Land bridge
Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}}
In biogeography, a land bridge is an isthmus or wider land connection between otherwise separate areas, over which animals and plants are able to cross and colonize new lands. A land bridge can be created by marine regression, in which sea levels fall, exposing shallow, previously submerged sections of continental shelf; or when new land is created by plate tectonics; or occasionally when the sea floor rises due to post-glacial rebound after an ice age.
Prominent examplesEdit
Former land bridgesEdit
- The Bassian Plain, which linked Australia to Tasmania
- The Antarctic Land Bridge, which connected South America, Antarctica, and Australia during the Late Cretaceous and Early Paleogene<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
- The Bering Land Bridge (aka Beringia), which intermittently connected Alaska (Northern America) with Siberia (North Asia) as sea levels rose and fell under the effect of ice ages
- GAARlandia, a hypothesized land bridge which potentially connected the Greater Antilles with South America during the late Eocene or early Oligocene
- Land bridges of Japan, several land bridges which connected Japan to Russia and Korea at various times in history
- De Geer Land Bridge, a route that connected Fennoscandia to northern Greenland
- Doggerland, a former landmass in the southern North Sea which connected the island of Great Britain to continental Europe during the last ice age
- The Thule Land Bridge, a now-vanished land bridge between the British Isles and Greenland
- Torres Strait land bridge, Sahul, between modern-day West Papua and Cape York
- Sundaland, a 1,800,000 km2 area which connected the islands of Southeast Asia at various points during the last 2.6 million years
Current land bridgesEdit
- Adam's Bridge (also known as Rama Setu), connecting India and Sri Lanka
- The Isthmus of Panama, whose appearance three million years ago allowed the Great American Biotic Interchange between North America and South America<ref name="Webb 2006" />
- The Sinai Peninsula, linking Africa and Eurasia
Land bridge theoryEdit
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, vanished land bridges were an explanation for observed affinities of plants and animals in distant locations. Such scientists as Joseph Dalton Hooker noted puzzling geological, botanical, and zoological similarities between widely separated areas, and proposed land bridges between appropriate land masses that allowed species to spread between land masses.<ref name="Winkworth 2010">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=corliss>Template:Cite book Chapter 5: "Up-and-Down Landbridges".</ref> In geology, the concept was first proposed by Jules Marcou in Lettres sur les roches du Jura et leur distribution géographique dans les deux hémisphères ("Letters on the rocks of the Jura [Mountains] and their geographic distribution in the two hemispheres"), 1857–1860.<ref name=corliss/>
Hypothesized land bridges included:<ref name=corliss/>
- Archatlantis from the West Indies to North Africa
- Archhelenis from Brazil to South Africa
- Archiboreis in the North Atlantic
- Archigalenis from Central America through Hawaii to Northeast Asia
- Archinotis from South America to Antarctica
- Lemuria in the Indian Ocean
The theory of continental drift provided an alternate explanation that did not require land bridges.<ref name="Holmes 1953">Template:Cite journal</ref> However the continental drift theory was not widely accepted until the development of plate tectonics in the early 1960s, which more completely explained the motion of continents over geological time.<ref name="Pichon">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="McK-Park">Template:Cite journal</ref>