Kobolds also appear in many modern fantasy-themed games like Clash of Clans and Hearthstone, usually as a low-power or low-level enemy. They exist as a playable race in the Dark Age of Camelot video game. They also exist as a non-playable rat-like race in the World of Warcraft video game series, and also feature in tabletop games such as Magic: The Gathering. In Dungeons & Dragons, the kobold appears as an occasionally playable race of lizard-like beings. In Might and Magic games (notably Heroes VII), they are depicted as being mouse-dwarf hybrids. In the video game Home Safety Hotline, Kobolds appear as humanoid creatures with dog-like faces.

Fantasy novels and anime

The fantasy novel Record of Lodoss War adapted into anime depicts kobolds as dog-like, based on earlier versions of Dungeons & Dragons, resulting in many Japanese media depictions doing the same.

In the novel American Gods, by Neil Gaiman, Hinzelmann is portrayed as an ancient kobold<ref name="olesen2012"/> who helps the city of Lakeside in exchange for killing one teenager once a year.

In the novel The Spirit Ring by Lois McMaster Bujold, mining kobolds help the protagonists and display a fondness for milk. In an author's note, Bujold attributes her conception of kobolds to the Herbert Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover translation of De re metallica.

See also

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References

Citations

Bibliography

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