Lake Taupō

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use New Zealand English Template:Infobox body of water

Lake Taupō (also spelled Taupo; Template:Langx or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) is a large crater lake in New Zealand's North Island, located in the caldera of Taupō Volcano. The lake is the namesake of the town of Taupō, which sits on a bay in the lake's northeastern shore. With a surface area of Template:Cvt, it is the largest lake by surface area in New Zealand, and the second largest freshwater lake by surface area in geopolitical Oceania after Lake Murray in Papua New Guinea. Motutaiko Island lies in the southeastern area of the lake.

GeographyEdit

Lake Taupō has a perimeter of approximately Template:Cvt and a maximum depth of Template:Cvt. It is drained by the Waikato River (New Zealand's longest river), and its main tributaries are the Waitahanui River, the Tongariro River, and the Tauranga Taupō River. It is a noted trout fishery with stocks of introduced brown and rainbow trout.

The level of the lake is controlled by Mercury Energy, the owner of the eight hydroelectric dams on the Waikato River downstream of Lake Taupō, using gates built in 1940–41. The gates are used to reduce flooding, conserve water and ensure a minimum flow of Template:Convert in the Waikato River. The resource consent allows the level of the lake to be varied between Template:Convert above sea level.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Lake formation and volcanismEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Lake Taupō is in a caldera created mainly by a supervolcanic eruption which occurred approximately 25,600 years ago.<ref name="Dunbar 2017">Template:Cite journal</ref> According to geological records, the volcano has erupted 29 times in the last 30,000 years.<ref name="GeonetDataUnderpinsTaupoResearch">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It has ejected mostly rhyolitic lava, although Mount Tauhara formed from dacitic lava.

Taupō has been active for 300,000 years with a very large event known as the Oruanui eruption occurring approximately 25,600 years ago.<ref name="Dunbar 2017"/> It was the world's largest known eruption over the past 70,000 years, ejecting 1170 cubic kilometres of material and causing several hundred square kilometres of surrounding land to collapse and form the caldera. The caldera later filled with water to form Lake Taupō, eventually overflowing to cause a huge outburst flood.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Several later eruptions occurred over the millennia before the most recent major eruption, which was traditionally dated as about 181 CE from Greenland ice-core records. Tree ring data from two studies suggests a later date of 232 CE ± 5<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and this is now accepted.<ref name="Illsley-Kemp 2021">Template:Cite journal</ref> Known as the Hatepe eruption, it is believed to have ejected 100 cubic kilometres of material, of which 30 cubic kilometres was ejected in a few minutes. This was one of the most powerful eruptions in the last 5000 years (alongside the Minoan eruption in the 2nd millennium BCE, the Tianchi eruption of Baekdu around 1000 CE and the 1815 eruption of Tambora), with a Volcanic Explosivity Index rating of 7; and there appears to be a correlation, to within a few years, of a year in which the sky was red over Rome and China. The eruption devastated much of the North Island and further expanded the lake. The area was uninhabited by humans at the time of the eruption, as New Zealand was not settled by Māori until about 1280. Possible climatic effects of the eruption would have been concentrated on the Southern Hemisphere due to the southerly position of Lake Taupō.<ref>Climate, History and the Modern World, Lamb, H. (1995), Routledge</ref> Taupō's last known eruption occurred around 30 years later, with lava dome extrusion forming the Horomatangi Reefs, but that eruption was much smaller than the Hatepe eruption.

Underwater hydrothermal activity continues near the Horomatangi vent,<ref name="Jago">Template:Cite journal</ref> and nearby geothermal fields with associated hot springs are found north and south of the lake, for example at Rotokawa and Tūrangi. These springs are the site of occurrence of certain extremophile micro-organisms, that are capable of surviving in extremely hot environments.<ref>C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Extremophile. eds. E.Monosson and C.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC</ref>

The volcano is considered active and is monitored by GNS Science.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

BiotaEdit

Much of the watershed of Lake Taupō is a beech and podocarp forest with associate understory ferns being Blechnum filiforme, Asplenium flaccidum, Doodia media, Hymenophyllum demissum, Microsorum pustulatum and Dendroconche scandens, and some prominent associate shrubs being Olearia rani and Alseuosmia quercifolia.<ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Crown Fern: Blechnum discolor, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg Template:Webarchive</ref>

Native faunal species in the lake include northern kōura or crayfish (Paranephrops planifrons) and kōkopu or whitebait (Galaxias species). The lake is noted for stocks of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), introduced from Europe and California respectively in the late nineteenth century. There has also been a subsequent introduction of smelt (Retropinnidae species) as a food for the trout.

A community of sponges and associated invertebrates live around the underwater geothermal vents.<ref name="Jago"/>

TourismEdit

File:Lake taupo landsat.jpg

NASA satellite photo of Lake Taupō

File:Wharf and small jetty on Lake Taupo at the point where the Waikato River leaves the lake ATLIB 313225.png

Wharf and small jetty where the Waikato River departs the lake, 1928

File:01 New Zealand Lake Taupo.jpg

Māori rock carvings at Mine Bay are over 10 metres high and accessible only by boat or kayak.

Tourism is a major component of Taupō's commercial sector. The busiest time for the industry is the high summer season around Christmas and New Year.

The lake area has a temperate climate. Daily maximum temperatures recorded for Taupō range from an average of 23.3 °C in January and February to 11.2 °C in July,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while the nighttime minimum temperatures range from 11.6 °C in February down to 2.2 °C in July.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Rain falls in all seasons but is greatest in winter and spring, from June to December.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Taupō hosts the Lake Taupo Cycle Challenge, a cycling tour around the lake which can take anywhere between four and ten hours. Skydiving is a popular local sport and tourist attraction. Taupō also hosts the ANZCO Ironman event.

Crossing the 40.2 km length of the lake is a challenge for open-water swimmers. In 2020, Michael Wells from Darwin, Australia, was the first to breaststroke across the lake.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Māori rock carvingEdit

On the north-west side of Lake Taupō on the cliffs of Mine Bay, there are Māori rock carvings created in the late 1970s by Matahi Whakataka-Brightwell and John Randall. Carved in the likeness of Ngātoro-i-rangi, a navigator who guided the Tūwharetoa and Te Arawa tribes to the Taupō area over a thousand years ago according to Māori legend.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The 10-metre-high carving is intended to protect Lake Taupō from volcanic activities underneath. The cliff has become a popular tourist destination with hundreds of boats and yachts visiting the spot yearly.

Māori tribesEdit

Lake Taupō is a taonga (treasure or something special to the person) of Ngāti Tūwharetoa from the Te Arawa waka. Ngāti Tūwharetoa owns the bed of the lake and its tributaries. They grant the public free access for recreational use.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>

HistoryEdit

Lake Taupō previously housed a Ngāti Tūwharetoa village known as Te Rapa near the springs of Maunga Kākaramea. It was covered in a landslide on 7 May 1846 which killed 60 people, including the iwi's chief Mananui Te Heuheu Tūkino II.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>