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Kyushu

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Template:Short description Template:About Template:Expand Japanese Template:Infobox islands

Template:Nihongo is the third-largest island of Japan's four main islands and the most southerly of the four largest islands (i.e. excluding Okinawa and the other Ryukyu (Nansei) Islands).<ref name="main-islands-japan">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Kyūshū" in Template:Google books</ref> In the past, it has been known as Template:Nihongo3, Template:Nihongo3 and Template:Nihongo3. The historical regional name Template:Nihongo referred to Kyushu and its surrounding islands. Kyushu has a land area of Template:Convert and a population of 14,311,224 in 2018.<ref name="thoughtco"/>

In ancient times, there is a theory that Kyushu was home to its own independent dynasty, where a unique, southern-influenced culture and tradition distinct from that of Honshu flourished.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In the 8th-century Taihō Code reforms, Dazaifu was established as a special administrative term for the region.<ref>Nussbaum, "Dazaifu" in Template:Google books; Dazaifu</ref>

GeographyEdit

File:Kyushu-Japan-ISS-Space.png
Kyushu from the International Space Station
File:Geofeatures map of Kyushu Japan ja.svg
Geofeatures map of Kyushu

The island is mountainous, and Japan's most active volcano, Mount Aso at Template:Convert, is on Kyūshū. There are many other signs of tectonic activity, including numerous areas of hot springs. The most famous of these are in Beppu, on the east shore, and around Mt. Aso in central Kyūshū. The island is separated from Honshu by the Kanmon Straits. Being the nearest island to the Asian continent,<ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Template:ISBN. Template:OCLC. </ref> historically it is the gateway to Japan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The total area is Template:Convert which makes it the 37th largest island in the world.<ref name="island1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is slightly larger than Taiwan's total area of Template:Convert.<ref name="thoughtco">Template:Cite news</ref> The highest elevation is Template:Convert on Mount Kujū.<ref name="peaklist">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The name Kyūshū comes from the nine ancient provinces of Saikaidō situated on the island: Chikuzen, Chikugo, Hizen, Higo, Buzen, Bungo, Hyūga, Osumi, and Satsuma.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Today's Template:Nihongo is a politically defined region that consists of the seven prefectures on the island of Kyūshū (which also includes the former Tsushima and Iki as part of Nagasaki), plus Okinawa Prefecture to the south:

PopulationEdit

Kyūshū has 10.3Template:Nbsppercent of the population of Japan.<ref name=honshu2>Template:Cite book</ref> Most of Kyūshū's population is concentrated along the northwest, in the cities of Fukuoka and Kitakyushu, with population corridors stretching southwest into Sasebo and Nagasaki and south into Kumamoto and Kagoshima. Except for Oita and Miyazaki, the eastern seaboard shows a general decline in population.

Politically, Kyūshū is described as a stronghold of the Liberal Democratic Party.<ref name="veconomist" >Template:Cite news</ref>

Per Japanese census data,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the Kyūshū region's population with Ryukyu Islands (Okinawa and Kagoshima Prefectures) has experienced a large decline since around 2000. However, the population decline in total is mild because of the relatively high birth rate of Ryukyuans both within the Ryukyuan lands (Okinawa and Kagoshima) and throughout the Kyūshū region. In addition, the other prefectures in Kyūshū also have exceptionally high TFRs compared to the rest of Japan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Historical populations
Including Ryukyu Islands

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Excluding Ryukyu Islands

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Designated citiesEdit

Core citiesEdit

Environment and agricultureEdit

Parts of Kyūshū have a subtropical climate, particularly Miyazaki Prefecture and Kagoshima Prefecture. Major agricultural products are rice, tea, tobacco, sweet potatoes, and soy; silk is also widely produced.

Besides the volcanic area of the south, there are significant mud hot springs in the northern part of the island, around Beppu. The springs are the site of occurrence of certain extremophile microorganisms, which are capable of surviving in extremely hot environments.<ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2010. Extremophile. eds. E. Monosson and C. Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC</ref>

There are two World Natural Heritage sites in Kyushu: Yakushima (registered in 1993) and Amami-Ōshima Island, Tokunoshima Island, northern part of Okinawa Island, and Iriomote Island (registered in 2021).<ref name="heritage">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

EconomyEdit

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File:M-V with ASTRO-E2 on launch pad.jpeg
M-V rocket launch rehearsal at USC

Kyushu's economy accounts for approximately 10% of Japan's total economic output, making it comparable to countries such as Iran, Norway, Austria, the United Arab Emirates, and Thailand. It is the fourth largest economic region in Japan, following the three major metropolitan areas of Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagoya.<ref name="FFG">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Kyūshū's economy has a well-balanced industrial structure, ranging from primary industries such as agriculture, to secondary industries such as manufacturing, and tertiary industries such as retail, services, and tourism. Agricultural output in the region amounts to 1.8 trillion yen (20% share of the national total), and the region is a major domestic production center for the automobile and semiconductor industries. Kyūshū also has a thriving healthcare industry, including medical and nursing care, and numerous research and manufacturing facilities in the fields of hydrogen, solar power, and other renewable energies. Furthermore, Fukuoka City, Kitakyushu City and Okinawa Prefecture have been designated as National Strategic Special Zones, which are expected to have an economic ripple effect on the entire Kyūshū region through the creation of innovation in industry and the promotion of new entrepreneurship and start-ups.<ref name="FFG" />

Kyūshū is a region with strong economic ties to Asia. For example, Asia accounted for 420 (77.9%) of the 539 overseas expansion cases of Kyūshū-Yamaguchi companies from 2010 to 2019, and Asia accounted for 61.1% of Kyūshū-Yamaguchi's total exports in 2019, 7.4 percentage points higher than the nation as a whole. As the logistics node between Japan and Asia, the ports of Hakata and Kitakyushu handle a large number of international containers. In addition, the number of cruise ship calls in 2019 was 772, with Kyūshū accounting for 26.9% of the nation's total.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Kyūshū is noted for various types of porcelain, including Arita, Imari, Satsuma, and Karatsu. Heavy industry is concentrated in the north around Fukuoka, Kitakyushu, Nagasaki, and Oita and includes chemicals, automobiles, semiconductors, metal processing, shipbuilding, etc.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The island of Tanegashima hosts the Tanegashima Space Center, which is the largest rocket-launch complex in Japan.

TransportationEdit

Kyūshū is linked to the larger island of Honshu by the Kanmon Railway Tunnel,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which carries the non-Shinkansen trains of the Kyūshū Railway Company, and the newer Shin-Kanmon Tunnel carrying the San'yō Shinkansen. Railways on the island are operated by the Kyūshū Railway Company and West Japan Railway Company, as well as a variety of smaller companies such as Amagi Railway<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Nishitetsu Railway.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Kyūshū Shinkansen trains operate between major cities on the island,<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> such as Fukuoka and Kagoshima,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with an additional route between Template:STN and Nagasaki which has been in operation since September 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Kyūshū is also known for its scenic train services, such as the Limited Express Yufuin no Mori and Limited Express Kawasemi Yamasemi.<ref name=":0" />

The Kanmon Bridge and Kanmon Roadway Tunnel also connect the island with Honshu, allowing for vehicular transport between the two.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Kyūshū Expressway spans the length of the island, linking the Higashikyushu Expressway and Ibusuki Skyline, connecting major cities such as Fukuoka and Kumamoto along the way.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There are also many quiet country roads, including popular tourist routes such as the Nichinan coast road and the Aso Panorama Line in Kumamoto Prefecture. Bus services are available and cover 2,400 routes within Kyūshū's cities, connecting many other destinations.<ref name=":0" />

Several passenger and car ferry services connect both northern and southern Kyūshū with main port cities on the main island of Honshu (Kobe, Osaka, Tokyo) and Shikoku.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

EducationEdit

File:Kyushumap-en.png
Map of Kyushu region with prefectures
File:JMSDF major fleets en.JPG
JMSDF District Forces, including the Sasebo District Force

Major universities and colleges in Kyūshū:

CultureEdit

Kyushu has maintained the strongest economic and cultural ties with Okinawa (Ryukyu) from ancient times to the present. Traces of Okinawan culture can be seen throughout Kyushu, and vice versa. Okinawan musical scales are often found in local folk songs, and there are many similarities in cuisine and language. Kyushu is also home to a unique traditional instrument called the gottan, which resembles the sanshin and shamisen. The region boasts a rich tradition of craftsmanship, with numerous traditional crafts such as Hakata-ori (博多織), Beppu bamboo crafts(別府竹細工), Kurume Kasuri (久留米絣), and Sathuma Kiriko

PeopleEdit

People in Kyushu are known for being conservative even within Japan. In particular, men from Kyushu are often referred to as "Kyushu danji" (九州男児), evoking an image of being wild and strong. It is said that this term has existed since ancient times, originally used to inspire and encourage soldiers. Being from Kyushu is a source of great pride for its people. Thanks to this cultural spirit, Kyushu has preserved a rich variety of unique traditional cultures that continue to thrive today.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

FoodEdit

The main features of Kyushu cuisine are the use of fresh ingredients nurtured by the region’s geography, which is surrounded by the sea and blessed with rich nature, along with distinctive seasonings such as sweet soy sauce (Kyushu soy sauce) and barley miso, which differ from those used in Honshu.

Each region has its own culinary characteristics: seafood-based dishes are prominent in the north, while meat dishes are more common in the south.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

SweetsEdit

Confectionery in Kyushu tends to use more sugar compared to other regions of Japan. This is because Kyushu has historically had close ties with Okinawa (Ryukyu), a major producer of sugar. As a result, many traditional sweets from Kyushu incorporate characteristics of Ryukyuan culture.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Musical instrumentsEdit

In Kyushu, there exists a traditional stringed instrument known as the gottan(ゴッタン), which developed independently within the region’s unique cultural and geographic context. The instrument is considered to be a midpoint between the shamisen of mainland Japan and the sanshin of Okinawa, incorporating characteristics of both. Structurally, it resembles the sanshin more closely—for example, it lacks the sawari, a buzzing mechanism found in the shamisen. This absence, along with its simplified wooden box construction and single string, aligns it with the more minimalistic design typical of southern instruments.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Musically, the gottan is sometimes used to perform melodies that reflect the Ryukyuan pentatonic scale, suggesting a subtle but notable influence from Okinawan musical traditions. While it remains a distinct and localized folk instrument of Kyushu, its sound and structure reveal traces of a broader cultural exchange within the southern Japanese archipelago, embodying a hybrid identity between the mainland and the Ryukyus.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

World Heritage SitesEdit

SportsEdit

Historically some Kyushu-based sports team has competed in the top Japanese division of baseball (NPB), football (soccer) (J.League), basketball (B.League) or even rugby union (League One). Currently the major teams competing in Kyushu's major cities include:

See alsoEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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