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}}Template:Main other Kołobrzeg ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Template:Langx; Template:Langx {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is a port and spa city in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in north-western Poland with about 47,000 inhabitants (Template:As of). Kołobrzeg is located on the Parsęta River on the south coast of the Baltic Sea (in the middle of the section divided by the Oder and Vistula Rivers). It is the capital of Kołobrzeg County.
During the Early Middle Ages, the Pomeranian tribes established a settlement at the site of modern-day Budzistowo. In 1000, when the city was part of Poland, it became the seat of the Diocese of Kołobrzeg, one of five oldest Polish dioceses. During the High Middle Ages, the town was expanded with an additional settlement inhabited by German settlers a few kilometers north of the stronghold and chartered with Lübeck law, which settlement eventually superseded the original Pomeranian settlement. The city later joined the Hanseatic League. Within the Duchy of Pomerania the town was the urban center of the secular reign of the prince-bishops of Kamień and their residence throughout the High and Late Middle Ages. In the modern age, it passed to Brandenburg and Prussia, and withstood a Polish-French siege in 1807. In the late 19th century it became a popular spa town at the Baltic Sea. In 1945, Polish and Soviet troops captured the town. Kołobrzeg, now part of post-war Poland and devastated in the preceding battle, was rebuilt, but lost its status as the regional center to the nearby city of Koszalin.
EtymologyEdit
"Kołobrzeg" (and its Kashubian equivalent "Kòłobrzeg") translates as 'by the shore'; koło means 'by',<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and brzeg means 'shore'.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Its original name, Cholberg, was taken by Polish and Kashubian linguists in the 19th and 20th centuries to reconstruct the name. After German settlement, "Cholberg" evolved into "Kolberg".Template:Cn
HistoryEdit
Pomeranian stronghold at modern BudzistowoEdit
According to Piskorski (1999) and Kempke (2001), Slavic and Lechitic immigration reached Farther Pomerania in the 7th century.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> First Slavic settlements in the vicinity of Kołobrzeg were centered around nearby deposits of salt and date to 6th and 7th century.<ref name=zardziej>Tadeusz Gasztold, Hieronim Kroczyński, Hieronim Rybicki, Kołobrzeg: zarys dziejów, Wydaw. Poznańskie, 1979, Template:ISBN, p.8</ref><ref name="Kalendarium">[1] Template:Webarchive Historic calendar of the city's Official webpage</ref>
In the late 9th century, the Pomeranian tribes erected a fortified settlement at the site of modern part of Kołobrzeg county called Budzistowo<ref name=Schich>Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft: Gesammelte Beiträge 1977 bis 1999 zur Geschichte der Zisterzienser und der "Germania Slavica", BWV Verlag, 2007, p.280, Template:ISBN</ref> near modern Kołobrzeg,<ref name=Koebler341>Gerhard Köbler, Historisches Lexikon der Deutschen Länder: die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, 7th edition, C.H.Beck, 2007, p.341, Template:ISBN</ref> replacing nearby Bardy-Świelubie, a multi-ethnic emporium, as the center of the region.<ref name=Harck1516>Ole Harck, Christian Lübke, Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: Die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. Bis ins 13. Jahrhundert: Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.-6. Dezember 1997, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001, pp.15,16, Template:ISBN</ref> The Parseta valley, where both the emporium and the stronghold were located, was one of the Pomeranians' core settlement areas.<ref>Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273–305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft – Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.263, Template:ISBN</ref> The stronghold consisted of a fortified burgh with a suburbium.<ref name=Mueller>Eckhard Müller-Mertens, Heidelore Böcker, Konzeptionelle Ansätze der Hanse-Historiographie, Porta Alba, 2003, p.133, Template:ISBN</ref><ref>Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273–305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft – Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.277, Template:ISBN</ref>
The Pomeranians mined salt<ref name=Jarnut282/> in salt pans located in two downstream hills.<ref name=Jarnut278>Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273–305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft – Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.278, Template:ISBN</ref><ref name="townwebsiteoccupation">[2] Template:Webarchive 'Historical eras' Official webpage of the city: The local Slavic population engaged in fishery, salt trade and various crafts.</ref> They also engaged in fishing, and used the salt to conserve foodstuffs, primarily herring, for trade.<ref name=townwebsiteoccupation/><ref name=Jarnut274>Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273–305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft – Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.274, Template:ISBN</ref> Other important occupations were metallurgy and smithery, based on local iron ore reserves, other crafts like the production of combs from horn, and in the surrounding areas, agriculture.<ref name=townwebsiteoccupation/><ref name=Jarnut289>Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273–305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft – Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.289, Template:ISBN</ref> Important sites in the settlement were a place for periodical markets and a tavern, mentioned as forum et taberna in 1140.<ref name=Jarnut282/>
In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Budzistowo stronghold was the largest of several smaller ones in the Persante area, and as such is thought to have functioned as the center of the local Pomeranian subtribe.<ref name=Jarnut289/> By the turn from the 10th to the 11th century, the smaller burghs in the Parseta area were given up.<ref name=Jarnut289/> With the area coming under the control of the Polish Duke Mieszko I, only two strongholds remained and underwent an enlargement, the one at Budzistowo and a predecessor of later Białogard.<ref name=Jarnut289/> These developments were most likely associated with the establishment of Polish power over this part of the Baltic coast. In the 10th century, the trade of salt and fish led to the development of the settlement into a town.<ref name="Epoki">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Piast Poland and conversionEdit
During Polish rule of the area in the late 10th century, the chronicle of Thietmar of Merseburg (975–1018) mentions salsa Cholbergiensis as the see of the Bishopric of Kołobrzeg, set up during the Congress of Gniezno in 1000 and placed under the Archdiocese of Gniezno.<ref name=Koebler341/> The congress was organized by Polish duke Bolesław Chrobry and Holy Roman Emperor Otto III, and also led to the establishment of bishoprics in Kraków and Wrocław, connecting the territories of the Polish state.<ref name="Epoki"/> It was an important event not only in religious, but also political dimension in the history of the early Polish state, as it unified and organized medieval Polish territories.<ref name="Epoki"/>
The missionary efforts of bishop Reinbern were not successful, the Pomeranians revolted in 1005 and regained political and spiritual independence.<ref name="Berend">Nora Berend, Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus' C. 900–1200, Cambridge University Press, 2007, p.293, Template:ISBN, Template:ISBN</ref><ref name="Warner">David Warner, Ottonian Germany: The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg, Manchester University Press, 2001, p.358, Template:ISBN, Template:ISBN</ref><ref name="Borgolte">Michael Borgolte, Benjamin Scheller, Polen und Deutschland vor 1000 Jahren: Die Berliner Tagung über den"akt von Gnesen", Akademie Verlag, 2002, p.282, Template:ISBN, Template:ISBN</ref><ref name="Wille">Michael Müller-Wille, Rom und Byzanz im Norden: Mission und Glaubenswechsel im Ostseeraum während des 8.-14. Jahrhunderts: internationale Fachkonferenz der deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft in Verbindung mit der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz: Kiel, 18.-25. 9. 1994, 1997, p.105, Template:ISBN, Template:ISBN</ref> In 1013 Bolesław Chrobry removed his troops from Pomerania in face of war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry III.<ref name="Kalendarium"/> The Polish–German war ended with Polish victory, which was confirmed by the 1018 Peace of Bautzen.
During his campaigns in the early 12th century, Bolesław III Wrymouth reacquired Pomerania for Poland, and made the local Griffin dynasty his vassals. The stronghold was captured by the Polish army in the winter of 1107/08, when the inhabitants (cives et oppidani) including a duke (dux Pomeranorum) surrendered without resistance.<ref name=Jarnut275>Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273–305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft – Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.275, Template:ISBN</ref> A previous Polish siege of the burgh had been unsuccessful; although the duke had fled the burgh, the Polish army was unable to break through the fortifications and the two gates.<ref name=Jarnut273274>Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273–305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft – Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, pp.273–274, Template:ISBN</ref> The army had however looted and burned the suburbium, which was not or only lightly fortified.<ref name=Jarnut273274/> The descriptions given by the contemporary chroniclers make it possible that a second, purely militarily used castle existed near the settlement, yet neither is this certain nor have archaeological efforts been able to locate traces thereof.<ref name=Jarnut274ff>Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273–305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft – Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, pp.274 ff, Template:ISBN</ref> In the 12th-century Polish chronicle Gesta principum Polonorum Kołobrzeg was named a significant and famous city.
During the subsequent Christianization of the area by Otto of Bamberg at the behest of Bolesław, a St. Mary's church was built.<ref name=Schich/> This marked the first beginnings of German influence in the area.<ref name="Epoki"/> After Bolesław's death, as a result of the fragmentation of Poland, the Duchy of Pomerania became independent,<ref>Joachim Herrmann, Die Slawen in Deutschland, Akademie-Verlag Berlin, 1985, pp.386</ref> before the dukes became vassals of Denmark in 1185 and the Holy Roman Empire in 1227.
Besides St. Mary's, a St. John's church and a St. Petri's chapel were built.<ref name=Jarnut282>Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273–305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft – Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.282, Template:ISBN</ref> A painting of the town of Kołobrzeg from the 13th century is located in the Museum of Polish Arms in the city.<ref>Nazwa Kołobrzeg Template:Webarchive Official website of the city</ref>
From the late Middle Ages to the Thirty Years' WarEdit
During the Ostsiedlung, a settlement was founded by German settlers some kilometres off the site of the Slavic/Lechitic one.<ref name="Buchholz p.75">Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.75, Template:ISBN</ref><ref name=Brather156/><ref>Torsten Kempke in Ole Harck, Christian Lübke, Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. bis ins 13. Jahrhundert : Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.-6. Dezember 1997, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001, p.16, Template:ISBN</ref> It was located within the boundaries of today's downtown of Kołobrzeg and some of the inhabitants of the Polish town moved to the new settlement.<ref name="Epoki"/> On 23 May 1255 it was chartered under Lübeck law by Duke Wartislaw III of Pomerania,<ref>Copy of the charter (in Latin), printed in Heinrich Gottfried Philipp Gengler, Codex juris Municipalis Germaniae Medii Aevi: Regesten und Urkunden zur Verfassungs- und Rechtsgeschichte der deutschen Städte im Mittelalter, F. Enke, 1863, p.609, free view Template:Webarchive</ref><ref name=Koebler341A>Gerhard Köbler, Historisches Lexikon der Deutschen Länder: die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, 7th edition, C.H.Beck, 2007, p.341, Template:ISBN:"1255 erhielt die deutsche Siedlung nördlich der slawischen Siedlung Stadtrect von Lübeck."</ref> and more settlers arrived, attracted by the duke.<ref name=Brather156>Sebastian Brather, Archäologie der westlichen Slawen: Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa, Walter de Gruyter, 2001, p.156, Template:ISBN</ref> Hermann von Gleichen, German bishop of Kammin also supported the German colonisation of the region.<ref name="Epoki"/> The settlers received several privileges such as exemption from certain taxes and several benefits, making it difficult for the indigenous Pomeranian population to compete with Germans.<ref name="Epoki"/>
Henceforth, the nearby former stronghold was turned into a village and renamed "Old Town" (Template:Langx, Template:Langx, Template:Langx), first documented in 1277 and used until 1945 when it was renamed "Budzistowo".<ref name=Schich/><ref name=Mueller/> A new St. Mary's church was built within the new town before the 1260s,<ref>Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273–305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft – Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.280, Template:ISBN</ref> while St. Mary's in the former Pomeranian stronghold was turned into a nuns' abbey.<ref name=Schich/> In 1277 St. Benedict's monastery for nuns was founded, which in the framework of the Pomeranian Reformation in 1545 was then changed into an educational institution for noble Protestant ladies.<ref>Franz Manthey: Polnische Kirchengeschichte. Hildesheim 1965, p. 31.</ref>
Already in 1248, the Kammin bishops and the Pomeranian dukes had interchanged the terrae Stargard and Kolberg, leaving the bishops in charge of the latter.<ref name=Koebler/> When in 1276 they became the souvereign of the town also, they moved their residence there, while the administration of the diocese was done from nearby Köslin (Koszalin).<ref name=Koebler>Gerhard Köbler, Historisches Lexikon der Deutschen Länder: die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, 7th edition, C.H.Beck, 2007, p.113, Template:ISBN</ref> In 1345, the bishops became Imperial immediate dukes in their secular reign.<ref name=Koebler/>
In 1361, the city joined the Hanseatic League. In 1446 it fought a battle against the nearby rival city of Koszalin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
When the property of the Bishopric of Kammin was secularized during the Protestant Reformation in 1534, their secular reign including the Kolberg area became intermediately ruled by a Lutheran titular bishop, before it was turned into a Sekundogenitur of the House of Pomerania.<ref name=Koebler/>
In the 15th century the city traded with Scotland, Amsterdam and Scandinavia.<ref name="Epoki"/> Beer, salt, honey, wool and flour were exported, while merchants imported textiles from England, southern fruits, and cod liver oil. In the 16th century, the city reached 5,000 inhabitants.<ref name="Epoki"/> The indigenous Slavs in the city were discriminated, and their rights in trade and crafts were limited, with bans on performing certain types of professions and taking certain positions in the city,<ref name="Epoki"/>Template:Citation needed for instance in 1564 it was forbidden to admit native Slavs to the blacksmiths' guild.<ref>Tadeusz Gasztold, Hieronim Kroczyński, Hieronim Rybicki, Kołobrzeg: zarys dziejów, Wydaw. Poznańskie, 1979, Template:ISBN, p.27 (in Polish)</ref>
During the Thirty Years' War, Kolberg was occupied by imperial forces from 1627 to 1630,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and thereafter by Swedish forces.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Modern era: In PrussiaEdit
Kolberg, with most of Farther Pomerania, was granted to Brandenburg-Prussia in 1648 by the Treaty of Westphalia and, after the signing of the Treaty of Stettin (1653), and in accordance with the Treaty of Grimnitz, was part of the Province of Pomerania. In the 1690s, French Huguenot immigrants and merchants from the Netherlands settled in the city, however, due to the bankruptcy of the merchants, the hired French preacher left for Warsaw in 1700, and several merchants went back to the Netherlands.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It became part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701. In the 18th century, trade with Poland declined, while the production of textiles was developed.<ref name="Kalendarium"/> In 1761, during the Seven Years' War, the town was captured after three subsequent sieges by the Russian commander Peter Rumyantsev. At the end of the war, however, Kolberg was returned to Prussia.
In the Napoleonic Wars, during Napoleon's invasion of Prussia during the War of the Fourth Coalition, the town was besieged from mid-March to 2 July 1807 by the Grande Armée and by insurgents from Poland against Prussian rule (a street named after General Antoni Paweł Sułkowski, who led Polish troops, is located within the present-day city). As a result of forced conscription, some Poles were also among Prussian soldiers during the battle.<ref name="Epoki"/> The city's defense, led by then Lieutenant-Colonel August von Gneisenau, held out until the war was ended by the Treaty of Tilsit. Kolberg was returned to the Prussian province of Pomerania in 1815, after the final defeat of Napoleon; until 1872, it was administered within the Fürstenthum District ("Principality District", recalling the area's former special status), then it was within Landkreis Kolberg-Körlin. Marcin Dunin, Archbishop of Poznań and Gniezno and Roman Catholic primate of Poland, was imprisoned for sedition by the Prussian authorities for ten months in 1839–1840 in the city<ref>Papiestwo wobec sprawy polskiej w latach 1772–1865: wybór źródeł Otton Beiersdorf Zaklad Narodowy im. Ossolinskich,1960 page 309</ref> and after his release, he tried to organise a chaplaincy for the many Polish soldiers stationed in Kolberg.<ref name="II Rzeczypospolitej 1984, pages 139-146">Na stolicy prymasowskiej w Gnieźnie i w Poznaniu: szkice o prymasach Polski w okresie niewoli narodowej i w II Rzeczypospolitej: praca zbiorowa Feliks Lenort Księgarnia Św. Wojciecha, 1984, pages 139–146</ref>
In the 19th century the city had a small but active Polish population that increased during the century to account for 1.5% of the population by 1905.<ref>Hieronym Kroczyński: Dawny Kołobrzeg, Wydawnictwo Le Petit Café, page 52, Kołobrzeg 1999</ref> The Polish community funded a Catholic school and the Church of Saint Marcin where masses were held in Polish (initially throughout the season, after about 1890 all year).<ref name="Kalendarium"/><ref name="Palkowski">"Związki Pomorza Zachodniego z Polską" page 100 Szymon Pałkowski, Wyższa Szkoła Inżynierska w Koszalinie 1996</ref><ref name=Jancke>Peter Jancke: "Kolberg, Führer durch eine untergegangene Stadt", Husum 2008, Template:ISBN</ref> Dating back to 1261 Kolberg's Jewish population amounted to 528 people in 1887, rising to 580 two years later, and although many moved to Berlin after that date they numbered around 500 by the end of the Nineteenth century<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Between 1924 and 1935, the American-German painter Lyonel Feininger, a tutor at the Staatliches Bauhaus, visited Kolberg repeatedly and painted the cathedral and environs of the town.
In the May elections of 1933, the Nazi Party received by far the most votes, 9,842 out of 19,607 cast votes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
When the Nazis took power in Germany in 1933, the Jewish community in Kolberg comprised 200 people, and the antisemitic repression by Germany's ruling party led several of them to flee the country. A Nazi newspaper, the Kolberger Beobachter, listed Jewish shops and business that were to be boycotted. Nazis also engaged in hate propaganda against Jewish lawyers, doctors, and craftsmen.<ref name="ReferenceA">"Kołobrzeg – Historia"Wirtualny Sztetl</ref> At the end of 1935, Jews were banned from working in the city's health spas.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> During Kristallnacht, the Jewish synagogue and homes were destroyed, and in 1938 the local Jewish cemetery was vandalised, while a cemetery shrine was turned to stable by German soldiers.<ref>Kołobrzeg – Historia Template:Webarchive Wirtualny Sztetl-Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich</ref> In 1938, all Jews in Kolberg, as all over Germany, were renamed in official German documents as "Israel" (for males) or "Sarah" (for females). In the beginning of 1939, Jews were banned from attending German schools and the entire adult population had its driving licenses revoked.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> After years of discrimination and harassment, local Jews were deported by the German authorities to concentration camps in 1940.
Second World WarEdit
During World War II the German state brought in numerous forced laborers to the city, among them many Poles.<ref name="Epoki"/> The city's economy was changed to military production-especially after the German invasion of the Soviet Union.<ref name="Epoki"/> The forced laborers were threatened with everyday harassment and repression; they were forbidden from using phones, holding cultural events and sports events, they could not visit restaurants or swimming pools, or have contact with the local German population.<ref name="Epoki"/> Poles were only allowed to attend a church mass once a month – and only in the German language.<ref name="Epoki"/> They also had smaller food rations than Germans, and had to wear a sign with the letter P on their clothes indicating their ethnic background.<ref name="Epoki"/> Additionally, medical help for Polish workers was limited by the authorities.<ref name="Epoki"/> Arrests and imprisonment for various offences, such as "slow pace of work" or leaving the workspace, were everyday occurrences.<ref>Kołobrzeg: zarys dziejówb Tadeusz Gasztold, Hieronim Kroczyński, Hieronim Rybicki – 1979 – page 72</ref> A labour subcamp of the Stalag II-D prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs was also operated in the city by Germany.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In 1944, the city was selected as a fortress — Festung Kolberg. The 1807 siege was used for the last Nazi propaganda film, Kolberg shortly before the end of the war by Joseph Goebbels. It was meant to inspire the Germans with its depiction of the heroic Prussian defence during the Napoleonic Wars. Tremendous resources were devoted to filming this epic, even diverting tens of thousands of troops from the front lines to have them serve as extras in battle scenes. Ironically, the film was released in the final few weeks of Nazi Germany's existence, when most of the country's cinemas were already destroyed.
On 10 February 1945, the German torpedo-boat T-196 brought about 300 survivors of the Template:SS, which had been sunk by Soviet submarine S-13 to Kolberg. As the Red Army advanced on Kolberg, most of the inhabitants and tens of thousands of refugees from surrounding areas (about 70,000 were trapped in the Kolberg Pocket), as well as 40,000 German soldiers, were evacuated from the besieged city by German naval forces in Operation Hannibal. Only about two thousand soldiers were left on 17 March to cover the last sea transports.
Between 4 and 18 March 1945, there were major battles between the Soviet and Polish forces and the German army. Because of a lack of anti-tank weapons, German destroyers used their guns to support the defenders of Kolberg until nearly all of the soldiers and civilians had been evacuated. During the fights, Polish soldiers' losses were 1,013 dead, 142 MIA and 2,652 wounded.<ref name="Epoki"/> On 18 March, the Polish Army re-enacted Poland's Wedding to the Sea ceremony, which had been celebrated for the first time in 1920 by General Józef Haller.
After the battle the city for several weeks was under Soviet administration, the Germans that had not yet fled were expelled and the city was plundered by the Soviet troops.<ref name="Epoki"/> Freed Polish forced laborers remained and were joined by Polish railwaymen from Warsaw destroyed by the Germans.<ref name="Epoki"/>
- Before, during, and after the war
- Kolobrzeg c1890-1905 LOC 00729u.jpg
Kolberg between 1890 and 1905
- Kolberg Strandschloss Rosengarten 1900.jpg
Strandschloss (Beach Castle) in Kolberg c. 1900
- Kolobrzeg1945.JPG
80% of the city destroyed in 1945
- Kołobrzeg.jpg
Ratuszowy Square, Kołobrzeg in 2019
Post-war PolandEdit
After World War II the region became again part of Poland, under territorial changes demanded by the Soviet Union and the Soviet-installed Polish Communist regime at the Potsdam Conference. Most Germans that had not yet fled were expelled from their homes in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement. The town was resettled by Polish citizens, many of whom were themselves Polish refugees from regions east of former eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union, from where they had been displaced by Soviet authorities.
In 2000 the city business council of Kołobrzeg commissioned a monument called the Millennium Memorial as a commemoration of "1000 years of Christianity in Pomerania", and as a tribute to Polish-German Reconciliation, celebrating the meeting of King Bolesław I of Poland and King Otto III of Germany, at the Congress of Gniezno, in the year 1000. It was designed and built by the artist Wiktor Szostalo in welded stainless steel. The two figures sit at the base of a 5-meter cross, cleft in two and being held together by a dove holding an olive branch. It is installed outside the Basilica Cathedral in the city center.
ClimateEdit
Kołobrzeg has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb).<ref name="kottek2006">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Peel>Template:Cite journal</ref> Template:Weather box
DemographicsEdit
Before the end of World War II the town was predominantly German Protestant with Polish and Jewish minorities. Almost all of the pre-war German population fled or was expelled so that since 1945, Polish Catholics make up the majority of the population. Around the turn from the 18th to the 19th century an increase of the number of Catholics was observed, because military personnel had been moved from West Prussia to the town.Template:Citation needed Template:Historical populations
Tourist destinationEdit
Kołobrzeg today is a popular tourist destination for Poles, Germans and due to the ferry connection to Bornholm also Danish people. It provides a unique combination of a seaside resort, health resort, an old town full of historic monuments and tourist entertainment options (e.g. numerous "beer gardens").
Bike path to PodczeleEdit
The town is part of the European Route of Brick Gothic<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> network. A bike path "to Podczele", located along the seaside was commissioned on 14 July 2004. The path extends from Kołobrzeg to Podczele. The path has been financed by the European Union, and is intended to be part of a unique biking path that will ultimately circle the entire Baltic Sea.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The path was breached on 24 March 2010 due to the encroachment of the sea associated with the draining of the adjacent unique Eco-Park marsh area. The government of Poland has allocated PLN 90,000 to repair the breach, and the path re-opened within a year. It was also extended in 2011 to connected with Ustronie Morskie Template:Cvt to the east.
Oldest oakEdit
South of Bagicz, some Template:Cvt from Kołobrzeg, there is an 806-year-old oak (2008). Dated in the year 2000 as the oldest oak in Poland, it was named Bolesław to commemorate the king Boleslaus the Brave.
Cultural centerEdit
Kołobrzeg is also a regional cultural center. In the summer take place – a number of concerts of popular singers, musicians, and cabarets. Municipal Cultural Center, is located in the Park teatralny. Keep under attachment artistic arts, theater and dance. Patron of youth teams and the vocal choir. Interfolk organizes the annual festival, the International Meeting of the folklore and other cultural events. Cinema is a place for meetings Piast Discussion Film Club.
In Kołobrzeg there are many permanent and temporary exhibitions of artistic and historical interest. In the town hall of Kołobrzeg is located Gallery of Modern Art, where exhibitions are exposed artists from Kołobrzeg, as well as outside the local artistic circles. Gallery also conducts educational activities, including organized by the gallery of art lessons for children and young people from schools.
PierEdit
The Kołobrzeg Pier is currently the second longest pier in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, after the pier in Międzyzdroje. A jetty positioned on the end of the pier enables small ships to sail for sightseeing excursions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
MuseumsEdit
In town, there is a museum of Polish weapons (Muzeum Oręża Polskiego), which are presented in the collections of militaria from the early Middle Ages to the present. The palace of Braunschweig include part of museum dedicated to the history of the city. In their collections branch presents a collection of rare and common measurement tools, as well as specific measures of the workshop. The local museum is also moored at the port of ORP Fala patrol ship, built in 1964, after leaving the service transformed into a museum.
TransportEdit
Train connectionsEdit
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Kołobrzeg has connections among others to Szczecin, "Solidarity" Szczecin–Goleniów Airport, Gdańsk, Poznań, Warsaw, Kraków and Lublin.
FerryEdit
A seasonal ferry service to Nexø on the Danish island of Bornholm is offered by the catamaran Jantar.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The trip takes 4,5 hours<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and carries passengers but no cars.
SportEdit
- SKK Kotwica Kołobrzeg – basketball club, which in the 2000s and 2010s competed in the Polish Basketball League, country's top flight
- Kotwica Kołobrzeg – football club
- Viktoria Kolberg - former German football club, dissolved in 1945
Notable peopleEdit
- Petrus Pachius (1579–1641/42) a German Protestant minister, teacher and poet
- Karl Wilhelm Ramler (1725–1798) German poet, translator and director at Berlin theater <ref>Template:Cite EB1911</ref>
19th centuryEdit
- Hermann Plüddemann (1809–1868) a German historical painter
- Ernst Maass (1856–1929) a German classical philologist.
- Magnus Hirschfeld (1868–1935), physician, sociologist and early 20th century Gay rights campaigner
- Paul Oestreich (1878–1959), educator, reformer
- Arnold Zadikow (1884–1943), German-Jewish sculptor
- Hans-Jürgen Stumpff (1889–1968), German general of Luftwaffe, co-signer of unconditional surrender 8 May 1945 in Berlin
- Günther Angern (1893–1943), Wehrmacht general
20th centuryEdit
- Werner Krüger (1910–2003), German engineer, invented Krueger flap in 1943
- Erika von Brockdorff (1911–1943), German resistance fighter
- Karl-Heinz Marbach (1917–1995), German U-boat commander
- Egon Krenz (born 1937), last communist leader of East Germany
- Christine Lucyga (born 1944), politician
- Joanna Nowicka (born 1966) a Polish archer, competed in four consecutive Summer Olympics from 1988.
- Sebastian Karpiniuk (1972–2010) a Polish politician, an assistant to President of Kołobrzeg, died in plane crash
- Dariusz Trafas (born 1972), athlete, javelin throw national record holder
- Daria Korczyńska (born 1981) a retired track and field sprint athlete
- Robert Szpak (born 1989), athlete, javelin throw, 2008 World Junior Champion
Famous persons connected with the cityEdit
- Marcin Dunin (1774–1842) archbishop of Poznań and Gniezno, primate of Poland. Imprisoned in the fortress in the city<ref name="II Rzeczypospolitej 1984, pages 139-146"/>
- Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, (1778–1852), father of gymnastics, was imprisoned in Kolberg fortress in the 1820s <ref>Template:Cite EB1911</ref><ref>Christopher Clark, Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947 (Harvard University Press, 2006: Template:ISBN), p. 402.</ref>
- Adolf von Lützow, (1782–1834) a Prussian officer, served with distinction in the siege of Kolberg in 1807 <ref>Template:Cite EB1911</ref>
- Wiktor Szostalo, (born 1952) sculptor and former Solidarity activist.
- Jan Pogány, (born 1960) classical composer, conductor and cellist.
- Ryszard Kukliński, (1930–2004) colonel and spy for NATO in the Cold War period, attended high school in the city.
International relationsEdit
Twin towns – sister citiesEdit
Kołobrzeg is twinned with: Template:Div col
- Template:Flagicon Bad Oldesloe, Germany
- Template:Flagicon Barth, Germany
- Template:Flagicon Berlin Pankow, Germany
- Template:Flagicon Feodosia, Ukraine
- Template:Flagicon Follonica, Italy
- Template:Flagicon Koekelberg, Belgium
- Template:Flagicon Landskrona, Sweden
- Template:Flagicon Nexø, Denmark
- Template:Flagicon Nyborg, Denmark
- Template:Flagicon Pori, Finland
- Template:Flagicon Simrishamn, Sweden
See alsoEdit
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
BibliographyEdit
- Template:In lang Gustav Kratz: Die Städte der Provinz Pommern – Abriss ihrer Geschichte, zumeist nach Urkunden (The Towns of the Province of Pomerania – Sketch of their History, mostly according to historical Records). Berlin 1865 (reprinted in 1996 by Sändig Reprint Verlag, Vaduz, Template:ISBN; reprinted in 2011 by Kessinger Publishing, U.S.A., Template:ISBN), pp. 81–99 (online)
External linksEdit
- Template:Cite EB1911
- Municipal website Template:In lang
- History of the town on the tourist promotion site Template:In lang
- dutchy of Cassubia Template:In lang
Template:Kołobrzeg County Template:Gmina Kołobrzeg {{#invoke:Navbox|navbox}} Template:Polish coast Template:Pomerania