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A lava tube, more rarely called a pyroduct,<ref>Template:Citation</ref> is a 'roofed conduit through which molten lava travels away from its vent'.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> If lava in the tube drains out, it will leave an empty cave. Lava tubes are common in low-viscosity volcanic systems. Lava tubes are important as they are able to transport molten lava much further away from the eruptive vent than lava channels. A tube-forming lava flow can emplace on longer distance due to the presence of a solid crust protecting the molten lava from atmospheric cooling.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Lava tubes are often considered when preparing hazard maps or managing an eruptive crisis.
FormationEdit
A lava tube is a type of lava cave formed when a low-viscosity lava flow develops a continuous and hard crust, which thickens and forms a roof above the still-flowing lava stream. Three main formation mechanisms have been described:<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> (1) roofing over a lava channel, (2) pāhoehoe lobe extension or (3) lava flow inflation.
- When it erupts from a vent, lava usually flows in channels. While the core of the channel tends to stay very hot, its sides cool down rapidly, forming solidified walls called levees. Depending on the activity of the channel, three ways to form a lava tube are possible. If the level of lava flowing inside the channel is stable for a long time, the surface will start to solidify from the levees toward the center of the channel, slowly forming a solid crust. If the level of lava is irregular, the overspill of lava along the levees causes them to grow and eventually join together over the channel. Another way these channels may close is by the accumulation of floating surface crust. This type of lava tube tends to form closer to the eruptive vent.
- When pahoehoe lava emplaces, it sometimes form lobes. The formation of aligned pahoehoe lobes that are continuously fed by molten lava may form lava tubes.
- During an eruption, when lava flows emplace and their sides cool rapidly and solidify into levees, the pressure of molten lava passing through the flow may cause it to inflate. The surface of the flow then solidifies as it cools, forming a crust, leading to the formation of a lava tube.
CharacteristicsEdit
A broad lava-flow field often forms a lava tube system that consists of a main lava tube and a series of smaller tubes that supply lava to the front of one or more separate flows. When the supply of lava stops at the end of an eruption, or lava is diverted elsewhere, lava in the tube system sometimes drains downslope and leaves partially or fully empty caves.
Such drained tubes commonly exhibit numerous internal features that can give information on the activity that happened within the tube.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":1" /> Wall linings are thin layers of lava that cover the walls and ceiling of a tube. They form when the tube drains. Each wall lining corresponds to a cycle of drainage and refilling of the tube. Step marks on the walls indicate the various depths at which the lava flowed. These are known as lava benches, flow ledges or flow lines, depending on how prominently they protrude from the walls. Lava tubes generally have pāhoehoe floors, although this may often be covered in breakdown from the ceiling. A variety of stalactite, generally known as lavacicles, can be observed inside lava tubes. They can be of the splash, "shark tooth", or tubular varieties. Lavacicles are the most common lava tube internal feature. Drip stalagmites may form under tubular lava stalactites, and the latter may grade into a form known as a tubular lava helictite. A runner is a bead of lava that is extruded from a small opening and then runs down a wall.
Lava tubes may also contain mineral deposits that most commonly take the form of crusts or small crystals, and less commonly, as stalactites and stalagmites. Some stalagmites may contain a central conduit and are interpreted as hornitos extruded from the tube floor.<ref name="polyak-provencio-2020">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Lava tubes can be up to Template:Convert wide, though are often narrower, and run anywhere from Template:Convert below the surface. Lava tubes can also be extremely long; one tube from the Mauna Loa 1859 flow enters the ocean about Template:Convert from its eruption point, and the Cueva del Viento–Sobrado system on Teide, Tenerife island, is over Template:Convert long, due to extensive braided maze areas at the upper zones of the system.
A lava tube system in Kiama, Australia, consists of over 20 tubes, many of which are breakouts of a main lava tube. The largest of these lava tubes is Template:Convert in diameter and has columnar jointing due to the large cooling surface. Other tubes have concentric and radial jointing features. These tubes are infilled due to the low slope angle of emplacement.
Extraterrestrial lava tubesEdit
Lunar lava tubes have been discovered<ref name=ng20091026>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and have been studied as possible human habitats, providing natural shielding from radiation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Several holes on the lunar surface, including one in the Marius Hills region, have been observed with angled satellite imagery to lead into voids wider than the holes themselves.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref> These are considered as possible collapses into lunar lava tubes.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Martian lava tubes are associated with innumerable lava flows and lava channels on the flanks of Olympus Mons. Partially collapsed lava tubes are visible as chains of pit craters, and broad lava fans formed by lava emerging from intact, subsurface tubes are also common.<ref>Richardson, J.W. et al. (2009). The Relationship Between Lava Fans and Tubes on Olympus Mons in the Tharsis Region, Mars. Template:Webarchive 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Abstract #1527, Retrieved 19 June 2018</ref> Evidence of Martian lava tubes has also been observed on the Southeast Tharsis region and Alba Mons.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Caves, including lava tubes, are considered candidate biotopes of interest for extraterrestrial life.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Notable examplesEdit
- Iceland
- Surtshellir – For a long time, this was the longest known lava tube in the world.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Italy
- Grotta dei Tre Livelli - Famous example of a multiple level lava tube.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
- Kenya
- Leviathan Cave – At Template:Convert, it is the longest lava tube in Africa.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
- South Korea
- Manjang Cave – more than Template:Convert long, located in Jeju Island, is a popular tourism spot.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- United States
- Kazumura Cave, Hawaii – The world's most extensive lava tube, at Template:Convert, it has the greatest linear extent of any known lava cave.<ref name="GULDEN">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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See alsoEdit
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