Lanai

Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Infobox island

LānaTemplate:Okinai <ref group="nb" name="">{{#invoke:IPA|main}}; English Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell, also Template:IPAc-en, Template:IPAc-en<ref>Template:Cite Merriam-Webster</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite American Heritage Dictionary</ref></ref> is the sixth-largest of the Hawaiian Islands and the smallest publicly accessible inhabited island in the chain.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It is colloquially known as the Pineapple Island because of its past as an island-wide pineapple plantation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The island's only settlement of note is the small town of [[LānaTemplate:Okinai City]]. The island is 98% owned by Larry Ellison, cofounder and chairman of Oracle Corporation;<ref name="NYTM 2014/09/28">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the remaining 2% is owned by the state of Hawaii or individual homeowners.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

LānaTemplate:Okinai has a land area of Template:Convert, making it the 43rd largest island in the United States.<ref name="SizeRef">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is separated from the island of [[Molokai|MolokaTemplate:Okinai]] by the Kalohi Channel to the north, and from Maui by the [[Hawaiian islands channels|AuTemplate:Okinaau Channel]] to the east. The United States Census Bureau defines LānaTemplate:Okinai as Census Tract 316 of Maui County. Its total population rose to 3,367 as of the 2020 United States census,<ref name="2020 Census"/> up from 3,193 as of the 2000 census<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and 3,131 as of the 2010 census.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As visible via satellite imagery, many of the island's landmarks are accessible only by dirt roads that require a four-wheel drive vehicle.

There is one school, Lānaʻi High and Elementary School, serving the entire island from kindergarten through 12th grade. There is also one hospital, Lanai Community Hospital, with 24 beds, and a community health center providing primary care, dental, behavioral health and selected specialty services in LānaTemplate:Okinai City.<ref>Lanai Community Hospital Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref><ref>Lanai Community Health Center Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref> There are no traffic lights on the island.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

HistoryEdit

LānaTemplate:Okinai has been under the control of nearby Maui since before recorded history.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Its first inhabitants may have arrived as late as the 15th century.

The Hawaiian-language name {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is of uncertain origin, but the island has historically been called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which can be rendered in English as "day of the conquest of KauluāTemplate:Okinaau". This epithet refers to a legend about a Mauian prince who was banished to LānaTemplate:Okinai because of his wild pranks at his father's court in Lāhainā. The island was said to be haunted by Akua-ino, ghosts and goblins that KauluāTemplate:Okinaau chased away, bringing peace and order to the island and regaining his father's favor as a consequence.

The first people to migrate here, most likely from Maui and MolokaTemplate:Okinai, probably established fishing villages along the coast at first, and then spread into the interior, where they raised taro in the fertile volcanic soil. During most of this period, the [[Moi of Maui|MōTemplate:Okinaī of Maui]] had control over LānaTemplate:Okinai, but generally left its inhabitants alone. However, at some point, King Kamehameha I or [[KalaniTemplate:OkinaōpuTemplate:Okinau|KalaniTemplate:OkinaōpuTemplate:Okinau-a-Kaiamamao]] invaded and killed many of them. The population must have been mostly eradicated by 1792, because in that year Captain George Vancouver reported that he had ignored the island during his voyage because of its apparent lack of inhabitants or villages. LānaTemplate:Okinai is said to have been Kamehameha's favorite fishing spot among Hawaii's main eight islands.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The history of sugar cultivation in Hawaii begins in LānaTemplate:Okinai, when in 1802 a farmer from China, Wong Tse Chun, produced a small amount there. He used a crude stone mill that he had brought with him to crush the cane.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1854 a group of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints were granted a lease in the [[ahupuaTemplate:Okinaa]] of Pālāwai. In 1862 Walter M. Gibson arrived on LānaTemplate:Okinai to reorganize the settlement. A year later he bought the ahupuaTemplate:Okinaa of Pālāwai for $3000; he used money of the church but titled the land in his own name. When the members of the Church found this out they excommunicated him, but he was still able to retain ownership of the land.<ref name="lanaichc.org">Time line of key events in LĀNA‘I's history LānaTemplate:Okinai Culture and Heritage Center. Retrieved 7 July 2017.archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610035204/https://www.lanaichc.org/historic-summary.html |archive-date=June 10,2017 |url-status=dead</ref> By the 1870s, Gibson, then the leader of the colony on the island, had acquired most of the island's land, which he used for ranching.<ref name="NYTM 2014/09/28"/>

By 1890, the population of LānaTemplate:Okinai had been reduced to 200. In 1899, Gibson's daughter and son-in-law formed Maunalei Sugar Company, headquartered in Keomuku, on the windward (northeast) coast, downstream from Maunalei Valley. The company failed in 1901.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, between 1899 and 1901 nearly 800 laborers, mostly from Japan, had been contracted to work for the plantations. Many Native Hawaiians continued to live along the less arid windward coast, supporting themselves by ranching and fishing.<ref name="Kaye">Template:Cite book</ref>

By 1907, approximately half of the island was owned by cattle rancher Charles Gay. Backed by sugar planter William G. Irwin, Gay worked to acquire the remaining land. While the Hawaiian Organic Act would have made it illegal for the territorial government to sell such a large portion of land to Gay, a land exchange deal circumvented that law. Gay transferred several acres of land of what is now downtown Honolulu in exchange for the rest of the land on LānaTemplate:Okinai. The transfer was completed on April 10, 1907 and Gay mortgaged the land the very same day to Irwin for $200,000. By 1909, Gay had defaulted on the mortgage and officially conveyed the land to Irwin for a rebuttable presumption of consideration of $1. From this conveyance comes the common myth that the land was bought for a mere $1, when the true cost of the land included the $200,000 mortgage.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1921, Charles Gay planted the first pineapple plant on LānaTemplate:Okinai. The population had decreased again - to 150 - most of whom were the descendants of the traditional families of the island.<ref>Time line of key events in Lanai's history LānaTemplate:Okinai Culture and Heritage Center. Retrieved 7 July 2017.</ref> A year later, James Dole, the president of Hawaiian Pineapple Company (later renamed Dole Food Company), bought the island and developed a large portion of it into the world's largest pineapple plantation.

Upon Hawaii statehood in 1959, LānaTemplate:Okinai became part of the Maui County.

In 1985, LānaTemplate:Okinai passed into the control of David H. Murdock as a result of his purchase of Castle & Cooke, which was then the owner of Dole. High labor and land costs led to a decline in Hawaii pineapple production in the 1980s, and Dole phased out its pineapple operations on LānaTemplate:Okinai in 1992.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In June 2012, Larry Ellison, then CEO of Oracle Corporation, purchased Castle & Cooke's 98 percent share of the island for $300 million. The state and individual homeowners own the remaining 2 percent, which includes the harbor and the private homes where the 3,000 inhabitants live.<ref>Shimogawa, Duane. "PBN confirms amount billionaire Larry Ellison paid for Hawaiian Island of Lanai" Pacific Business News, January 8, 2016</ref> Ellison stated his intention to invest as much as $500 million to improve the island's infrastructure and create an environmentally friendly agricultural industry.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Ellison had spent an estimated $450 million to remodel his Four Seasons Resort Lanai, which reopened in April 2016. He would also remodel his other resort in 2020 and has explained plans for further green energy projects by buying out diesel-powered utility assets, though he has since ended this plan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="BI2018-3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

LegendsEdit

According to Hawaiian legends, man-eating spirits have occupied the island. For generations, Maui chiefs believed in these man-eating spirits. Differing legends say that either the prophet Lanikāula drove the spirits from the island or the unruly Maui prince KauluāTemplate:Okinaau accomplished that heroic feat. The more popular myth is that the mischievous KauluāTemplate:Okinaau pulled up every breadfruit tree (Template:Okinaulu) he could find on Maui. Finally his father, [[Kakaalaneo|KakaTemplate:Okinaalaneo]] had to banish him to LānaTemplate:Okinai, expecting him not to survive in that hostile place. However, KauluāTemplate:Okinaau outwitted the spirits and drove them from the island. The chief looked across the channel from Maui and saw that his son's fire continued to burn nightly on the shore, and he sent a canoe to LānaTemplate:Okinai to bring the prince back, redeemed by his courage and cleverness. As a reward, KakaTemplate:Okinaalaneo gave KauluāTemplate:Okinaau control of the island and encouraged emigration from other islands.<ref>Let's Go Hawaii: On a Budget by Sara Joy Culver (Let's Go Inc.), p. 350</ref> KauluāTemplate:Okinaau had, in the meantime, pulled up all the breadfruit trees on LānaTemplate:Okinai, accounting for the historic lack of them on that island.Template:Citation needed

GeographyEdit

The highest point in LānaTemplate:Okinai is Mount LānaTemplate:Okinaihale. It is an inactive volcano near the center of the island and to the east of LānaTemplate:Okinai City. The elevation of Mount LānaTemplate:Okinaihale is Template:Convert.<ref name="ElevationRef">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

LānaTemplate:Okinai was traditionally administered in 13 political subdivisions ([[Ahupuaa|AhupuaTemplate:Okinaa]]), grouped into two districts (mokuoloko): kona (Leeward) and koTemplate:Okinaolau (Windward). The ahupuaTemplate:Okinaa are listed below, in clockwise sequence, and with original area figures in acres, starting in the northwest of the island.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:1878 Government Land Office Map of Lanai, Hawaii - Geographicus - LanaiHawaii-lo-1878.jpg

Map of 1878 with traditional subdivision into AhupuaTemplate:Okinaa

Nr.	Ahupuaa	Area acres	Area km²	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1	KaTemplate:Okinaā	19468	78.78	207
2	PaomaTemplate:Okinai Template:Cn	9078	36.74	147
3	Mahana	7973	32.27	1
4	Maunalei	3794	15.35	0
5	Kalulu	6078	24.60	1
6	Kaunolū	7860	31.81	3
7	Pālāwai	5897	23.86	1
8	Pāwili	1930	7.81	0
9	KaTemplate:Okinaōhai	9677	39.16	1
10	KamaTemplate:Okinao	2751	11.13	2
11	Keālia Aupuni	5897	23.86	2
12	Keālia Kapu	1829	7.40	1
13	KamokuTemplate:Cn	8291	33.55	2804
	LānaTemplate:Okinai	90523	366.33	3170

Kamoku hosts the largest share of population, because the bigger part of LānaTemplate:Okinai City falls into it. Parts of LānaTemplate:Okinai City stretch to KaTemplate:Okinaā and PaomaTemplate:Okinai. Template:As of, the remaining ahupuaTemplate:Okinaa were virtually uninhabited. According to the census of 2020, LānaTemplate:Okinai City accounts for 99 percent of the island population (3332 of 3367). As a census-designated place, LānaTemplate:Okinai City is defined solely for statistical purposes, and not by administrative boundaries.

A volcanic collapse in LānaTemplate:Okinai 100,000 years ago generated a megatsunami that inundated land to elevations higher than Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

TourismEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Tourism on LānaTemplate:Okinai began to be prominent in more recent history as the pineapple and sugarcane industries were phased out in the islands. The number of visitors coming to the island is still relatively small, however, with around 59,000 arrivals forecast for 2016. Of all the publicly accessible Hawaiian islands, only [[Molokai|MolokaTemplate:Okinai]] attracts fewer visitors.<ref>Annual Report 2016 Hawaii Tourist Authority (PDF). Retrieved 7 July 2017.</ref>

Template:As of, the two resort hotels on LānaTemplate:Okinai were managed by Four Seasons Hotels; the Four Seasons Resort Lanai in Manele Bay at Hulupoe Beach. The Hotel Lanai in LānaTemplate:Okinai City was built in 1923 by James Dole of the Hawaiian Pineapple Company as a lodge to house the executives overseeing the island's pineapple production. It was the island's only hotel until 1990.

File:Shipwreck - Shipwreck Beach.jpg

Wrecked YOGN-42 in Shipwreck Beach

LānaTemplate:Okinai is also home to three golf courses, one at each Four Seasons resort and a third, free course.

The Challenge at Manele borders the ocean and was designed by Jack Nicklaus. Bill Gates was married on the 12th hole tee-box at The Challenge at Manele.
The Experience at Koele is located in the mountains of LānaTemplate:Okinai and was designed by noted Southern California golf course architect Ted Robinson Sr, with input from Greg Norman.
The Cavendish is a public golf course designed by E.B. Cavendish in 1947. It is a nine-hole course surrounded by Norfolk pines.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Shipwreck Beach on the north shore of the island is so named because of the remains of a wrecked vessel aground a short distance offshore. This is popularly referred to as a WW II Liberty Ship, although it is YOG-42, one of several concrete barges built during the war.<ref>Shipwreck Beach, Lanai Hawaii Travel Guide | To-Hawaii.com</ref>

TransportationEdit

In LānaTemplate:Okinai City, there are no traffic lights. Public transportation is supplied by the hotels. Most attractions outside of the hotels and town can be visited only via dirt roads that require an off-road vehicle, bicycle or walking.

LānaTemplate:Okinai is served by Lanai Airport, which offers air taxi and scheduled commercial operations to other Hawaiian islands.

Notable peopleEdit

Danny Lockin, actor, dancer, born in LānaTemplate:Okinai in 1943. Best known for his role as Barnaby Tucker in the 1969 movie Hello, Dolly!, he played the same role in the Broadway play when it went on tour across the United States.

GalleryEdit

Lanai city houses.jpg

Housing in LānaTemplate:Okinai City
Garden of the Gods2.jpg

Keahiakawelo
Mountains lanai.jpg

Mountains on LānaTemplate:Okinai
Starr 060406-7121 Asclepias curassavica.jpg

Kaneapua Rock
Heiau-walls.JPG

Walls of Halulu Heiau at Kaunolu Village Site
Stars from Dole Park, Lanai, Hawaii.jpg

View of the night sky from inside of Dole Park