Larnaca
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Larnaca,Template:Efn also spelled Larnaka, is a city on the southeast coast of Cyprus and the capital of the district of the same name. With a district population of 155.000 in 2021, it is the third largest city in the country after Nicosia and Limassol.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Built on the ruins of Citium, the Ancient Greek city-state best known as the birthplace of Stoic philosopher Zeno of Citium, Larnaca is home to the Church of Saint Lazarus, Hala Sultan Tekke, Kamares Aqueduct, Larnaca Castle, Larnaca District Archaeological Museum, and Pierides Museum. It attracts many visitors to its beaches, as well as Finikoudes (Φοινικούδες; Greek for "palm trees"), its signature seafront promenade lined with palm trees. It gives its name to the country's primary airport, Larnaca International Airport, which is situated in the neighbouring village of Dromolaxia rather than Larnaca proper. It also has a seaport and a marina.
NameEdit
The name Larnaca originates from the Ancient Greek noun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Transliteration 'coffer, box; chest, e.g. for household stores; cinerary urn, sarcophagus, coffin; drinking trough, chalice'. An informal etymology attributes the origin of the name to the many larnakes (sarcophagi) that have been found in the area.<ref>"The great number of sarcophagoi (larnakes) found at Larnaca may have given to the modern city its name." Excerpt of wall mounted text at Larnaca District Museum, under the title "Kition: The necropolis"</ref> Sophocles Hadjisavvas, a state archeologist, states that "[the city's U.S.] consul of the last quarter of the 19th century, claimed to have explored more than 3,000 tombs in the area of Larnaca, so-called after the immense number of sarcophagi found in the modern town".<ref>The Phoenician Period Necropolis of Kition, Volume I Template:Webarchive</ref>
The city is also colloquially known as “Skala” from the Greek noun σκάλα, meaning ladder. In Turkish it has been translated to İskele. This name referred to the historic port of the city,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> though now it is the name of the area which surrounds it, in which the Turkish Cypriot inhabitants of the city lived in prior to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. After which they migrated to Trikomo, which was later renamed to Yeni İskele (meaning “New Skala”), in honour of their origins.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
HistoryEdit
The former city-kingdom of Kition was originally established in the 13th century BC. New cultural elements appearing between 1200 BC and 1000 BC, including pottery, new architectural forms. These archaeological findings are interpreted as indications of significant political changes and the arrival of the Achaeans, the first Greek colonists of Kition. Around the same time, Phoenicians settled the area.
At the archaeological sites of Kiteon, remains that date from the 13th century BC have been found. Around 1000 BC, Kition was rebuilt by Phoenicians and it subsequently became a center of Phoenician culture. The remains of the sites include cyclopean walls and a complex of five temples and a naval port.
It was conquered in the first millennium BC by a series of great powers of the region. First by the Assyrian Empire, then by Egypt. Like most Cypriot cities, Kition belonged to the Persian Achaemenid Empire. In 450 BC, the Athenian general Cimon died at sea, while militarily supporting the revolt against Persia's rule over Cyprus. On his deathbed, he urged his officers to conceal his death from both their allies and the Persians.
Strong<ref name=Guidebook18>Template:Cite book</ref> earthquakes hit the city in 76 AD and the year after.
Earthquakes of 322 AD and 342 "caused the destruction not only of Kition but also of Salamis and Pafos".<ref name=Guidebook18/> Kition's harbor silted up, and the population moved to the seafront farther south, sometime after this. Contributing factors to the silting are thought to have been earthquakes, deforestation, and overgrazing.
The commercial port was located at Skala, during the Ottoman Period starting in 1571. Skala is the name of the seashore immediately south of the Larnaca Castle<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and its neighborhood.
GeographyEdit
The Salt Lake fills with water during the winter season and is visited by flocks of flamingoes who stay there from November until the end of March. It usually dries up in the summer. In the past,Template:When it yielded good quality salt scraped from the dried surface. The salt from the lake is now considered unsuitable for consumption.
ClimateEdit
The climate in this area is described by the Köppen Climate Classification System as a hot semi-arid climate (BSh) due to its low annual rainfall and hot summer temperatures resulting in highly negative water balance. It is sometimes described as a mediterranean climate due to the pronounced humid winters and dry summers, but the total annual rainfall is below the required amount to avoid the semi-arid classification.
PromenadeEdit
Finikoudes is the promenade along Athenon Avenue on the seafront. A row of palm trees (Cypriot Greek: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Template:Transliteration) lines either side of it.
Much of the activity is centered on the city promenade during the major festivals. The most important of these is Kataklysmos or the Festival of the Flood, celebrated in early summer with a series of cultural events. The festival used to last for about a week, but, in recent years, with the increased commercialism of peripheral stalls, rides, and temporary Lokma restaurants, the festival has been extended to about three weeks, during which the seafront is closed to traffic in the evenings.
MonumentsEdit
- A bust of Cimon stands on the Foinikoudes Promenade, with this quote referring to him on the pedestal: "Even in death he was victorious" (Template:Langx).
- The marble bust of Zeno of Citium stands at the crossroads near the American Academy. Zeno was born in Kition in 334 BC. After studying philosophy in Athens, he founded the Stoicism school of philosophy.
- The Armenian Genocide Memorial stands on Athenon Avenue.
LandmarksEdit
The city's landmarks include the Church of Saint Lazarus, the Catacomb of Phaneromeni Church, Hala Sultan Tekke, the Bekir Pasha Aqueduct, and the Larnaca Castle.
EconomyEdit
Larnaca's economy has been growing since 1975,Template:Citation needed after the loss of the Port of Famagusta, which handled 80% of general cargo, and the closure of Nicosia International Airport, events which have seen Larnaca's airport and seaport play increasingly important roles in the economy of the island. A €650m upgrade of Larnaca Airport has been completed.
The service sector, including tourism, employs three-quarters of Larnaca's labour force.Template:Citation needed Many travel and tour operators and other travel-related companies have a head office in Larnaca. Moreover in Larnaca there are a lot of large companies that they have their base there such us: Bank of Cyprus, Hellenic Bank, KPMG, Cyprus airways and Tus airways. Larnaca has the second largest port in Cyprus and has one of the biggest malls in the island Metropolis mall.
EducationEdit
There are over a hundred educational institutions in the city,Template:Citation needed including the American Academy, Larnaca Nareg Armenian school and the Alexander College. Moreover Larnaca has the American university and the UCLAN Cyprus university.
CultureEdit
ArtsEdit
Larnaca has a theatre and an art gallery, which are operated by the municipality. The Cornaro Institute was a cultural centre founded by the celebrated Cypriot artist Stass Paraskos in the Old Town in 2007, which staged contemporary art exhibitions and other cultural events, prior to its closure by Larnaca Municipality in 2017.
MusicEdit
Local institutions include the Municipal Wind Orchestra.
SportsEdit
Local teams include (football:) AEK Larnaca FC and ALKI Larnaca FC. Due to the Turkish occupation of Famagusta, the two teams of Famagusta, Anorthosis and Nea Salamina, are located here.
Local sports arenas include AEK Arena - Georgios Karapatakis, GSZ Stadium, Antonis Papadopoulos Stadium and Ammochostos Stadium.
International competitions held in the city, include the Larnaka International Marathon since 2017, the Shooting Shotgun European Championships in 2012, the FIVB Beach Volleyball SWATCH Youth World Championship in 2012, the European Under-19 Football Championship final in 1998 and the European Under-17 Football Championship final in 1992.
Larnaca attracts windsurfers from around the world, especially in autumn. Mackenzie Beach hosts a windsurfing centre together with an extreme sports centre.
MuseumsEdit
Museums found in Larnaca include the Larnaca District Archaeological Museum, Pierides Museum, Agios Lazaros Byzantine Museum, Kallinikeio Municipal Museum of Athienou, Larnaca Medieval Museum, Larnaca Municipal Museum of Natural History, Larnaca Municipal Historical Archives - Museum of Larnaca, Folklore Museum ‘Kostas Kaimakliotis’ - Aradippou, Theasis Museum, Kyriazis Medical Museum and Museum of Michel Platini.
Cuisine and seafoodEdit
The beaches of Larnaca are lined with nearly identical seafood restaurants catering to tourists. Although there are many continental and international restaurants in Larnaca, visitors do not miss out on indulging in the local food. Many of the staple dishes involve beans, such as fasolaki (French beans cooked in red wine with lamb), and louvi me lahana (black-eyed peas with chard).
Some of the standard appetizers are potato salad, kohlrabi salad, and hot grilled black olives. The next course may include Cyprus village sausage and sheftalia, dolmades and keftedes, kolokassi in tomato sauce, and several aubergine-based dishes. Baked or grilled lamb (souvla) usually appears somewhere in the course of dining, as does some kind of fish.
NeighbourhoodsEdit
Larnaca's neighbourhoods include Skala, Prodromos, Faneromeni, Drosia, Kamares, Vergina and Agioi Anargyroi.
TransportEdit
The city's transport hubs are Larnaca International Airport and Larnaca Port—the Republic's busiest airport and second busiest port.
Public transportEdit
Public transport in Larnaca is served only by buses. Fares cost 2.40 cash (May 2025). Larnaca has a lot of choices to move only by bus from Larnaca international airport and the Larnaca central station
International relationsEdit
Twin towns – sister citiesEdit
Larnaca Municipality is twinned with the following:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Acapulco, Mexico (since 2011)<ref name="MFA">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Ajaccio, France (since 1989)
- Template:Flagicon Bratislava, Slovakia (since 2013)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Galaxidi, Greece (since 2005)<ref name="twinnings-greece">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Giannitsa, Greece (since 2003)<ref name="twinnings-greece" />
- Template:Flagicon Glyfada, Greece (since 1998)
- Template:Flagicon Ilioupoli, Greece (since 2000)<ref name="twinnings-greece" />
- Template:Flagicon Larissa, Greece (since 1990)<ref name="twinnings-greece" />
- Template:Flagicon Leros, Greece (since 2000)<ref name="twinnings-greece" />
- Template:Flagicon Marrickville, Australia (since 2005)
- Template:Flagicon Piraeus, Greece (since 1999)<ref name="twinnings-greece" />
- Template:Flagicon Poti, Georgia (since 1987)
- Template:Flagicon Sarandë, Albania (since 1994)
- Template:Flagicon Szeged, Hungary (since 1993)
- Template:Flagicon Tarpon Springs, U.S. (since 2009)
- Template:Flagicon Tianjin, China (since 2007)
- Template:Flagicon Tulcea, Romania (since 2003)
- Template:Flagicon Venice, Italy (since 2010)
Consulates and consulates generalEdit
Template:As of, Larnaca hosts 2 consulates general and 13 consulates.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col
- Template:AFG
- {{#invoke:flag||Albania}}
- Template:BGD (consulate general)
- {{#invoke:flag||Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
- Template:SLV
- {{#invoke:flag||France}}
- Template:GMB
- {{#invoke:flag||Italy}}
- Template:MAR (consulate general)
- Template:PHL
- {{#invoke:flag||Portugal}}
- Template:VCT
- Template:LKA
- Template:TUN
- Template:UGA
Notable residentsEdit
- Zeno of Citium (c. 334 – c. 262 BC), Stoic philosopher
- Apollonios of Kition (1st century BC), physician, nicknamed "the Cypriot Hippocrates"
- Ebubekir Pasha (1670 – 1757/1758), Governor of Larnaca and philanthropist
- Demetrios Pieridis (1811–1895), founder of the Pieridis Museum
- Dimitris Lipertis (1866–1937), national poet
- Neoclis Kyriazis (1877–1956), medical doctor and historian
- Mehmet Nazim Adil (1922–2014), leader of the Nakshbandi Sufi order (or Tekke), born in Larnaca
- Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Cypriot-American academic, entrepreneur, and past president of the Biomedical Engineering Society
- Stass Paraskos, artist
- Mihalis Violaris, singer and composer who helped popularise Cypriot music in Greece
- Giorgos Theofanous, composer
- Anna Vissi, singer
- Loucas Yiorkas, singer, The X Factor winner in 2009
- Ada Nicodemou, actress
- Garo Yepremian, Armenian-Cypriot former NFL placekicker, played as a member of the 1972 Miami Dolphins, to date the only team in NFL history to finish with a perfect record
- Chrystalleni Trikomiti, Commonwealth Games gold-medalist rhythmic gymnast
- Martino Tirimo, Cypriot classical pianist
- Tio Ellinas, Cypriot racing driver
GalleryEdit
- Fishing port (psarolimano).JPG
Fishing port "Psarolimano"
- Larnaca 01-2017 img30 Salt Lake.jpg
- Larnaca 01-2017 img01 Larnaca Fort.jpg
Castle exterior
- Castle square wharf.JPG
Castle square pier
- Kimon statue.JPG
Kimon statue
- Larnaca 01-2017 img27 Finikoudes.jpg
Finikoudes Avenue
- Palm trees promenade by night (foinikoudes).JPG
View of Larnaca from sea
- Larnaca 01-2017 img26 Larnaca Marina.jpg
Larnaca marina
- Salt lake at sunset.JPG
Larnaca Salt Lake
- Aspect of the old town.JPG
Aspect of the old town
- Aspect of the old town2.JPG
Souvenir shops
- Aspect of the old town3.JPG
Old town
- Larnaca 01-2017 img25 Kamares Aqueduct.jpg
Old aqueduct "Kamares"
- Angeloktisti (built by angels) medieval church.JPG
Angeloktisti medieval church
- Street in town center.JPG
Street in town center
- Ermou square.JPG
Ermou square
- Larnaca 01-2017 img02 StLazarus Church.jpg
Saint Lazarus
- Vessels near Larnaca port.JPG
Vessels near Larnaca port
- Larnaca Airport.JPG
Larnaca International Airport
- Larnaca castle.jpg
Larnaca Castle interior
- Larnaca 01-2017 img13 Larnaca District Administration.jpg
Building of District Administration Larnaca
- Larnaca 01-2017 img11 Municipal Gallery.jpg
Europe square
- Larnaca 01-2017 img08 Pieridis Museum of Antiquities.jpg
- Larnaca seafront panoramic.jpg
Larnaca seafront panorama
- View from Oroklini Hill towards Larnaca.jpg
Panoramic view from Oroklini Hill towards Larnaca
- Larnaca 01-2017 img12 Armenian Genocide Memorial.jpg
The Armenian Genocide Memorial, unveiled in 2008
See alsoEdit
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
Template:Municipalities of Cyprus Template:Larnaca District Template:Landmarks of Larnaca Template:Ancient Cities of Cyprus Template:Phoenician cities and colonies navbox Template:Authority control