Incubator escapee wiki

Kumquat

Article Discussion

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Automatic taxobox Template:Infobox Chinese Kumquats (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or cumquats in Australian English, are a group of small, angiosperm, fruit-bearing trees in the family Rutaceae. Their taxonomy is disputed. They were previously classified as forming the now-historical genus Fortunella or placed within Citrus, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Different classifications have alternatively assigned them to anywhere from a single species, Citrus japonica, to numerous species representing each cultivar. Recent genomic analysis defines three pure species, Citrus hindsii, C. margarita and C. crassifolia, with C. × japonica being a hybrid of the last two.

The edible fruit closely resembles the orange (Citrus x sinensis) in color, texture, and anatomy, but is much smaller, being approximately the size of a large olive. The kumquat is a fairly cold-hardy citrus.

EtymologyEdit

The English word kumquat is a borrowing of the Cantonese Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Template:Lang-zh), from Template:Transliteration "golden" + Template:Transliteration "orange".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

DescriptionEdit

Kumquat plants have thornless branches and extremely glossy leaves. They bear dainty white flowers that occur in clusters or individually inside the leaf axils. The plants can reach a height from Template:Convert, with dense branches, sometimes bearing small thorns.<ref name="fgcu">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They bear yellowish-orange fruits that are oval or round in shape. The fruits can be Template:Convert in diameter and have a sweet, pulpy skin and slightly acidic inner pulp. The fruit is often eaten whole by humans and has a taste which is sweet and somewhat sour.<ref name="Experts">Template:Cite book</ref> Kumquat trees are self-pollinating.

SpeciesEdit

Citrus taxonomy is complicated and controversial. Different systems place various types of kumquats in different species or unite them into as few as two species. Botanically, many of the varieties of kumquats are classified as their own species, rather than a cultivar.Template:Citation needed Historically they were viewed as falling within the genus Citrus, but the Swingle system of citrus taxonomy elevated them to their own genus, Fortunella. Recent phylogenetic analysis suggests they do fall within Citrus. Swingle divided the kumquats into two subgenera, the Protocitrus, containing the primitive Hong Kong kumquat, and Eufortunella, comprising the round, oval kumquat, Meiwa kumquats,<ref name="Swingle">Template:Cite journal</ref> to which Tanaka added two others, the Malayan kumquat and the Jiangsu kumquat. Chromosomal analysis suggested that Swingle's Eufortunella represent a single 'true' species, while Tanaka's additional species were revealed to be likely hybrids of Fortunella with other Citrus, so-called xCitrofortunella.<ref name="Yasada">Template:Cite journal</ref>

One recent genomic analysis concluded there was only one true species of kumquat, but the analysis did not include the Hong Kong variety seen as a distinct species in all earlier analyses.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> A 2020 review concluded that genomic data were insufficient to reach a definitive conclusion on which kumquat cultivars represented distinct species.<ref name="citrus taxonomy">Template:Cite book</ref> In 2022, a genome-level analysis of cultivated and wild varieties drew several conclusions. The authors found support for the division of kumquats into subgenera: Protocitrus, for the wild Hong Kong variety, and Eufortunella for the cultivated varieties, with a divergence predating the end of the Quaternary glaciation, perhaps between two ancestral populations isolated south and north, respectively, of the Nanling mountain range. Within the latter group, the oval, round and Meiwa kumquat each showed a level of divergence greater than between other recognized citrus species, such as between pomelo and citron, and hence each merits species-level classification. Though Swingle had speculated that the Meiwa kumquat was a hybrid of oval and round kumquats, the genomic analysis suggested instead that the round kumquat was an oval/Meiwa hybrid.<ref name="FASE">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Kumquat species
Image Scientific name Common name Distribution
File:Fort-hindsii.jpg Citrus hindsii Hong Kong kumquat China
File:Starr-121108-0788-Fortunella x crassifolia-fruit-Pali o Waipio-Maui (25103025561).jpg Citrus crassifolia Meiwa kumquat China, Japan
File:Fortunella.jpg Citrus margarita oval kumquat, Nagami kumquat Japan
File:Citrus japonica.jpg Citrus japonica round kumquat, Marumi kumquat, Morgani kumquat China, Japan
File:Fortunella obovata Fukushu 0zz.jpg Citrus obovata Jiangsu kumquat, Fukushu kumquat China, Japan
File:Fortpolyandra.jpg Citrus swinglei Malayan kumquat Malay Peninsula

HybridsEdit

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Hybrid forms of the kumquat include the following:

Origin and distributionEdit

The kumquat plant is native to Southern China.<ref name="Purdue" /><ref>Template:GRIN</ref> The historical reference to kumquats appears in literature of China from at least the 12th century.<ref name="fgcu" /> They have been cultivated for centuries in other parts of East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.<ref name="Experts" /> They were introduced into Europe in 1846 by Robert Fortune, collector for the London Horticultural Society,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and are now found across the world.<ref name="Experts" />

CultivationEdit

File:A lemon plant (Citrus japonica); flowering and fruiting stem Wellcome V0044760.jpg
Illustration by Walter Hood Fitch

Kumquats are much hardier than citrus plants such as oranges. Sowing seed in the spring is most ideal because the temperature is pleasant with more chances of rain and sunshine. This also gives the tree enough time to become well established before winter. Early spring is the best time to transplant a sapling. They do best in direct sunlight (needing 6–7 hours a day) and planted directly in the ground. Kumquats do well in USDA hardy zones 9 and 10 and can survive in temperatures as low as Template:Convert. On trees mature enough, kumquats will form in about 90 days.

In cultivation in the UK, Citrus japonica has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit<ref name = RHSPF>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (confirmed 2017).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

PropagationEdit

Kumquats do not grow well from seeds and so are vegetatively propagated by using rootstock of another citrus fruit,<ref name = "Purdue">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> air layering, or cuttings.<ref name=Purdue/>

VarietiesEdit

The Nordmann seedless is a seedless cultivar of the Nagami kumquat (Citrus margarita). It is similar to Nagami but with a slightly different shape and lighter skin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Centennial Variegated is another cultivar of the Nagami kumquat. It originated from the open pollination of a Nagami kumquat tree. The fruits are striped light green and yellow when underripe, and turn orange and lose their stripes when they ripen. They are oval-shaped, necked, 2.5 inches long and have a smooth rind. They mature in winter.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This cultivar arose spontaneously from the oval kumquat (Citrus margarita). It produces a greater proportion of fruit to peel than the oval kumquat, and the fruit are rounder and sometimes necked. Fruit are distinguishable by their variegation in color, exhibiting bright green and yellow stripes,<ref name="Purdue" /> and by its lack of thorns.

The Puchimaru kumquat is a seedless or virtually seedless Japanese kumquat cultivar. It is resistant to citrus canker and citrus scab. The fruit weighs 11–20 grams and is ellipsoid in shape. It has a dark orange rind which is 4 millimeters thick. The juice content is relatively low. The oil glands are somewhat large and conspicuous. It ripens in January.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

UsesEdit

NutritionEdit

Template:Nutritional value A raw kumquat is 81% water, 16% carbohydrates, 2% protein, and 1% fat (table). In a reference amount of Template:Convert, raw kumquat supplies Template:Convert of food energy and is a rich source of vitamin C (49% of the Daily Value), with no other micronutrients in significant content (table).

Essential oilEdit

The essential oil of the kumquat peel contains much of the aroma of the fruit, and is composed principally of limonene, which makes up around 93% of the total.<ref name="KoyasakoBernhard">Template:Cite journal</ref> Besides limonene and alpha-pinene (0.34%), both of which are considered monoterpenes, the oil is unusually rich (0.38% total) in sesquiterpenes such as α-bergamotene (0.021%), caryophyllene (0.18%), α-humulene (0.07%) and α-muurolene (0.06%), and these contribute to the spicy and woody flavor of the fruit. Carbonyl compounds make up much of the remainder, and these are responsible for much of the distinctive flavor. These compounds include esters such as isopropyl propanoate (1.8%) and terpinyl acetate (1.26%); ketones such as carvone (0.175%); and a range of aldehydes such as citronellal (0.6%) and 2-methylundecanal. Other oxygenated compounds include nerol (0.22%) and trans-linalool oxide (0.15%).<ref name="KoyasakoBernhard" />

GalleryEdit

  • Hoa quất.jpg

    Kumquat flower

  • Quinotos.jpg

    Kumquat fruit cross-section

  • Kumquat.jpg

    Kumquat whole and sectioned

  • Citrus japonica1.jpg

    Round kumquats (or citrofortunella)

  • Starr 070111-3157 Fortunella sp..jpg

    Round kumquats (or citrofortunella)

  • KoumQuatLiqueur.jpg

    Kumquat liqueurs from Corfu, Greece

  • Kumquat Trees (Corfu).JPG

    Potted kumquat trees at a kumquat liqueur distillery in Corfu.

  • Kumquat pie.JPG

    Slices of kumquat pie at the Kumquat Festival in Dade City, Florida

  • Kumquat jelly and kumquat butter.JPG

    Kumquat preserves

  • Fortunella (kumquat) 9 fiore+frutto.JPG

    Flowers and fruit

  • Citrus japonica3.jpg

    Kumquat tree

  • Muntala.jpg

    Unripe kumquat

  • Fortunella japonica Frutigen.jpg

    Ripened kumquat

  • CDC kumquat3.jpg

    Kumquat

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

Further readingEdit

External linksEdit

Template:Citrus

Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control

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