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{{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other{{#invoke:Check for clobbered parameters|check|nested=1|template=Infobox company|cat=Template:Main other|name; company_name|logo; company_logo|logo_alt; alt|trade_name; trading_name|former_names; former_name|type; company_type|predecessors; predecessor|successors; successor|foundation; founded|founders; founder|defunct; dissolved|hq_location; location|hq_location_city; location_city|hq_location_country; location_country|num_locations; locations|areas_served; area_served|net_income; profit|net_income_year; profit_year|owners; owner |homepage; website }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox company with unknown parameter "_VALUE_" | ignoreblank=y | alt | area_served | areas_served | assets | assets_year | aum | brands | company_logo | company_name | company_type | defunct | dissolved | divisions | embed | equity | equity_year | fate | footnotes | former_name | former_names | foundation | founded | founder | founders | genre | homepage | hq_location | hq_location_city | hq_location_country | incorporated | image | image_alt | image_caption | image_size | image_upright | income_year | industry | ISIN | key_people | location | location_city | location_country | locations | logo | logo_alt | logo_caption | logo_class | logo_size | logo_upright | members | members_year | module | name | native_name | native_name_lang | net_income | net_income_year | num_employees | num_employees_year | num_locations | num_locations_year | operating_income | owner | owners | parent | predecessor | predecessors | production | production_year | products | profit | profit_year | rating | ratio | revenue | revenue_year | romanized_name | services | subsid | successor | successors | traded_as | trade_name | trading_name | type | website| qid | fetchwikidata | suppressfields | noicon | nocat | demo | categories }} Land O'Lakes, Inc. is an American member-owned agricultural cooperative based in the Minneapolis-St. Paul suburb of Arden Hills, Minnesota, United States,<ref name= Fortune/> focusing on the dairy industry. The cooperative has 1,959 direct producer-members, 751 member-cooperatives, and about 9,000 employees who process and distribute products for about 300,000 agricultural producers,<ref>Land O' Lakes Annual report</ref> handling 12 billion pounds of milk annually.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is ranked third on the National Cooperative Bank Co-op 100 list of mutuals and cooperatives.<ref name="c100">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The co-op is one of the largest producers of butter and cheese in the United States through its dairy foods business; serves producers, animal owners and their families through more than 4,700 local cooperatives, independent dealers and other large retailers through its Purina Animal Nutrition (Purina Mills) business; and delivers seed, crop protection products, agricultural services and agronomic insights to 1,300 locally owned and operated cooperative and independent agricultural retailers and their grower customers through its WinField United business.

HistoryEdit

Land O'Lakes was founded on July 8, 1921, in Saint Paul, Minnesota, by representatives from 320 cooperative creameries as the Minnesota Cooperative Creameries Association. This organization aimed to improve the marketing practices and quality of butter, and thus increase the profitability of dairying.

The Association developed and implemented a systematic inspection, grading and certification system of butter from member creameries, resulting in greater uniformity of product. The improved quality and uniformity, and the reliability of its grading system, were touted in advertising materials. In 1924, the uniformly graded sweet cream butter was given the name "Land O'Lakes" after a contest, and the certificate forms used by the Association included the "Land O Lakes" marketing name (Minnesota's state nickname is "Land of 10,000 Lakes").

The name became popular enough that the organization's public identity was often confused with its product name; thus, in 1926, the organization itself adopted the name "Land O'Lakes Creameries, Inc." and became eponymous with its product.

The co-op was often accused of unfair competition and false advertising in its early years,Template:Citation needed and compelled to defend its inspection and certification processes. Eventually, however, the sweet butter marketing strategy drove competitors either to match the quality of butter produced under the Land O'Lakes name or see their sales decline.Template:Citation needed Many competitors in the dairy products business copied the Land O'Lakes approach, and the certification of quality became a proven marketing technique in other product lines as well. In the 1960s and 1970s, Land O'Lakes and Lake to Lake (which later merged into Land O'Lakes) had a rivalry with the National Farmers Organization over the practice of withholding milk from market. One member was expelled from Lake to Lake for recruiting other farmers into NFO.

Recent historyEdit

The Land O'Lakes co-op has grown through numerous acquisitions, and now has a large business in farm supply in addition to dairy:

In 1978, Land O'Lakes got into the meatpacking business with the purchase of Spencer Beef.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It sold Spencer Beef in 1983 to Excel, now Cargill Meat Solutions.<ref name=spencer>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1999, Land O'Lakes took an ownership stake in egg producer MoArk; it took full ownership of the company in 2006.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2001, it paid $360 million – and assumed $130 million in debt – to take over animal feed producer Purina Mills, once part of Ralston Purina.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Purina Mills' new owner planned to merge the company with its Land O'Lakes Farmland Feed division but would keep the Purina name and logo.<ref>Purina Mills Inc. acquired by Land O'Lakes of Arden Hills, Minn., Linda Tucci, St. Louis Business Journal, St Louis, MO, 23 December 2001. Retrieved: February 25, 2012</ref>

A federal court in 2002 ordered Land O'Lakes to pay $3 million for patent infringement to Dr William Pordy, the inventor of a type of dairy creamer.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> An appeal court later overturned that ruling.<ref name="appeal">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In August 2012, Land O'Lakes purchased refrigerated desserts manufacturer Kozy Shack Enterprises for an undisclosed sum.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In June 2016, Land O'Lakes acquired the Thousand Oaks, California-based biofuels firm Ceres, Inc.<ref name="ceres">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In July 2018, Land O'Lakes named Beth Ford as its first female CEO. Ford's role became effective August 1. At the time, she was the third openly gay woman CEO to run a Fortune 500 company.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In December 2019, Land O'Lakes used autonomous truck technology developed by Plus.ai to successfully complete the first cross-country, commercial freight run by a self-driving truck.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2020, the company started the American Connection Project along with Microsoft, Tractor Supply Co., and the Mayo Clinic to set up free wifi locations during the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Corporate affairsEdit

The company's headquarters is in Arden Hills, Minnesota, in suburban Minneapolis-St. Paul.<ref>"Contact Template:Webarchive". Land O'Lakes. Retrieved on March 20, 2014. "Land O'Lakes, Inc. 4001 Lexington Ave. N Arden Hills, MN 55126-2998" – Directions (Archive)</ref>

Dairy foodsEdit

  • Land O Lakes (the apostrophe is sometimes removed in product branding) licensed to Dean Foods
  • Alpine Lace
  • Land O'Lakes Food Service
  • Kozy Shack
  • Vermont Creamery

Animal feedEdit

  • Purina Animal Nutrition
  • Mazuri
  • Land O'Lakes Feed

Seed/crop protectionEdit

  • WinField United (merged with United Suppliers in Spring 2016)

Butter packaging and controversyEdit

File:1970 Land O Lakes butter and clothes ad.jpg
The recursive image long shown on the Land O'Lakes butter packaging (an indigenous woman, here in a 1970 ad) is an example of the Droste effect

The Land O'Lakes indigenous woman, named Mia, holding the butter box was painted in 1928 by Brown & Bigelow illustrator Arthur C. Hanson.<ref name="Houze93">Houze, Rebecca (2016). New Mythologies in Design and Culture: Reading Signs and Symbols in the Visual Landscape. London: Bloomsbury. Template:ISBN. p. 93.</ref> According to Land O'Lakes, the original image of Mia was "simplified and modernized" in 1939 by Jess Betlach and has undergone many minor modifications since as the enduring logo of the co-op. Red Lake Ojibwe artist Patrick DesJarlait updated Mia's image in the 1950s.<ref name="Houze93"/><ref>Anthes, Bill (2006). Native Moderns: American Indian Painting, 1940–1960. Durham: Duke University Press. Template:ISBN. p 99.</ref> DesJarlait publicly believe in fostering an open dialogue between Native Americans and non-Natives.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Thus, Mia's clothes were changed to match specific Ojibwe styles, and the background became a specific location in the Ojibwe territory, the Red Lake in Minnesota.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> The original image is an example of the infinite-loop motif or Droste effect, in which the image is repeated, in theory infinitely, within itself.

In 2018, the image was changed to depict only the head of the Native woman (doing away with the Droste effect).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In February 2020, the company announced that after 92 years, it was removing the image of the Native American woman.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The use of an indigenous woman as a mascot had been criticized as a racist stereotype,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the decision to change the label was praised by some Native advocates such as Peggy Flanagan, Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota and a member of the White Earth Band of Ojibwe.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, the move was not without controversy within the Native community.

DesJarlait's son, Robert DesJarlait, disagreed with claims that the logo was offensive or stereotypical.<ref name=":0" /> "Basically, it was giving the previous generation a sense of almost empowerment to see a Native woman on a box of butter. It gave them a sense of cultural pride," he said. "After seeing those posts, I said, 'that's right, that's why my dad created this image to begin with.Template:'"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Allegations of animal mistreatment by supplierEdit

In September 2009, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) released an undercover video allegedly depicting animal abuse of dairy cows at a Pennsylvania supplier for Land O’Lakes, Inc. The video showed unclean conditions in the barn and milking parlor and cows with infections and illness.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The supplier's employee was found not guilty of animal cruelty charges resulting from this incident<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> and an investigation by veterinarians hired by Land O’Lakes revealed no mistreatment of animals, but the veterinarians suggested that bedding, hygiene, ventilation and animal disposal practices be improved.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Land O'Lakes states that it is supportive of the dairy industry's National Dairy F.A.R.M.: Farmers Assuring Responsible Management (FARM) animal care standards.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In May 2017, the animal rights organization Animal Outlook (formerly Compassion Over Killing) released undercover footage of cruelty to animals at DFA supplier Mason Dixon Farms, which documented "cows being kicked in the face, punched in their sensitive udders, excessively shocked with an electric prod, jabbed with a pens or elbows, and having their tails twisted or bent by workers."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The footage resulted in the firing of one employee.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

LicensingEdit

Since August 2012, WhiteWave Foods has licensed the Land O'Lakes name and sold coffee creamers and fluid dairy products under the brand.<ref>Dean Foods, Land O'Lakes expand strategic alliance. Eurofood. August 15, 2002.</ref>

Land O'Lakes brand milk is licensed to Dean Foods in Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin.<ref>Dean Foods, maker of Land O'Lakes milk, files for bankruptcy, seeks sale Template:Webarchive November 12, 2019.</ref>

In popular cultureEdit

  • In Gary Shteyngart's 2010 satirical novel Super Sad True Love Story, Land O'Lakes has merged with two major auto companies to become a major consolidated corporation, Land O'Lakes GMFord.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See alsoEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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General bibliographyEdit

  • Land O'Lakes Corporate Website
  • Kenneth D. Ruble. Men to Remember: How 100,000 Neighbors Made History. (Lakeside Press, 1947), a company-sponsored history of the early years of Land O' Lakes (1921–1945). See especially pp. 163–167 and 181–184, concerning the evolution of the name of the product into the company name.
  • Truman Torgerson. Building markets and people cooperatively: the Lake to Lake story. published by Land O'Lakes, Inc., Lake to Lake Division – Technology & Engineering – 352 pages, 1990. See especially page 151 to 160, which details conflict with the National Farmers Organization.

External linksEdit

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