Lamiaceae

The Lamiaceae (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or Labiatae are a family of flowering plants commonly known as the mint, deadnettle, or sage family. Many of the plants are aromatic in all parts and include widely used culinary herbs like basil, mint, rosemary, sage, savory, marjoram, oregano, hyssop, thyme, lavender, and perilla, as well as other medicinal herbs such as catnip, salvia, bee balm, wild dagga, and oriental motherwort.

Some species are shrubs, trees (such as teak), or, rarely, vines. Many members of the family are widely cultivated, not only for their aromatic qualities, but also their ease of cultivation, since they are readily propagated by stem cuttings.Template:Citation needed Besides those grown for their edible leaves, some are grown for decorative foliage. Others are grown for seed, such as Salvia hispanica (chia), or for their edible tubers, such as Plectranthus edulis, P. esculentus, P. rotundifolius, and Stachys affinis (Chinese artichoke). Many are also grown ornamentally, notably coleus, Plectranthus, and many Salvia species and hybrids.

The family has a cosmopolitan distribution.<ref name="heywood2007">Template:Cite book</ref> The enlarged Lamiaceae contain about 236 genera<ref name="harley2004"/> and have been stated to contain 6,900<ref name="heywood2007"/> to 7,200<ref name="harley2004"/> species, but the World Checklist lists 7,534.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The largest genera are Salvia (900), Scutellaria (360), Stachys (300), Plectranthus (300), Hyptis (280), Teucrium (250), Vitex (250), Thymus (220), and Nepeta (200).<ref name="harley2004"/> Clerodendrum was once a genus of over 400 species,<ref name="harley2004"/> but by 2010, it had been narrowed to about 150.<ref name="yuan2010">Template:Cite journal</ref>

The family has traditionally been considered closely related to the Verbenaceae;<ref name="harley2004">Harley RM, Atkins A, Budantsev AL, et al. 2004. "Labiatae" pages 167-275. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor) and Joachim W. Kadereit (volume editor). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. Template:ISBN</ref> in the 1990s, phylogenetic studies suggested that many genera classified in the Verbenaceae should be classified in the Lamiaceae<ref name=Cantino>Cantino, P.D., Harley, R.M. & Wagstaff, S.J. 1992. Genera of Labiatae: status and classification. Pp. 511-522. In: Raymond M. Harley and Tom Reynolds (editors). Advances in Labiate Science. Richmond, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref><ref name="wagstaff1998">Template:Cite journal</ref> or to other families in the order Lamiales.<ref name=MOBOT />

The alternative family name Labiatae refers to the flowers typically having petals fused into an upper lip and a lower lip ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in Latin). Although this is still considered an acceptable alternative name, most botanists now use the name Lamiaceae in referring to this family. The flowers are bilaterally symmetrical with five united petals and five united sepals. They are usually bisexual and verticillastrate (a flower cluster that looks like a whorl of flowers, but actually consists of two crowded clusters). The leaves emerge oppositely, each pair at right angles to the previous one (decussate) or whorled. The stems are frequently square in cross section,<ref>Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012. Webb's An Irish Flora. Cork University Press Template:ISBN</ref> but this is not found in all members of the family, and is sometimes found in other plant families.

Genera

The last revision of the entire family was published in 2004.<ref name="harley2004"/> It described and provided keys to 236 genera. These are marked with an asterisk (*) in the list below. A few genera have been established or resurrected since 2004. These are marked with a plus sign (+). Other genera have been synonymised. These are marked with a minus sign (-). The remaining genera in the list are mostly of historical interest only and are from a source that includes such genera without explanation.<ref name="grin">"List of genera in Lamiaceae". In: "Lamiaceae". In: "List of families". In: "Families and genera in GRIN. (see External links below)</ref> Few of these are recognized in modern treatments of the family.

Kew Gardens provides a list of genera that includes additional information.<ref name="kewlamiaceaelist">List of Genera in Lamiaceae. At: Vascular Plant Families and Genera. At: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. At: Electronic Plant Information Center. At: Website of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. (see External Links below).</ref> A list at the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website is frequently updated.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Plants of the World Online currently accepts 227 genera.<ref name = powo>Lamiaceae Martinov. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 14 April 2024.</ref>

Recent changes

The circumscription of several genera has changed since 2004. Tsoongia, Paravitex, and Viticipremna have been sunk into synonymy with Vitex.<ref name="bramley2009">Template:Cite journal</ref> Huxleya has been sunk into Volkameria.<ref name="yuan2010"/> Kalaharia, Volkameria, Ovieda, and Tetraclea have been segregated from a formerly polyphyletic Clerodendrum.<ref name="yuan2010"/> Rydingia has been separated from Leucas.<ref name="scheen2007">Template:Cite journal</ref> The remaining Leucas is paraphyletic over four other genera.<ref name="scheen2009">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Subfamilies and tribes

In 2004, the Lamiaceae were divided into seven subfamilies, plus 10 genera not placed in any of the subfamilies.<ref name="harley2004"/> The unplaced genera are: Tectona, Callicarpa, Hymenopyramis, Petraeovitex, Peronema, Garrettia, Cymaria, Acrymia, Holocheila, and Ombrocharis. The subfamilies are the Symphorematoideae, Viticoideae, Ajugoideae, Prostantheroideae, Nepetoideae, Scutellarioideae, and Lamioideae. The subfamily Viticoideae is probably not monophyletic.<ref name="bramley2009"/> The Prostantheroideae and Nepetoideae are divided into tribes. These are shown in the phylogenetic tree below.

Phylogeny

Most of the genera of Lamiaceae have never been sampled for DNA for molecular phylogenetic studies.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Most of those that have been are included in the following phylogenetic tree. The phylogeny depicted below is based on seven different sources.<ref name="harley2004"/><ref name="wagstaff1998"/><ref name="yuan2010"/><ref name="bramley2009"/><ref name="zhong2010">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="walker2007">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="ryding2010">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Gallery

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External links

• Template:Commons category-inline
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• Lamiaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval. delta-intkey.com. Template:Webarchive.