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Phoenicolacerta troodica
The Lacertidae are the family of the wall lizards, true lizards, or sometimes simply lacertas, which are native to Afro-Eurasia. It is a diverse family with at about 360 species in 39 genera. They represent the dominant group of reptiles found in Europe.
HabitatEdit
The European and Mediterranean species of lacertids live mainly in forest and scrub habitats.<ref name=EoR/> Eremias and Ophisops species replace these in the grassland and desert habitats of Asia. African species usually live in rocky, arid areas. Holaspis species are among the few arboreal lacertids, and its two species, Holaspis guentheri and Holaspis laevis, are gliders (although apparently poor ones), using their broad tail and flattened body as an aerofoil.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
DescriptionEdit
Lacertids are small to medium-sized lizards. Most species are less than 9cm long, excluding the tail. The largest living species, Gallotia stehlini, reaches 46cm, and some extinct forms were larger still. They are primarily insectivorous.<ref name=EoR>Template:Cite book</ref> An exception is Meroles anchietae, one of the few wall lizards that regularly eat seeds – an appropriate food for a lizard of the harsh Namib Desert.Template:Clarify
Lacertids are remarkably similar in form, with slender bodies and long tails, but have highly varied patterns and colours, even within the same species. Their scales are large on the head, which often also has osteoderms, small and granular on the back, and rectangular on the underside. Most species are sexually dimorphic, with the males and females having different patterns.<ref name=EoR/>
At least eight species from the Caucasus are parthenogenetic,<ref name=Darevski>Darevskii IS. 1967. Rock lizards of the Caucasus: systematics, ecology and phylogenesis of the polymorphic groups of Caucasian rock lizards of the subgenus Archaeolacerta. Nauka: Leningrad [in Russian: English translation published by the Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre, New Delhi, 1978].</ref><ref name=tarkhnishvili>Tarkhnishvili DN (2012) Evolutionary History, Habitats, Diversification, and Speciation in Caucasian Rock Lizards. In: Advances in Zoology Research, Volume 2 (ed. Jenkins OP), Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge (NY), p.79-120</ref> and three species give birth to live young, including the viviparous lizard, Zootoca vivipara.<ref name=EoR/>
Evolutionary historyEdit
Lacertids are suspected to have originated in Europe, due to their earliest fossils being found in the region, alongside those of their sister group, the extinct Eolacertidae.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Fossils possibly attributable to lacertids are known from the Paleocene of France and Belgium. The oldest definitive lacertid is known from the early Eocene (Ypresian) in Mutigny, France in the Paris Basin.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> Lacertids dispersed into Asia by the early Oligocene.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The timing of the colonisation of Africa is uncertain, ranging from the Eocene to the Miocene.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
ClassificationEdit
The classification into subfamilies and tribes below follows one presented by Arnold et al., 2007, based on their phylogenetic analysis.<ref name="Arnold2007">Template:Cite book</ref>
Family Lacertidae
- Subfamily Gallotiinae
- Genus Gallotia (8 species)
- Genus Psammodromus (8 species)
- Subfamily Lacertinae
- Tribe Eremiadini
- Genus Acanthodactylus (45 species)
- Genus Adolfus (6 species)
- Genus Australolacerta (1 species)
- Genus Congolacerta (2 species)
- Genus Eremias (42 species)
- Genus Gastropholis (4 species)
- Genus Heliobolus (6 species)
- Genus Holaspis (2 species)
- Genus Ichnotropis (6 species)
- Genus Latastia (10 species)
- Genus Meroles (8 species)
- Genus Mesalina (20 species)
- Genus Nucras (13 species)
- Genus Ophisops (11 species)
- Genus Pedioplanis (16 species)
- Genus Philochortus (7 species)
- Genus Poromera (1 species)
- Genus Pseuderemias (7 species)
- Genus Tropidosaura (4 species)
- Tribe Lacertini
- Genus Algyroides (4 species)
- Genus Anatololacerta (4 species)
- Genus Apathya (2 species)
- Genus Archaeolacerta (1 species)
- Genus Atlantolacerta (1 species)
- Genus Dalmatolacerta (1 species)
- Genus Darevskia (35 species)
- Genus Dinarolacerta (2 species)
- Genus Hellenolacerta (1 species)
- Genus Iberolacerta (8 species)
- Genus Iranolacerta (2 species)
- Genus Lacerta (10 species)
- Genus Omanosaura (2 species)
- Genus Parvilacerta (2 species)
- Genus Phoenicolacerta (4 species)
- Genus Podarcis (26 species)
- Genus Scelarcis (1 species)
- Genus Takydromus (24 species)
- Genus Teira (1 species)
- Genus Timon (6 species)
- Genus Vhembelacerta (1 species)
- Genus Zootoca (2 species)
- Tribe Eremiadini
The latest extensive phylogenetic lacertid tree was made by Baeckens et al. in 2015.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Extinct generaEdit
- †Succinilacerta Baltic amber, Eocene
- †Plesiolacerta Europe, Eocene-Oligocene
- †Dracaenosaurus France, Oligocene
- †Maioricalacerta Mallorca, Pliocene
- †Quercycerta France, Eocene
- †Janosikia Germany, Miocene
- †Escampcerta France, Eocene
- †Mediolacerta France, Germany, Oligocene
- †Pseudeumeces France, Germany, Spain, Oligocene-Miocene
- †Amblyolacerta France, Czech Republic, Miocene
- †Ligerosaurus France, Miocene
- †Miolacerta Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Oligocene-Miocene
- †Edlartetia Augé and Rage 2000 Germany, France Austria, Miocene
- †Escampcerta France, Eocene
- †Cernaycerta? France, Paleocene (questioned by some authors)<ref name=":0" />
- †Dormaalisaurus France, Belgium, Spain, Eocene
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
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