List of Latin legal terms

A number of Latin terms are used in legal terminology and legal maxims. This is a partial list of these terms, which are wholly or substantially drawn from Latin, or anglicized Law Latin.

Common law

Term or phrase	Literal translation	Definition and use	English pron
Template:AnchorTemplate:Anchor a fortiori	from stronger	An a fortiori argument is an "argument from a stronger reason", meaning that, because one fact is true, a second (related and included) fact must also be true.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor a mensa et thoro	from table and bed	Divorce a mensa et thoro indicates legal separation without legal divorce.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor a posteriori	from later	An argument derived after an event, having the knowledge about the event. Inductive reasoning from observations and experiments.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor a priori	from earlier	An argument derived before an event, without needing to have the knowledge about the event. Deductive reasoning from general principles.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor a quo	from which	Regarding a court below in an appeal, either a court of first instance or an appellate court, known as the court a quo.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor ab extra	from outside	Concerning a case, a person may have received some funding from a 3rd party. This funding may have been considered ab extra.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor ab initio	from the beginning	"Commonly used referring to the time a contract, statute, marriage, or deed become legal. e.g. The couple was covered ab initio by her health policy."<ref name=Yogis/>	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor absque hoc	without this	"Presenting the negative portion of a plea when pleading at common by way a special traverse."<ref name=Yogis/>	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor Actio non datur non damnificato	An action is not given to one who is not injured.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Anchor Actus legis nemini facit injurium	The act of law injures no one.
Template:Anchor Actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea	No act is punishable that is not the result of a guilty mind.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Anchor actus reus	guilty act	Part of what proves criminal liability (with mens rea).	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor ad coelum	to the sky	Abbreviated from Cuius est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad infernos which translates to "[for] whoever owns [the] soil, [it] is his all the way [up] to Heaven and [down] to Hell." The principle that the owner of a parcel of land also owns the air above and the ground below the parcel.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor ad colligenda bona	to collect the goods	In cases of a disputed will, delay may endanger the assets of the deceased. Therefore, a court can give a person a writ of ad colligenda bona, which entitles them to collect and preserve the goods while their rightful owner is determined. Afterwards, that person will release the goods to the rightful owner.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor ad hoc	for this	Generally signifies a solution designed for a specific problem or task, non-generalizable, and not intended to be able to be adapted to other purposes.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor ad hominem	at the person	Attempting to make a point of logic by attacking an opponent's character rather than answering their argument.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor ad idem	to the same thing	In agreement.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor ad infinitum	to infinity	To continue forever.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor ad litem	for the case	Describes those designated to represent parties deemed incapable of representing themselves, such as a child or incapacitated adult.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	according to the harm	Used in tort law. Implies that the reward or penalty ought to correspond to the damage suffered or inflicted.
Template:Anchor ad valorem	according to value		Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor adjournment sine die	adjournment without a day	When an assembly adjourns without setting a date for its next meeting.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor affidavit	he has sworn	A formal statement of fact.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor allocatur	it is allowed	Generally, a statement from a court that a writ is allowed (i.e. granted); most commonly, a grant of leave to appeal by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, in reference to which the word is used equivalently to certiorari (q.v.) elsewhere.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor alter ego	another I	A second identity living within a person.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor Alteri stipulari nemo potest	No-one can alter on their own a contract
Template:Anchor amicus curiae	friend of the court	A person who offers information to a court regarding a case before it.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor animus contrahendi	contractual intent	Intention to contract.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor animus manendi	intention to remain	The subjective intent to remain indefinitely in a place so as to establish it as one's permanent residence.<ref name=Blacks11/> Along with actual residence, this is used to establish domicile.<ref name=Gordon/> Also called animus remanendi. See diversity of citizenship.
Template:Anchor animus nocendi	intention to harm	The subjective state of mind of the author of a crime, with reference to the exact knowledge of illegal content of their behaviour, and of its possible consequences.
Template:Anchor animus possidendi	intention to possess	"In order to claim possessory rights, an individual must establish physical control of the res and the intention to possess (i.e. animus possidendi)"<ref name=Benson/>
Template:Anchor animus revertendi	intention to return	"Wild animals, such as bees and homing pigeons, that by habit go 'home' to their possessor. Used when discussing ferae naturae."<ref name=Benson/>
Template:Anchor animus testandi	testamentary intent	The intention, when writing a document, that the document should serve as a last will and testament.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Anchorante	before	“An antenuptial agreement is a contract between two people that is executed before marriage.”
Template:Anchor(in) arguendo	for the sake of argument
Template:AnchorTemplate:Anchor bona fide	in good faith	Implies sincere good intention regardless of outcome.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor bona vacantia	ownerless goods
Template:AnchorTemplate:Anchor cadit quaestio	the question falls	Indicates that a settlement to a dispute or issue has been reached, and the issue is now resolved.
Template:Anchor casus belli	case of war	The justification for acts of war.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor caveat	May he beware	When used by itself, refers to a qualification, or warning.
Template:Anchor caveat emptor	Let the buyer beware	In addition to the general warning, also refers to a legal doctrine wherein a buyer could not get relief from a seller for defects present on property which rendered it unfit for use.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor certiorari	to be apprised	A type of writ seeking judicial review.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor cessante ratione legis cessat ipsa lex	when the reason for a law ceases, so does the law itself	Herbert Broom′s text of 1858 on legal maxims lists the phrase under the heading ″Rules of logic″, stating: Reason is the soul of the law, and when the reason of any particular law ceases, so does the law itself.<ref>Template:Google books</ref>
Template:Anchor ceteris paribus	with other things the same	More commonly rendered in English as "All other things being equal."	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor compos mentis	having command of mind	Of sound mind. Also used in the negative "Non compos mentis", meaning "Not of sound mind".	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor condicio sine qua non	A condition without which it could not be	An indispensable and essential action, condition, or ingredient.
Template:Anchor consensus ad idem	agreement to the same	Meeting of the minds, mutual assent, or concurrence of wills. Parties must be of one mind and their promises must relate to the same subject or object<ref name=Willes/> Also consensus in idem.
Template:Anchor contra	against	Used in case citations to indicate that the cited source directly contradicts the point being made.
Template:Anchor contra legem	against the law	Used when a court or tribunal hands down a decision that is contrary to the laws of the governing state.
Template:Anchor contradictio in adjecto	contradiction in adjective	A contradiction where adjective contradicts its noun (e.g., a square triangle).
Template:Anchor contra proferentem	against the one bringing forth	Used in contract law to stipulate that an ambiguous term in a contract shall be interpreted against the interests of the party that insisted upon the term's inclusion. Prevents the intentional additions of ambiguous terminology from being exploited by the party who insisted on its inclusion.
Template:Anchor coram non judice	before one who is not a judge	Refers to a legal proceeding without a judge, or with a judge who does not have proper jurisdiction.
Template:Anchor corpus delicti	body of the crime	A person cannot be convicted of a crime, unless it can be proven that the crime was even committed.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor corpus juris	body of law	The complete collection of laws of a particular jurisdiction or court.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor corpus juris civilis	body of civil law	The complete collection of civil laws of a particular jurisdiction or court. Also sometimes used to refer to the Code of Justinian.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor corpus juris gentium	body of the law of nations	The complete collection of international law.
Template:Anchor corpus juris secundum		An encyclopedia of US law drawn from US Federal and State court decisions.
Template:Anchor crimen falsi	crime of falsifying	Forgery.
Template:Anchor cui bono	as a benefit to whom?	Suggests that the perpetrator(s) of a crime can often be found by investigating those who would have benefited financially from the crime, even if it is not immediately obvious.
Template:Anchor curia advisari vult	the court wishes to consider	Signifies the intent of a court to consider the points of law argued during advocacy, prior to judgement.
Template:AnchorTemplate:Anchor de bonis asportatis	carrying goods away	Specifies that larceny was taking place in addition to any other crime named. E.g. "trespass de bonis asportatis".
Template:Anchor debellatio	warring down	Complete annihilation of a warring party, bringing about the end of the conflict.
Template:Anchor de bonis non administratis	of goods not administered	Assets of an estate remaining after the death (or removal) of the designated estate administrator. An "administrator de bonis non administratis" will then be appointed to dispose of these goods.
Template:Anchor de die in diem	from day to day	Generally refers to a type of labor in which the worker is paid fully at the completion of each day's work.
Template:Anchor de facto	in fact	Literally "from fact"; often used to mean something that is true in practice, but has not been officially instituted or endorsed. "For all intents and purposes". Cf. de jure.
Template:Anchor de futuro	concerning the future	At a future date.
Template:Anchor de integro	concerning the whole	Often used to mean "start it all over", in the context of "repeat de integro".
Template:Anchor de jure	according to law	Literally "from law"; something that is established in law, whether or not it is true in general practice. Cf. de facto.
Template:Anchor de lege ferenda	of the law as it should be	Used in the context of "how the law should be", such as for proposed legislation.
Template:Anchor de lege lata	of the law as it is	Concerning the law as it exists, without consideration of how things should be.
Template:Anchor de minimis	about the smallest things	Various legal areas concerning small amounts or small degrees.
Template:Anchor de minimis non curat lex	the law is not concerned with minimal things	The rule that the law will not remedy an injury that is minimal.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Anchor de novo	anew	Often used in the context of "trial de novo"Template:Spnda new trial ordered when the previous one failed to reach a conclusion.
Template:Anchor deorum injuriae diis curae	The gods take care of injuries to the gods	Blasphemy is a crime against God, rather than against the State.
Template:Anchor dictum	(thing) said	A statement given some weight or consideration due to the respect given the person making it.
Template:Anchor doli incapax	incapable of guilt	Presumption that young children or persons with diminished mental capacity cannot form the intent to commit a crime.
Template:Anchor dolus bonus		Justinian Digest
Template:Anchor dolus malus		Justinian Digest
Template:Anchor dolus specialis	Specific deceit	Heavily used in the context of genocide in international law.
Template:Anchor domitae naturae	tame by nature	Tame or domesticated animal. Also called mansuetae naturae. Opposite of ferae naturae (below)
Template:Anchor donatio mortis causa	deathbed gift	Gift causa mortis; "The donor, contemplating imminent death, declares words of present gifting and delivers the gift to the donee or someone who clearly takes possession on behalf of the donee. The gift becomes effective at death but remains revocable until that time."<ref name=Benson/>
Template:Anchor dramatis personae	persons of the drama
Template:Anchor duces tecum	bring with you	A "subpoena duces tecum" is a summons to produce physical evidence for a trial.
Template:AnchorTemplate:Anchor ejusdem generis	of the same class	Known as a "canon of construction", it states that when a limited list of specific things also includes a more general class, that the scope of that more general class shall be limited to other items more like the specific items in the list.
Template:Anchor eo nomine	by that name
Template:Anchor erga omnes	towards all	Refers to rights or obligations that are owed towards all.
Template:Anchor ergo	Template:Text
Template:Anchor erratum	having been made in error
Template:Anchor et al.	and others	Abbreviation of et alii, meaning "and others".
Template:Anchor et cetera	and other things	Generally used in the sense of "and so forth".
Template:Anchor et seq.	and the following things	Abbreviation of et sequens, meaning "and the following ones". Used in citations to indicate that the cited portion extends to the pages following the cited page.
Template:Anchor et uxor	and wife	Usually used instead of naming a man's wife as a party in a case.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor et vir	and husband	Usually used instead of naming a woman's husband as a party in a case.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor ex aequo et bono	of equity and [the] good	Usually defined as "what is right and good." Used to describe the power of a judge or arbiter to consider only what is fair and good for the specific case, and not necessarily what the law may require. In courts, usually only done if all parties agree.
Template:Anchor ex ante	of before	Essentially meaning "before the event", usually used when forecasting future events.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor ex cathedra	from the chair	Where chair refers to authority or position. Authority derived from one's position.
Template:Anchor ex concessis	from what has been conceded already	Also known as "argument from commitment", a type of valid ad hominem argument.
Template:Anchor ex delicto	from a transgression	The consequence of a crime or tort.
Template:Anchor ex demissione	from a transgression	part of the title of the old action of ejectment Jones v. Doe ex dem. Smith
Template:Anchor Ex dolo malo non oritur actio	No action arises from harm
Template:Anchor ex facie	on the face	If a contract is blatantly and obviously incorrect or illegal, it can be considered void ex facie without any further analysis or arguments.
Template:Anchor ex fida bona	good business norms
Template:Anchor ex gratia	by favor	Something done voluntarily and with no expectation of a legal liability arising therefrom.
Template:Anchor ex officio	from the office	Something done or realized by the fact of holding an office or position.
Template:Anchor ex parte	from [for] one party	A decision reached, or case brought, by or for one party without the other party being present.
Template:Anchor ex post	from after	Based on knowledge of the past.
Template:Anchor ex post facto	from a thing done afterward	Commonly said as "after the fact."
Template:Anchor ex post facto law		A retroactive law. E.g. a law that makes illegal an act that was not illegal when it was done.
Template:Anchor ex proprio motu	by [one's] own motion	Commonly spoken as "by one's own accord."
Template:Anchor ex rel	[arising] out of the narration [of the relator]	Abbreviation of ex relatione. Used when the government brings a case that arises from the information conveyed to it by a third party ("relator").
Template:Anchor ex tempore	At the time	Referring to a decision delivered at the time of a hearing, rather than having the judgment reserved for a later date.
Template:Anchor exempli gratia	for the sake of example	Usually abbreviated "e.g.".
Template:Anchor ex tunc	from then	Term used in contract law to specify terms that are voided or confirmed in effect from the execution of the contract. Cf. ex nunc.
Template:Anchor Ex turpi causa non oritur actio
Template:Anchor ex nunc	from now on	Term used in contract law to specify terms that are voided or confirmed in effect only in the future and not prior to the contract, or its adjudication. Cf. ex tunc.
Template:Anchor extant	existing	Refers to things that are currently existing at a given point, rather than things that are no longer so.
Template:AnchorTemplate:Anchor facio ut facias	I do, that you may do	A type of contract wherein one party agrees to do work for the other, in order that the second party can then perform some work for the first in exchange.
Template:Anchor factum	deed	1. an assured statement made; 2. completion of a will and all its parts to make it valid and legal; 3). book of facts and law presented in a Canadian court.
Template:Anchor favor contractus	favor of the contract	A concept in treaty law that prefers the maintaining of a contract over letting it expire for purely procedural reasons.
Template:Anchor felo de se	felon of himself	A suicide. This archaic term stems from English common law, where suicide was legally a felony, thus a person who committed suicide was treated as a felon for purposes of estate disposal.
Template:Anchor ferae naturae	wild animals by nature	Wild animals residing on unowned property do not belong to any party in a dispute on the land. Opposite of domitae naturae (above).
Template:Anchor fiat	Let it be done.	A warrant issued by a judge for some legal proceedings.
Template:Anchor fieri facias	May you cause to be done.	A writ ordering the local law enforcement to ensure that damages awarded by the court are properly recovered. A writ of execution.
Template:Anchor fortis attachiamentum, validior praesumptionem	strong attachment, the stronger presumption	When determining whether a chattel is a fixture: "size doesn't matter, how much or degree chattel is attached to 'land' and to 'what' "
Template:Anchor forum non conveniens	disagreeable forum	A concept wherein a court refuses to hear a particular matter, citing a more appropriate forum for the issue to be decided.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor fumus boni iuris	smoke of a good right	Refers to having a sufficient legal basis to bring legal action.
Template:Anchor functus officio	having performed his office	A person, court, statute, or legal document that has no legal authority, because its original legal purpose has been fulfilled.
Template:AnchorTemplate:Anchor gravamen	things weighing down	The basic element or complaint of a lawsuit.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor guardian ad litem	guardian for the case	An independent party appointed in family law disputes to represent parties that cannot represent themselves, such as minors, developmentally disabled, or elderly.
Template:AnchorTemplate:Anchor habeas corpus	May you have the body.	A writ used to challenge the legality of detention. Orders the detaining party to "have the (living) body" of the detained brought before the court where the detention will be investigated.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor hostis humani generis	enemy of the human race	A party considered to be the enemy of all nations, such as maritime pirates.
Template:Anchor|Template:Anchor imprimatur	Let it be printed.	An authorization for a document to be printed. Used in the context of approval by a religious body or other censoring authority.
Template:Anchor in absentia	in absence	A legal proceeding conducted without the presence of one party is said to be conducted in absentia, e.g., trial in absentia or being sentenced in absentia.
Template:Anchor in articulo mortis	at the moment of death	Often used in probate law, as well as for testimony in the sense of a dying declaration.
Template:Anchor in camera	in the chamber	Conducted in private, or in secret. The opposite of in open court.
Template:Anchor in curia	in court	Conducted in open court. The opposite of in camera.
Template:Anchor in esse	in existence	Actually existing in reality. Opposite of in posse.
Template:Anchor in extenso	in the extended	In extended form, or at full length. Often used to refer to publication of documents, where it means the full unabridged document is published.
Template:Anchor in extremis	in the extreme	In extreme circumstances. Often used to refer to "at the point of death."
Template:Anchor in flagrante delicto	in blazing offense	Caught in the actual act of committing a crime. Often used as a euphemism for a couple caught in the act of sexual intercourse, though it technically refers to being "caught in the act" of any misdeed.
Template:Anchor in forma pauperis	in the manner of a pauper	Someone unable to afford the costs associated with a legal proceeding. As this will not be a barrier to seeking justice, such persons are given in forma pauperis status (usually abbreviated IFP), wherein most costs are waived or substantially reduced.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor in futuro	in the future	Refers to things to come, or things that may occur later but are not so now. As in in futuro debts, i.e. debts which become due and payable in the future.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor in haec verba	in these words	Used when including text in a complaint verbatim, where its appearance in that form is germane to the case, or is required to be included.
Template:Anchor in limine	at the threshold	A motion to a judge in a case that is heard and considered outside the presence of the jury.
Template:Anchor in loco parentis	in the place of a parent	Used to refer to a person or entity assuming the normal parental responsibilities for a minor. This can be used in transfers of legal guardianship, or in the case of schools or other institutions that act in the place of the parents on a day-to-day basis.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor in mitius	in the milder	A type of retroactive law that decriminalizes offenses committed in the past. Also known as an amnesty law.
Template:Anchor in omnibus	in all	Used to mean "in every respect." Something applying to every aspect of a situation.
Template:Anchor in pari delicto	in equal offense	Used when both parties to a case are equally at fault.
Template:Anchor in pari materia	in the same matter	Refers to a situation where a law or statute may be ambiguous, and similar laws applying to the matter are used to interpret the vague one.
Template:Anchor in personam	in person	Used in the context of "directed at this particular person", refers to a judgement or subpoena directed at a specific named individual. Cf. in rem.
Template:Anchor in pleno	in full
Template:Anchor in propria persona	in one's own person	Said of one who represents themselves in court without the [official] assistance of an attorney.
Template:Anchor in re	in the matter [of]	Used in the title of a decision or comment to identify the matter they are related to; usually used for a case where the proceeding is in rem or quasi in rem and not in personam (e.g. probate or bankrupt estate, guardianship, application for laying out a public highway) and occasionally for an ex parte proceeding (e.g. application for a writ of habeas corpus).	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor in rem	about a thing	Used in the context of a case against property, as opposed to a particular person. See also in rem jurisdiction. Cf. in personam.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor in situ	in position	Often used in the context of decisions or rulings about a property or thing "left in place" after the case as it was before.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor in terrorem	in order to frighten	A warning or threat to sue, made in the hopes of convincing the other party to take action to avoid a lawsuit.
[[In terrorem clause|Template:Anchor in terrorem clause]]	clause "in order to frighten"	A clause in a will that threatens any party who contests the will with being disinherited. Also called a no-contest clause.
Template:Anchor in toto	in total		Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor indicia	indications	Often used in copyright notices. Refers to distinctive markings that identify a piece of intellectual property.
Template:Anchor infra	below or under
Template:Anchor iniuria sine damno	injury without financial or property loss	It was stated in Ashby v. White that the law makes a presumption of damage in the absence of actual perceptible damage or financial loss and that the infringement of a right was enough for iniuria sine damno to be actionable.<ref>Template:Google books</ref>	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor innuendo	by nodding	An intimation about someone or something, made indirectly or vaguely suggesting the thing being implied. Often used when the implied thing is negative or derogatory.
Template:Anchor inter alia	among others	Used to indicate an item cited has been pulled from a larger or more complete list.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor inter rusticos	among rustics	Refers to contract, debts, or other agreements made between parties who are not legal professionals.
Template:Anchor inter se	amongst themselves	Refers to obligations between members of the same group or party, differentiated from the whole party's obligations to another party.
Template:Anchor inter vivos	between the living	Refers to a gift or other non-sale transfer between living parties. This is in contrast to a will, where the transfer takes effect upon one party's death.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor intra	within
Template:Anchor intra fauces terrae	within the jaws of the land	This term refers to a nation's territorial waters.
Template:Anchor intra legem	within the law	Used in various contexts to refer to the legal foundation for a thing.
Template:Anchor intra vires	within the powers	Something done which requires legal authority, and the act is performed accordingly. Cf. ultra vires.
Template:Anchor ipse dixit	He himself said it.	An assertion given undue weight solely by virtue of the person making the assertion.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor ipsissima verba	the very words	Referring to a document or ruling that is being quoted by another.
Template:Anchor ipso facto	by the fact itself	Used in the context that one event is a direct and immediate consequence of another. "In and of itself."	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor ipso jure	the law itself	By operation of law.
ius	law	For ius and various terms incorporating ius, see jus below and the relevant term incorporating jus
Template:Anchor ius civile vigilantibus scriptum est	civil law is written for the vigilant	Noting that private law is written for those persons who are vigilant in pursuing their interests and diligently care for their own affairs.
Template:AnchorTemplate:Anchor jurat	(He) swears	Appears at the end of an affidavit, where the party making the affirmation signs the oath, and the information on whom the oath was sworn before is placed.
Template:Anchor juris privati	of private right	Not clothed with a public interest.
Template:Anchor jus	law, right	Essentially: law.
Template:Anchor jus accrescendi	right of survivorship	Right of survivorship: In property law, on the death of one joint tenant, that tenant's interest passes automatically to the surviving tenant(s) to hold jointly until the estate is held by a sole tenant. The only way to defeat the right of survivorship is to sever the joint tenancy during the lifetime of the parties, the right of survivorship takes priority over a will or interstate accession rules.<ref name=Benson/>
Template:Anchor jus ad bellum	laws to war	Refers to legalities considered before entering into a war, to ensure it is legal to go to war initially. Not to be confused with ius in bello (q.v.), the "laws of war" concerning how war is carried out.
Template:Anchor jus civile	civil law	A codified set of laws concerning citizenry, and how the laws apply to them.
Template:Anchor jus cogens	compelling law	Internationally agreed laws that bear no deviation, and do not require treaties to be in effect. An example is law prohibiting genocide.
Template:Anchor jus gentium	law of nations	Customary law followed by all nations. Nations being at peace with one another, without having to have an actual peace treaty in force, would be an example of this concept.
Template:Anchor jus in bello	law in war	Laws governing the conduct of parties in war.
Template:Anchor jus inter gentes	law between the peoples	Laws governing treaties and international agreements.
Template:Anchor jus legationis	right of legation	The right to send and receive diplomatic representation
Template:Anchor jus naturale	natural law	Laws common to all people, that the average person would find reasonable, regardless of their nationality.
Template:Anchor jus primae noctis	right of the first night	Supposed right of the lord of an estate to take the virginity of women in his estate on their wedding night.
Template:Anchor jus sanguinis	right of blood	Social law concept wherein citizenship of a nation is determined by having one or both parents being citizens.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor jus soli	right of soil	Social law concept wherein citizenship of a nation is determined by place of birth.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor jus tertii	law of the third	Arguments made by a third party in disputes over possession, the intent of which is to question one of the principal parties' claims of ownership or rights to ownership.
Template:Anchor Jus tractatuum
Template:Anchor lacuna	void, gap	A situation arising that is not covered by any law, especially when related situations are covered by the law or where the situation appears to fall "between" multiple laws. Generally used in International Law, which is less comprehensive than most domestic legal systems.
Template:Anchor lex communis	common law	Alternate form of jus commune. Refers to common facets of civil law that underlie all aspects of the law.
Template:Anchor lex fori		the law of the country in which an action is brought out
Template:Anchor lex lata	the carried law	The law as it has been enacted.
Template:Anchor lex loci	the law of the place	The law of the country, state, or locality where the matter under litigation took place. Usually used in contract law, to determine which laws govern the contract.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor lex scripta	written law	Law that specifically codifies something, as opposed to common law or customary law.
Template:Anchor liberum veto	free veto	An aspect of a unanimous voting system, whereby any member can end discussion on a proposed law.
Template:Anchor lingua franca	the Frankish language	A language common to an area that is spoken by all, even if not their mother tongue. Term derives from the name given to a common language used by traders in the Mediterranean basin dating from the Middle Ages.
Template:Anchor lis alibi pendens	lawsuit elsewhere pending	Refers to requesting a legal dispute be heard that is also being heard by another court. To avoid possibly contradictory judgements, this request will not be granted.
Template:Anchor lis pendens	suit pending	Often used in the context of public announcements of legal proceedings to come. Compare pendente lite (below).
Template:Anchorlocus	place
Template:Anchor locus delicti	place of the crime	Shorthand version of Lex locus delicti commissi. The "scene of the crime".
Template:Anchor locus in quo	the place in which	The location where a cause of action arose.
Template:Anchor locus poenitentiae	place of repentance	When one party withdraws from a contract before all parties are bound.
Template:Anchor locus standi	place of standing	The right of a party to appear and be heard before a court.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:AnchorTemplate:Anchor mala fide	(in) bad faith	A condition of being fraudulent or deceptive in act or belief.
Template:Anchor malum in se	wrong in itself	Something considered a universal wrong or evil, regardless of the system of laws in effect.
Template:Anchor malum prohibitum	prohibited wrong	Something wrong or illegal by virtue of it being expressly prohibited, that might not otherwise be so.
Template:Anchor mandamus	we command	A writ issue by a higher court to a lower one, ordering that court or related officials to perform some administrative duty. Often used in the context of legal oversight of government agencies.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor mare clausum	closed sea	A body of water under the jurisdiction of a state or nation, to which access is not permitted, or is tightly regulated.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor mare liberum	open sea	A body of water open to all. Typically a synonym for International Waters, or in other legal parlance, the "High Seas".
Template:Anchor mea culpa	through my fault	An acknowledgement of wrongdoing.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor mens rea	guilty mind	One of the requirements for a crime to be committed, the other being actus reus, the guilt act. This essentially is the basis for the notion that those without sufficient mental capability cannot be judged guilty of a crime.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor modus operandi	manner of operation	A person's particular way of doing things. Used when using behavioral analysis while investigating a crime. Often abbreviated "M.O."	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor mortis causa	in contemplation of death	Gift or trust that is made in contemplation of death.
Template:Anchor mos pro lege	custom for law	That which is the usual custom has the force of law.
Template:Anchor motion in limine	motion at the start	Motions offered at the start of a trial, often to suppress or pre-allow certain evidence or testimony.
Template:Anchor mutatis mutandis	having changed [the things that] needed to be changed	A caution to a reader when using one example to illustrate a related but slightly different situation. The caution is that the reader must adapt the example to change what is needed for it to apply to the new situation.
Template:AnchorTemplate:Anchor ne exeat	let him not exit [the republic]	Shortened version of ne exeat republica: "let him not exit the republic". A writ to prevent one party to a dispute from leaving (or being taken) from the court's jurisdiction.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor Nemo dat quod non habet	Nobody can give what he has not	bankruptcy law
Template:Anchor Nemo debet bis vexari (pro una et eadem causa)	No-one should be tried twice (for one and the same charge)	It is a principle of double jeopardy (autrefois acquit) where a person should not be tried twice on the same matter.
Template:Anchor Nemo iudex in causa sua	No-one should be a judge in his own case.	It is a principle of natural justice that no person can judge a case in which they have an interest.
Template:Anchor Nemo potest dare quod suum non est	No one can give what he possesses not	inter alia, see Dante on monarchy
Template:Anchor Nemo potest esse tenens et dominus	No one can at the same time be a tenant and a landlord	Nor can one person covenant with himself and others jointly
Template:Anchor Nemo potest mutare consilium suum in alterius iniuriam	Nobody can change his own purpose to another's injury
Template:Anchor Nemo potest nisi quod de jure potest	A person can do only things, which s/he can do lawfully.	Under law, a thing which cannot be lawfully performed is considered not within one's power.
Template:Anchor Nemo potest praecise cogi ad factum	Nobody can be forced to a specific act
Template:Anchor Nemo potest venire contra factum proprium	No-one can act in a way contrary to his own prior actions.	doctrines of promissory estoppel and equitable estoppel; prohibited for a party to act in such a way that contradicts a previous act of his own on which the other party relied, thus causing a detriment to the latter.
Template:Anchor Nemo potest facere per alium quod per se non potest	No one can do through another what he cannot do himself.
Template:Anchor nihil dicit	He says nothing.	A judgement rendered in the absence of a plea, or in the event one party refuses to cooperate in the proceedings.
Template:Anchor nisi	unless	A decree that does not enter into force unless some other specified condition is met.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor nisi prius	unless first	Refers to the court of original jurisdiction in a given matter.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor nolle prosequi	not to prosecute	A statement from the prosecution that they are voluntarily discontinuing (or will not initiate) prosecution of a matter.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor nolo contendere	I do not wish to argue	A type of plea whereby the defendant neither admits nor denies the charge. Commonly interpreted as "No contest."	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor non adimpleti contractus	of a non-completed contract	In the case where a contract imposes specific obligations on both parties, one side cannot sue the other for failure to meet their obligations, if the plaintiff has not themselves met their own.
Template:Anchor non compos mentis	not in possession of [one's] mind	Not having mental capacity to perform some legal act
Template:Anchor non constat	It is not certain.	Refers to information given by one who is not supposed to give testimony, such as an attorney bringing up new information that did not come from a witness. Such information is typically nullified.
Template:Anchor non est factum	It is not [my] deed.	A method whereby a signatory to a contract can invalidate it by showing that his signature to the contract was made unintentionally or without full understanding of the implications.
Template:Anchor non est inventus	He was not found.	Reported by a sheriff on writ when the defendant cannot be found in his county or jurisdiction.
Template:Anchor non liquet	It is not clear.	A type of verdict where positive guilt or innocence cannot be determined. Also called "not proven" in legal systems with such verdicts.
Template:Anchor non obstante verdicto	notwithstanding the verdict	A circumstance where the judge may override the jury verdict and reverse or modify the decision.
Template:Anchor novus actus interveniens	a new action coming between	A break in causation (and therefore probably liability) because something else has happened to remove the causal link.
Template:Anchor noscitur a sociis	It is known by the company it keeps.	An ambiguous word or term can be clarified by considering the whole context in which it is used, without having to define the term itself.
Template:Anchor nota bene	note well	A term used to direct the reader to cautionary or qualifying statements for the main text.
Template:Anchor Nullum crimen sine lege	No-one can face punishment except for an act that was criminalized before he performed the act
Template:Anchor Nulla poena sine culpa	no punishment without fault	One cannot be punished for something that they are not guilty of.
Template:Anchor nudum pactum	naked promise	An unenforceable promise, due to the absence of consideration or value exchanged for the promise.
Template:Anchor nulla bona	no goods	Notation made when a defendant has no tangible property available to be seized in order to comply with a judgement.
Template:Anchor nunc pro tunc	now for then	An action by a court to correct a previous procedural or clerical error.
Template:AnchorTemplate:Anchor obiter dictum	a thing said in passing	In law, an observation by a judge on some point of law not directly relevant to the case before him, and thus neither requiring his decision nor serving as a precedent, but nevertheless of persuasive authority. In general, any comment, remark or observation made in passing.
Template:Anchor omnia praesumuntur rite essa acta	Everything is presumed right about this act	When reviewing official acts, the presumption that all formalities were complied with.
Template:Anchor onus probandi		Burden of proof.
Template:Anchorore tenus	(evidence) presented orally
Template:Anchor pace	with peace	Used to say 'contrary to the opinion of.' It is a polite way of marking a speaker's disagreement with someone or some body of thought.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor par delictum	equal fault	Used when both parties to a dispute are at fault.
Template:Anchor parens patriae	parent of the nation	Refers to the power of the State to act as parent to a child when the legal parents are unable or unwilling.
Template:Anchor pari passu	on equal footing	Equal ranking, equal priority (usually referring to creditors).
partus sequitur ventrem	Offspring follows the belly	Legal status of children of slaves is the same as their mother's.
Template:Anchor pendente lite	while the litigation is pending	Court orders used to provide relief until the final judgement is rendered. Commonly used in divorce proceedings. The adverbial form of lis pendens (above).
Template:Anchor per capita	by head	Dividing money up strictly and equally according to the number of beneficiaries
Template:Anchor per contra	by that against	Legal shorthand for "in contrast to".
Template:Anchor per curiam	through the court	A decision delivered by a multi-judge panel, such as an appellate court, in which the decision is said to be authored by the court itself, instead of situations where those individual judges supporting the decision are named.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor per incuriam	by their neglect	A judgement given without reference to precedent.
Template:Anchor per minas	through threats	Used as a defense, when illegal acts were performed under duress.
Template:Anchor per proxima amici	by or through the next friend	Employed when an adult brings suit on behalf of a minor, who was unable to maintain an action on his own behalf at common law.
Template:Anchor per quod	by which	Used in legal documents in the same sense as "whereby". A per quod statement is typically used to show that specific acts had consequences which form the basis for the legal action.
Template:Anchor per se	by itself	Something that is, as a matter of law.
Template:Anchor per stirpes	by branch	An estate of a decedent is distributed per stirpes, if each branch of the family is to receive an equal share of an estate.
Template:Anchor periculum in mora	danger in delay	A condition given to support requests for urgent action, such as a protective order or restraining order.
Template:Anchor persona non grata	unwelcome person	A person who is officially considered unwelcome by a host country in which they are residing in a diplomatic capacity. The person is typically expelled to their home country.	Template:IPAc-en
posse comitatus	power of the county	A body of armed citizens pressed into service by legal authority, to keep the peace or pursue a fugitive.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor post hoc ergo propter hoc	after this, therefore because of this	A logical fallacy that suggests that an action causes an effect simply because the action occurred before the effect.
Template:Anchor post mortem	after death	Refers to an autopsy, or as a qualification as to when some event occurred.
Template:Anchor post mortem auctoris	after the author's death	Used in reference to intellectual property rights, which usually are based around the author's lifetime.
Template:Anchor postliminium	return from the other	Refers to the return of legal standing and property of a person who returns to the jurisdiction of Rome
Template:Anchor praetor peregrinus	magistrate of foreigners	The Roman praetor (magistrate) responsible for matters involving non-Romans.
Template:Anchor prima facie	at first face	A matter that appears to be sufficiently based in the evidence as to be considered true.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:AnchorTemplate:Anchor pro bono	for good	Professional work done for free.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor pro bono publico	for the public good		Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor pro forma	as a matter of form	Things done as formalities.
Template:Anchor pro hac vice	for this turn	Refers to a lawyer who is allowed to participate (only) in a specific case, despite being in a jurisdiction in which he has not been generally admitted.
Template:Anchor pro per	abbreviation of propria persona, meaning "one's own person"	Representing oneself, without counsel. Also known as pro se representation.
Template:Anchor pro rata	from the rate	A calculation adjusted based on a proportional value relevant to the calculation. An example would be a tenant being charged a portion of a month's rent based on having lived there less than a full month. The amount charged would be proportional to the time occupied.
Template:Anchor pro se	for himself	Representing oneself, without counsel. Also known as pro per representation.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor pro tanto	for so much	A partial payment of an award or claim, based on the defendant's ability to pay.
Template:Anchor pro tem	abbreviation of pro tempore, meaning "for the time being"	Something, such as an office held, that is temporary.
Template:Anchor pro tempore	for the time being	Something, such as an office held, that is temporary.
Template:Anchor propria persona	proper person	Refers to one representing themselves without the services of a lawyer. Also known as pro per representation.
Template:AnchorTemplate:Anchor qua	which; as	In the capacity of.
Template:Anchor quae ipso usu consumuntur	Consumed by the use itself	Used in relation with objects whose purpose is to be consumed or destroyed. Examples include food, fuel, medicine, matches or money.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Anchor quaeritur	It is sought.	The question is raised. Used to declare that a question is being asked in the following verbiage.
Template:Anchor quaere	query	Used in legal drafts to call attention to some uncertainty or inconsistency in the material being cited.
Template:Anchor quantum	how much
Template:Anchor quantum meruit	as much as it deserves; as much as she or he has earned<ref name=Willes/>	In contract law, a quasi-contractual remedy that permits partial reasonable payment for an incomplete piece of work (services and/or materials), assessed proportionately, where no price is established when the request is made.<ref name=Willes/> In contract law, and in particular the requirement for consideration, if no fixed price is agreed upon for the service and/or materials, then one party would request a reasonable price for the said services and/or materials at the end of the job. A common example would be a plumber requested to fix a leak in the middle of the night.<ref name=Willes/>
Template:Anchor quantum valebant	as much as they were worth	Under Common Law, a remedy to compute reasonable damages when a contract has been breachedTemplate:Spndthe implied promise of payment of a reasonable price for goods. In contract law, for requirements of consideration, reasonable worth for goods delivered. Usage: quantum meruit has replaced quantum valebant in consideration;<ref name=Willes/> in the case of contract remedy, quantum valebant is being used less, and could be considered obsolete.
Template:Anchor quasi	as if	Resembling or being similar to something, without actually being that thing.
Template:Anchor qui tam	abbreviation of qui tam pro domino rege quam pro se ipso in hac parte sequitur, meaning "who pursues in this action as much for the king as himself".	In a qui tam action, one who assists the prosecution of a case is entitled to a proportion of any fines or penalties assessed.
Template:Anchor quid pro quo	this for that	An equal exchange of goods or services, or of money (or other consideration of equal value) for some goods or services.
Template:Anchor quo ante	as before	Returning to a specific state of affairs which preceded some defined action.
Template:Anchor quo warranto	by what warrant	A request made to someone exercising some power, to show by what legal right they are exercising that power. A type of writ.
Template:Anchor quoad hoc	as to this	Used to mean "with respect to" some named thing, such as when stating what the law is in regards to that named thing.
Template:AnchorR	Rex or Regina	King or Queen. In British cases, will see R v Freeman meaning Regina against Freeman. Changes with King or Queen on throne.
Template:Anchor ratio decidendi	reason for the decision	The point in a legal proceeding, or the legal precedent so involved, which led to the final decision being what it was.
Template:Anchor ratio scripta	written reason	The popular opinion of Roman law, held by those in the Medieval period.
Template:Anchor rationae soli	by reason of the soil	"Certain rights may arise by virtue of ownership of the soil upon which wild animals are found."<ref name=Benson/>
Template:Anchor rebus sic stantibus	things thus standing	A qualification in a treaty or contract, that allows for nullification in the event fundamental circumstances change.
Template:Anchor reddendo singula singulis	referring solely to the last	The canon of construction that in a list of items containing a qualifying phrase at the end, the qualifier refers only to the last item in the list.
Template:Anchor res	thing, matter, issue, affair
Template:Anchor res communis	common to all	Property constructs like airspace and water rights are said to be res communisTemplate:Spndthat is, a thing common to all, and that could not be the subject of ownership. With airspace, the difficulty has been to identify where the fee simple holder's rights to the heavens end. Water is a bit more definedTemplate:Spndit is common until captured.<ref name=Benson/>
Template:Anchor res derelictae	abandoned goods	Material property abandoned by its owner
res ipsa loquitur	the thing speaks for itself	The principle that the occurrence of an accident implies negligence. This principle allows the elements of duty of care, breach, and causation to be inferred from an injury that does not ordinarily occur without negligence.
Template:Anchor res gestae	a thing done	Differing meaning depending on what type of law is involved. May refer to the complete act of a felony, from start to finish, or may refer to statements given that may be exempt from hearsay rules.
Template:Anchor res judicata	a matter judged	A matter that has been finally adjudicated, meaning no further appeals or legal actions by the involved parties is now possible.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor res nova	a new thing	A question of law on which no court has previously ruled, or a factual situation about which no court has previously ruled; a legal case without a precedent
Template:Anchor res nullius	nobody's thing	Ownerless property or goods. Such property or goods are able and subject to being owned by anybody.
Template:Anchor res publica	public affair	All things subject to concern by the citizenry. The root of the word republic.
Template:Anchor respondeat superior	Let the master answer.	A concept that the master (e.g. employer) is responsible for the actions of his subordinates (e.g. employees).
Template:AnchorTemplate:Anchor scandalum magnatum	scandal of the magnates	Defamation against a peer in British law. Now repealed as a specific offense.
Template:Anchor scienter	knowingly	Used when offenses or torts were committed with the full awareness of the one so committing.
Template:Anchor scire facias	Let them know.	A writ, directing local officials to officially inform a party of official proceedings concerning them.
Template:Anchor scire feci	I have made known.	The official response of the official serving a writ of scire facias, informing the court that the writ has been properly delivered.
Template:Anchor secundum formam statuti	According to the form of the statute.
Template:Anchor se defendendo	self-defense	The act of defending one's own person or property, or the well-being or property of another.
Template:Anchor seriatim	in series	Describes the process in which the court hears assorted matters in a specific order. Also refers to an occasion where a multiple-judge panel will issue individual opinions from the members, rather than a single ruling from the entire panel.
Template:Anchor sine die	without day	Used when the court is adjourning without specifying a date to re-convene. See also adjournment sine die.
Template:Anchor sine qua non	without which, nothing	Refers to some essential event or action, without which there can be no specified consequence.
situs	the place	Used to refer to laws specific to the location where specific property exists, or where an offense or tort was committed.
Template:Anchor stare decisis	to stand by [things] decided	The obligation of a judge to stand by a prior precedent.	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Anchor status quo status quo ante statu quo	the state in which	In contract law, in a case of innocent representation, the injured party is entitled to be replaced in statu quo. Note the common usage is status quo from the Latin status quo ante, the "state in which before" or "the state of affairs that existed previously."<ref name=Willes/>
Template:Anchor stratum	a covering, from neuter past participle of sternere, to spread	1) In property law, condominiums has said to occupy stratum many stories about the ground.<ref name=Benson/> 2) Stratum can also be a societial level made up of individuals with similar status of social, cultural or economic nature. 3) Stratum can refer to classification in an organized system along the lines of layers, levels, divisions, or similar grouping.
Template:Anchor sua sponte	of its own accord	Some action taken by the public prosecutor or another official body, without the prompting of a plaintiff or another party. (compare ex proprio motu, ex mero motu which are used for courts).
Template:Anchor sub judice	under the judge	Refers to a matter currently being considered by the court.
Template:Anchor sub modo	subject to modification	Term in contract law that allows limited modifications to a contract after the original form has been agreed to by all parties.
Template:Anchor sub nomine	under the name	Abbreviated sub nom.; used in case citations to indicate that the official name of a case changed during the proceedings, usually after appeal (e.g., rev'd sub nom. and aff'd sub nom.)
Template:Anchor sub silentio	under silence	A ruling, order, or other court action made without specifically stating the ruling, order, or action. The effect of the ruling or action is implied by related and subsequent actions, but not specifically stated.
Template:Anchor subpoena	under penalty	A writ compelling testimony, the production of evidence, or some other action, under penalty for failure to do so.
Template:Anchor subpoena ad testificandum	under penalty to be witnessed	An order compelling an entity to give oral testimony in a legal matter.
Template:Anchor subpoena duces tecum	bring with you under penalty	An order compelling an entity to produce physical evidence or witness in a legal matter.
Template:Anchor suggestio falsi	false suggestion	A false statement made in the negotiation of a contract.
Template:Anchor sui generis	of its own kind/genus	Something that is unique amongst a group.
Template:Anchor sui juris	of his own right	Refers to one legally competent to manage his own affairs. Also spelled sui iuris.
Template:Anchor suo motu	of its own motion	Refers to a court or other official agency taking some action on its own accord (synonyms: ex proprio motu, ex mero motu). Similar to sua sponte.
Template:Anchor supersedeas	refrain from	A bond tendered by an appellant as surety to the court, requesting a delay of payment for awards or damages granted, pending the outcome of the appeal.
Template:Anchor suppressio veri	suppression of the truth	Willful concealment of the truth when bound to reveal it, such as withholding details of damage from an auto accident from a prospective buyer of the car in that accident.
Template:Anchor supra	above	Used in citations to refer to a previously cited source.
Template:AnchorTemplate:Anchor terra nullius	no one's land	Land that has never been part of a sovereign state, or land which a sovereign state has relinquished claim to.
Template:Anchor trial de novo	trial anew	A completely new trial of a matter previously judged. It specifically refers to a replacement trial for the previous one, and not an appeal of the previous decision.
Template:Anchor trinoda necessitas	three-knotted need	Refers to a threefold tax levied on Anglo-Saxon citizens to cover roads, buildings, and the military.
Template:AnchorTemplate:Anchor Template:Sort	most abundant faith	Concept in contract law specifying that all parties must act with the utmost good faith.
Template:Anchor ubi eadem ratio, ibi idem jus	where there is the same reason there is the same law;<ref>Template:Cite court</ref> like reason doth make like law.<ref>Template:Google books</ref>	See the judgment of Lord Holt CJ in Ashby v White.
Template:Anchor ubi jus ibi remedium	wherever a right exists there is also a remedy	See the judgment of Lord Holt CJ in Ashby v White.<ref name="ox1">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="hanna08">Template:Cite journal</ref> Some legal scholars find it reflected in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.<ref name="thomas04">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Template:Anchor ultra vires	beyond the powers	An act that requires legal authority to perform, but which is done without obtaining that authority.
Template:Anchor universitas personarum	totality of people	Aggregate of people, body corporate, as in a college, corporation, or state
Template:Anchor universitas rerum	totality of things	Aggregate of things.
Template:Anchor uno flatu	in one breath	Used to criticize inconsistencies in speech or testimony, as in: one says one thing, and in the same breath, says another contradictory thing.
Template:Anchor uti possidetis	as you possess	Ancient concept regarding conflicts, wherein all property possessed by the parties at the conclusion of the conflict shall remain owned by those parties unless treaties to the contrary are enacted.
Template:Anchor uxor	wife	Used in documents in place of the wife's name. Usually abbreviated et ux.
Template:AnchorTemplate:Anchor vel non	or not	Used when considering whether some event or situation is either present or it is not.
Template:Anchor veto	forbid	The power of an executive to prevent an action, especially the enactment of legislation.
Template:Anchor vice versa	the other way around	Something that is the same either way.
Template:Anchor vide	see	Used in citations to refer the reader to another location.
Template:Anchor videlicet	contraction of videre licet, meaning "it is permitted to see"	Used in documents to mean "namely" or "that is". Usually abbreviated viz.
Template:Anchor viz.	abbreviation of videlicet	Namely.
Template:Anchor vigilantibus non dormientibus iura subveniunt	The laws benefit those who are vigilant rather than those who sleep.

Civil law

Term or phrase	Literal translation	Definition and use	English pron
Template:AnchorTemplate:Anchor accessio	something added	Accession, i.e. mode of acquisition by creation in which labor and other goods are added to property in such a manner that the identity of the original property is not lost (vs. commixtio, specificatio)
Template:Anchor accidentalia negotii	business incidentals	Ancillary terms and conditions; express contractual terms that are purely voluntary, optional, and not necessitated by the contract's subject matter. Also called incidentalia (Roman-Dutch law). One of three types of contractual terms, the others being essentialia negotii 'core terms' and naturalia negotii 'implied terms'.
Template:Anchor actus iuridicus	legal act	1. In French-law-based systems, refers only to those sources of subjective law that are human-made and voluntary (vs. factum iuridicum); 2. In German-law-based systems, encompasses all sources of subjective law, be they human-made or not, voluntary or not. See also negotium iuridicum.
Template:Anchor ad quantitatem	by the quantity	itemized, e.g. sale ad quantitatem = item sale (e.g. 100 carp, 10,000 lbs. of sugar, 10 casks of corn) (vs. per aversionem)
Template:Anchor aditio hereditatis	hereditary approach	Entering into the inheritance, i.e. vesting of the inheritance in an heir or will beneficiary. See delatio hereditatis.
Template:Anchor aliquid novi	something new	The new element or aspect of a novation (vs. idem debitum). Also known as novum.
Template:Anchor casum sentit dominus	accident is felt by the owner	The owner who has to assume the risk of accidental harm to him or accidental loss to his property.
Template:Anchor casus fortuitus	fortuitous event	Template:Anchor Force majeure arising from a human-made inevitable accident (e.g. riots, strikes, civil war); ex: When H.M.S. Bounty was destroyed by Hurricane Sandy, October 29, 2012, casus fortuitus would describe the H.M.S. Bounty being at the wrong place when Hurricane Sandy came up the coast.HMS Bounty Sinks Compare vis maior (see below).
Template:Anchor cautio de restituendo	guarantee to reinstate	Security or guarantee that heirs must provide in a case where an absent person's estate is divided among them (insurance law)
Template:Anchor cessio	yielding	Assignment, that is, the transfer of rights or benefits. Template:Col-begin Template:Col-break Parties: cedens 'cedent' (= assignor) cessionarius 'cessionary, cessionee' (= assignee) debitor cessus 'third-party obligor' Template:Col-break Types: cessio in anticipando - assignment of future right or benefit cessio in securitatem debiti - assignment of a principal debt (right of action) as security for the due performance of another debt (the secured debt)
Template:Anchor collatio bonorum	bringing together of goods	Hotchpot. Also called collatio inter liberos (Scots law).
Template:Anchor commixtio	commingling	Confusion, i.e. acquisition by creation in which fungible solid or liquid goods (and no labor) of different owners intermingle in such a way that the mixture creates a new thing and can no longer be separately identified, it is owned by the owners in co-ownership (vs. accessio, specificatio)
Template:Anchor commodatum	accommodation	Loan for use, i.e. bailment of movable property that is not perishable or consumable to be returned without payment. Parties: commodans 'lender' commodatarius 'borrower'
Template:Anchor communio bonorum	community of goods	The aggregate of marital property (or marital estate) under a community property matrimonial regime.
Template:Anchor compensatio	balancing of accounts	Set-off. Type: compensatio lucri cum damno - set-off of profit and loss
Template:Anchor compensatio morae	balance of delay	Delay in payment or performance on the part of both the debtor and the creditor.
Template:Anchor confusio	melting together	Merger of counterparty rights in the same person (e.g. debtor-creditor, buyer-seller, landlord-tenant, etc.), thereby extinguishing an obligation or right. Adverb: confusione.
Template:Anchor conjunctissimus	the most joined	Next-of-kin. Plural conjunctissimi.
Template:Anchor contra bonos mores	against good morals	Contracts so made are generally illegal and unenforceable.
Template:Anchor culpa	guilt	Unintentional negligence (in tort). Degrees: culpa lata - gross negligence culpa levis - ordinary negligence culpa levissima - slight negligence
Template:Anchor cum beneficio inventarii	under benefit of inventory	As in an heir cum beneficio inventarii, who accepts his/her share in a deceased's estate after having had an appraisal and estate inventory drawn up, thereby separating their share from the whole and limiting their liability.
Template:Anchor cum onere	with burdens	(Louisiana law) as encumbered, i.e. alienated with the encumbrances running with the land.
Template:Anchor cura	guardianship	Curatorship, i.e. legal guardianship under which the ward is totally and permanently incapable. Compare tutela. Parties are: curandus - ward curator - guardian (see below)
Template:Anchor curator	guardian	Guardian under a curatorship (cura). Types are: curator ad litem - guardian ad litem curator bonis - guardian of the property curator personae - guardian of the person
Template:Anchor damnum emergens	emergent loss	Loss actually incurred because of a contractual breach
Template:Anchor damnum et interesse	damage and interests	Tortious damages, damages in tort
Template:Anchor data certa	certain date	Fixed effective date of a contract, i.e. one that cannot be ante- or post-dated
Template:Anchor datio in solutum	giving in payment	Species of accord and satisfaction by transfer or assignment of property in lieu of money; kind of in-kind payment, as opposed to a money payment
Template:Anchor de cujus	(s)he for whom...	The deceased, decedent. Short for de cujus successione agitur.
Template:Anchor delatio hereditatis	hereditary transferral	Falling open of succession. See aditio hereditatis.
Template:Anchor domicilium citandi et executandi	domicile for summoning and carrying out	Address for service or notices (e.g. for contractual purposes).
Template:Anchor dominium plurium in solidum	plural, joint and several ownership	Joint tenancy.
Template:Anchor dominium pro parte pro indiviso	unpartitioned and undivided ownership	Tenancy in common. The types are: communio pro indiviso (aka communio pro partibus indivisis) - unilaterally partitionable communio incidens - arising by operation of law, e.g. indivision (succession), party walls, common areas of a condominium communio voluntaria - arising by agreement, e.g. marital estate (community property), company/partnership property communio pro diviso - all parties must agree to partition
Template:Anchor dominus litis	master of the case	Litigant, the client in a lawsuit, as opposed to the lawyer.
Template:Anchor error in iudicando	error in judgment (in court)	Error of fact and reasoning (vs. error in procedendo)
Template:Anchor error in procedendo	procedural error (in court)	Error on a point of law or procedure (vs. error in iudicando)
Template:Anchor essentialia negotii	business essentials	Express or implied contractual terms that are required either by law or by the contract's subject matter. One of three types of contractual terms, the others being accidentialia negotii and naturalia negotii.
Template:Anchor ex intervalo temporis		Not all at once, in parts (vs. uno contextu).
Template:Anchor ex propriis sensibus	with one's own senses	Used for firsthand testimony, e.g. testimony ex propriis sensibus (vs. per relationem).
Template:Anchor factum iuridicum	legal fact	In French-law-based systems, refers to those sources of subjective law that are either not human-made or human-made but involuntary (vs. actus iuridicus).
Template:Anchor falsus procurator	fake agent	Agent de son tort, officious agent
Template:Anchor fideicommissum	entrusting to (a person's) good faith.	Testamentary trust; a form of substitution (called 'fideicommissary substitution') in which a will beneficiary is instructed in the will to transfer the testamentary gift in whole or part to a third party. A fideicommissum is created either expressly in a will or impliedly through a si sine liberis decesserit clause or through a prohibition against alienation in the will.<ref name="fidei">M.J. de Waal, 'The Law of Succession', in Introduction to the Law of South Africa, eds. C. G. van der Merwe & Jacques E. du Plessis (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2004), 183–5.</ref> Template:Col-begin Template:Col-break Parties: fideicommittens 'grantor' (= testator) fiduciarius 'fiduciary' (= trustee) fideicommissarius 'fideicommissary' (= beneficiary) Template:Col-break Types: fideicommissum simplex - one 'gift-over' to single beneficiary fideicommissum multiplex - multiple gift-overs to a succession of beneficiaries fideicommissum residui - fiduciary can alienate 3/4 of assets
Template:Anchor fideiussio		Suretyship.
Template:Anchor fructus industriales	industrial fruits	Emblements; in property law, a co-owner profiting from her or his fructus industriales is solely responsible for any losses that my occur.<ref name=Benson/> (vs. fructus naturales, see below).
Template:Anchor fructus naturales	natural fruits	Vegetation naturally growing from old roots (as pasturage) or from trees (as timber or fruit) (vs. fructus industriales, see above).
Template:Anchor hereditas iacens	lying inheritance	Estate of inheritance before vesting in heirs
Template:Anchor heres		Heir. Plural heredes. Types: heredes proximi - closest heirs sui heredes necessarii - forced heirs (singular suus heres necessarius)
Template:Anchor hypotheca		Mortgage
Template:Anchor idem debitum	same debt	The element or aspect of the novation that does not change (vs. aliquid novi)
Template:Anchor in casu	in the case	In the instant case; used when referring to the matter before the court in a case being discussed
Template:Anchor in solidum	for the whole	Jointly and severally; short for singuli et in solidum. Where a group of persons share liability for a debt, such as co-signers to a loan, the debtor can sue a single party in solidum, that is jointly and severally, to recover the entire amount owed.
Template:Anchor inaedificatio	building	Attachment of movables to land, accession by building
Template:Anchor inaudita altera parte	without hearing the other party	Equivalent of common law ex parte, especially in the context of submitting a motion, brief, or obtaining relief as fast as possible
Template:Anchor incapax	incapable	(Scots law) person not having capacity (mental, legal, or otherwise).	[ɪnˈkapaks]
indignus (heres)	unworthy heir	Unworthy beneficiary or heir, who is precluded from inheriting because his conduct makes him unworthy, in a legal sense, to take in the deceased's estate.
Template:Anchor infans	infant	(Roman-Dutch law) child of 7 years or younger and who therefore has very limited legal capacity. Plural infantes.	[ˈinˌfanz]
Template:Anchor invecta et illata	brought in and carried out	Tenant's things brought into the leased premises for his/her temporary use
Template:Anchor iudex ad quem		Appellate court or court of last resort (vs. iudex a quo)
Template:Anchor iudex a quo		Lower court from which an appeal originates; originating court (vs. iudex ad quem)
Template:Anchor iura novit curia	the court knows the law	The principle that the parties to a legal dispute do not need to plead or prove the law that applies to their case.
Template:Anchor ius accrescendi	right of accrual	(Civil law) Accretion, i.e. right of a will beneficiary to succeed proportionately to a testamentary gift that another beneficiary in the same will cannot or does not want to take.
Template:Anchor ius commune	common law	Not actually referring to common law; this term refers to common doctrine and principles of civil law that underlie all aspects of civilian legal systems and that formed the basis of medieval Roman law.
Template:Anchor ius persequendi	right of following	Right of pursuit, i.e. the creditor's right to pursue a debt that runs with the land into the hands of a bona fide purchaser
Template:Anchor ius praeferendi	right of preferring	Priority right or preferential right, i.e. a creditor's right to rank higher relative to another
Template:Anchor ius quaesitum tertio	right to third-party relief	Right of a third-party beneficiary to sue in order to enforce a third-party contract, i.e. the opposite of privity of contract.
Template:Anchor ius retentionis	right of retaining	Lien (possessory)
Template:Anchor ius variandi	right of varying	Free choice of court actions where concurrent actions lie, e.g. tort and criminal, or tort and breach of contract.
Template:Anchor laesio enormis	unusual injury	Lesion, i.e. excessive loss or injury used as grounds for setting aside a contract. Lesion beyond moiety (laesio ultra dimidium) is the standard in French-law-based systems; sold for less than half its value or purchased for more than double.
Template:Anchor lex commissoria	cancelling law	Forfeiture clause for nonperformance of a contract, especially (1) a provision that a pledge shall be forfeited if a loan is defaulted, or (2) a condition that money paid on a contract of sale shall be forfeited and the sale rescinded if outstanding payments are defaulted. Also known as a pactum commissorium.
Template:Anchor liberandi causa	liberating cause	As in 'prescription liberandi causa', i.e. liberative prescription (aka extinctive prescription), which is the civilian equivalent of a statutory limitation period.
Template:Anchor locatio conductio	leasing (and) hiring	Hire or rental. Types: locatio conductio operarum - employment, indentured servitude, and master/slave relationship locatio conductio operis - hire of service provider or independent contractor locatio conductio rei - rental or letting of property
Template:Anchor lucrum cessans	ceasing profit	Prospective damages or loss of profits that would, because of the contractual breach, have been made in the future
Template:Anchor mandatum	mandate	Bilateral agreement for direct representation between a principal and agent. Compare procuratio. Parties: mandatarius 'agent' mandator 'principal'
Template:Anchor monstrum	monster	Child born with severe deformities. Plural monstra.
Template:Anchor mora accipiendi	delay of the one receiving	Delay in payment or performance on the part of the creditor or obligor. Also known as mora creditoris.
Template:Anchor mora solvendi	delay of the one paying	Delay in payment or performance on the part of the debtor or the obligee. Also known as mora debitoris. 2 forms: mora solvendi ex re - delay in giving or delivering a thing; mora solvendi ex personae - delay in obligations to do or perform personal service.
Template:Anchor mutuum	loan	Loan for consumption, i.e. bailment of fungible movable property that is to be returned in kind in the same quantity and quality. Parties: mutuum dans (aka mutuans) 'lender' mutuum accipiens (aka mutuarius) 'borrower'
Template:Anchor naturalia negotii	business naturals	Express or implied contractual terms that go to the root of a contract's subject matter. One of three types of contractual terms, the others being accidentialia negotii and essentalia negotii.
nec vi, nec clam, nec precario	Without force, without secrecy, without permission	Peacefully, openly, and with the intention to acquire ownership; applies to acquisitive prescription
Template:Anchor negotiorum gestio	management of affairs	Quasi-contractual obligation arising from benevolent or necessitous intermeddling, obliging the benefited party (dominus negotii) to reimburse the intermeddler (gestor) for the cost that was used in doing good works.
Template:Anchor negotium iuridicum	legal business	1. In French-law-based systems, refers to the legal operation, activity, or fact embodied or memorialized by a legal instrument (as opposed to the instrument itself, known as an instrumentum); 2. In German-law-based systems, refers to a transactional act, the main sub-type of legal acts. See also actus iuridicus.
Template:Anchor non bis in idem	not twice in the same	Prohibition against double jeopardy. A legal action cannot be brought twice for the same act or offense.	[nɔnbisinidɛm]
Template:Anchor novum iudicium	new judgment	Appeal by way of hearing de novo, i.e. the case is retried with no restrictions of scope: errors of law are reviewed and new findings of fact are made. (vs. revisio prioris instantiae)
Template:Anchor nudum praeceptum	naked precept	If a testator places a prohibition on a testamentary gift but fails to say what should happen to the gift if the prohibition is contravened, the prohibition is said to be 'nude', i.e. a nudum praeceptum. In other words, the prohibition is of no effect, and the beneficiary will take the gift free from any restrictions.
Template:AnchorTemplate:Anchor pactum de contrahendo	agreement to contract	Prior contract aimed at concluding another contract, known as the parent or principal contract. Includes binders (in real estate sales), such as a purchase offer or an option to sell.
Template:Anchor pactum de non cedendo	agreement to not yield	Anti-assignment clause
Template:Anchor pactum de non petendo (in anticipando)	agreement to not sue	Agreement in which one party agrees not to sue the other.
Template:Anchor pactum de retrovendendo	agreement to sell back	Contract of sale with right of repurchase
Template:Anchor pactum reservati dominii	agreement of reserved owners	Reservation of title
Template:Anchor pactum successorium	inheritance agreement	Bilateral contract concerning succession, usually made between a potential testator (future decedent) and his/her heir. Plural pacta successoria. The most common forms are: pactum renunciativum (aka pactum de non succedendo) - (contractual) disclaimer of interest pactum acquisitivum (aka pactum conservandae successionis) - (contractual) deed of variation pactum de hereditate tertii viventis - family settlement agreement.
Template:Anchor pars dominii	ownership part	The major interests in the bundle of rights making up ownership. In French-based systems there are three, being usus (aka ius utendi), fructus (aka ius fruendi), and abusus (aka ius abutendi). In German-based systems there are more, usually ius possidendi ‘owner’s right to possess’, ius utendi fruendi ‘right of use and enjoyment’, ius abutendi ‘right to consume’, ius disponendi ‘right of disposal’, ius prohibendi ‘right of exclusion’, and ius vindicandi ‘right to recover or reclaim’.
Template:Anchor paterfamilias	father of the family	The head of household, for purposes of considering the rights and responsibilities thereof. (Civil law) bonus paterfamilias: a standard of care equivalent to the common law ordinary reasonable man. Other degrees of care are: diligens paterfamilias - higher standard of care, greater diligence; diligentissimus paterfamilias - highest standard of care, utmost diligence.
Template:Anchor penitus extraneus	outside penitent	Incidental beneficiary or any outside party to a third-party contract (see stipulatio alteri). Plural penitus extranei.
Template:Anchor per aversionem	by turning away	(1) description, whereby the surrounding property is used to provide the legal description of the boundaries of the property; (2) sale per aversionem = bulk sale (a flock of sheep for $100 - the number of sheep are uncounted) (vs. ad quantitatum)
Template:Anchor per relationem	by relation	Hearsay; used for secondhand, indirect evidence, e.g. testimony per relationem 'hearsay testimony' (vs. ex propriis sensibus). Also called de auditu.
Template:Anchor pignus	pledge	Pledge, i.e. a possessory security interest
Template:Anchor pleno iure	by full right	Self-executing, without need of a court order or judicial proceedings; with full right or authority. Ex: null pleno iure.
Template:Anchor plus quam tolerabile	more than tolerable	Excessive, intolerable; in reference to a nuisance or some other violation of neighbor law.
Template:Anchor praedium	estate	Landed property, tenement of land, especially with respect to an easement (servitude). 2 types: praedium dominans - dominant estate (aka dominant tenement) praedium serviens - servient estate (aka servient tenement)
Template:Anchor praeemptio	previous purchase	Right of first refusal
Template:Anchor praesumptio	presumption	Legal presumption. Types: praesumptio iuris tantum - rebuttable presumption praesumptio iuris et de iure - irrebuttable or conclusive presumption
Template:Anchor praesumptio innocentiae		Presumption of innocence
Template:Anchor praesumptio veritatis et solemnitatis	presumption of truth and solemnity	Presumption of regularity, which attaches to public instruments admissible to prove the truth of their contents.
Template:Anchor pretium pro doloribus	price for pain	Solatium.
Template:Anchor prior tempore potior iure	earlier in time, stronger in law	(Scots law, civil law), usually translated as "prior in time, superior in right", the principle that someone who registers (a security interest) earlier therefore ranks higher than other creditors.
Template:Anchor probatio		Evidence (admissible in a court of law), especially documentary evidence. Types: adminiculum (probationis) 'adminicular evidence' - evidence adduced in aid or support of other evidence, which without it is imperfect semiplena probatio, probatio semiplena 'half proof, imperfect proof' - executed in presence of 1 or no witnesses; includes private instruments plena probatio, probatio plena 'full proof, perfect proof' - executed in presence of 2 witnesses; includes public instruments probatio probatissima - the highest evidence, referring to testimony under oath (received into common law but not civil law)
Template:Anchor procuratio	management	Power of attorney, i.e. a unilateral grant of indirect representation by a principal to an attorney-in-fact. Compare mandatum.
Template:Anchor procurator		Agent, attorney-in-fact. Types: procurator ad causas - attorney employed to assist a litigant in the conduct of his lawsuit procurator ad negotia - attorney assisting his client in transacting other business procurator in rem suam - holder of an irrevocable power of attorney
Template:Anchor quaestus liberales		Liberal profession
Template:Anchor restitutio in integrum	total reinstatement	(1) Restoration of something, such as a building or damaged property, to its original condition. (2) In contract law, when considering breach of contract and remedies, to restore a party to an original position.<ref name=Willes/>
Template:Anchor revisio prioris instantiae	review of the court below	Appeal by way of re-hearing or pure appeal (aka appeal stricto sensu); the scope is limited to errors of law and no new factual findings are possible; the case is traditionally remitted to the originating court below for re-judgment. (vs. novum iudicium)
Template:Anchor salva rei substantia	the thing's substance intact	Limitation on how a fiduciary can use the fideicommissary assets; ultimately they must maintain their essential quality until transferred to the fideicommissary.<ref name="fidei" /> Plural salva rerum substantia. See fideicommissum.
Template:Anchor servitus	servitude, subjugation	Servitude, i.e. an easement. Plural servitutes. Template:Col-begin Template:Col-break Types: servitus personarum 'personal servitude' (= easement in gross) servitus praediorum 'praedial servitude' (= easement appertunant) Template:Col-break Sub-types: servitus itineris - ingress/egress easement servitus ne luminibus officiatur - right to light (aka solar easement) servitus non altius tollendi - restricts building beyond a certain height servitus oneris ferendi - duty to keep an adjoining wall in good repair servitus tigni immittendi - right of inserting beams in a neighbor's walls servitus viae - right-of-way
Template:Anchor si sine liberis decesserit	if (he) should depart without children	Certain type of clause in a will creating a fideicommissum by imposing a condition on the will beneficiary that if (s)he dies childless, the testamentary gift will transfer to a third party. Ex: If A dies childless after my death, the farm must go to B.<ref name="fidei" /> See fideicommissum.
Template:Anchor solarium	area exposed to sunlight	Ground rent for a surface right or estate (superficies).
Template:Anchor solutio indebiti	performance of something not due	Undue performance or payment, obliging the enrichee (accipiens) to return the undue payment or compensate the impoverishee (solvens) for the undue performance
Template:Anchor specificatio		Specification, i.e. mode of acquisition by creation wherein something new is made by adding labor (manufacturing) to property, and the non-reducible parts used for its fabrication lose their identity (vs. accessio, commixtio). The new thing is called nova species.
Template:Anchor spei emptio, emptio spei	sale of hope	Sale of a chance, hope, or expectancy
Template:Anchor spes futurae actionis	hope of future action	Future or contingent right of action
Template:Anchor spes successionis	hope of succession	Expectancy (of heirship)
Template:Anchor spoliatio	plundering	Spoliation, i.e. act of unlawful dispossession of corporeal property. Parties: spoliatus - aggrieved party spoliator - dispossessor
Template:Anchor stante matrimonio		During the marriage
Template:Anchor stipulatio alteri	another's (contractual) provision	Third-party contract. Also known as pactum in favorem tertii (German-law-based systems). The parties are: promittens 'promisor' stipulans 'promisee' alteri (aka tertius) 'third-party beneficiary'
Template:Anchor superficies	surface	Surface right, surface estate. Parties: dominus soli 'subsurface owner, mineral owner' superficiarius 'surface owner'
Template:Anchor tantum et tale	thus and such	(Scots law) "as is", to disclaim implied warranties, as in to purchase or convey something tantum et tale.
Template:Anchor transactio	transaction	Out-of-court settlement
Template:Anchor tutela	guardianship	Tutorship, i.e. legal guardianship under which the ward is only partially or temporarily incapable. Compare cura. Parties are pupillus - ward tutor - guardian
Template:AnchorUnus testis, nullus testis	one witness, no witness	The uncorroborated testimony of one witness should be discounted because it is deemed to be too unreliable to establish a fact
Template:Anchor uno contextu	single joining together	Contemporaneously; when the phases of something are done without interruption or any intervening action; specifically, executed in one single execution ceremony (vs. ex intervalo temporis)
Template:Anchor usucapio	seizure of use	Acquisitive prescription, i.e. the civilian equivalent of adverse possession. Also called 'prescription acquirendi causa'.
Template:Anchor usufructus	use-fruit	Civilian equivalent of a life estate. Parties: nudus dominus 'bare owner' (= remainderman, reversioner) usufructuarius 'usufructuary' (= life tenant)
Template:Anchor via executoria	executorial way	Non-judicial foreclosure under a power of sale clause in a mortgage; more broadly, any non-judicial remedy empowered under a contractual clause or some other instrument
Template:Anchor via iure	way of law	Using the courts and the justice system (opposite of self-help)
Template:Anchor vinculum iuris	the chain of the law	A legal bond, especially the bond tying obligor and obligee in a legal obligation
Template:Anchor vis maior	superior force	Force majeure arising from an act of God, i.e. events over which humans have no control, and so cannot be held liable. Compare casus fortuitus (see above).
Template:Anchor vitium in contrahendo	vice in contracting	Vitiating factor in the formation of a contract, e.g. mistake (error), misrepresentation (dolus), and duress (metus).
Template:Anchor voluntatis declaratio		Declaration of will, manifestation of intent(ion)

Ecclesiastical law

Term or phrase	Definition and use
Template:AnchorTemplate:Anchor advocatus diaboli	Official who argues against an individual's beatification
Template:Anchorde iure quaesito non tollendo	A principle referred to in papal documents such as Pope Gregory XVI's Benedictus Deus, 1834,<ref>Pope Gregory XVI, Bolla: Benedictus Deus, published on 17 June 1834, accessed on 29 January 2025</ref> and Pope Pius X's Quae rei, 1908.<ref>Pope Pius X, Quae rei, published on 27 September 1908, accessed on 29 January 2025</ref>
Template:AnchorTemplate:Anchor ebdomadarius	Person in a cathedral who supervises regular performance of religious services and assigns duties of choir members
Template:Anchor eleemosynae	Possessions of the church
Template:Anchor embryo formatus	Human embryo "organized into human shape and endowed with a soul"<ref name=black2009>Black's Law Dictionary, 9th edition</ref>
Template:Anchor embryo informatus	Human embryo before endowment with a soul<ref>The distinction between embryo formatus and embryo informatus is first accepted around the year 1140 by Gratian in Decretum Gratiani where he writes that abortion is not murder if the soul of the fetus had not yet been endowed (informatus). This had previously been rejected by early church doctrines. By the 16th century the time of formatus was accepted as the 40th day after conception for a male fetus and the 80th day for a female fetus. However, informed by modern science of embryo development, the Church now recognizes these assumptions be erroneous.</ref>
Template:Anchor episcoporum ecidicus	church lawyer
Template:Anchor episcopus puerorum	"bishop of the boys"; a layperson who on some feastdays braided his hair, dressed as a bishop and acted in a "ludicrous" manner<ref name=black2009 />
Template:Anchor excommunicato capiendo	Writ originally issued from chancery that required a sheriff to arrest and imprison an excommunicant defendant
Template:Anchor excommunicato recapiendo	Writ ordering excommunicant imprisoned for "obstinancy" be re-imprisoned if freed before agreeing to obey authority of church
Template:Anchor Extravagantes	Papal constitutions and decretal epistles of Pope John XXII
Template:AnchorTemplate:Anchor formata	Canonical letters
Template:AnchorTemplate:Anchor gardianus ecclesiae	Churchwarden
Template:AnchorTemplate:Anchor legit vel non	"Does he read or not?"; this question was asked to church officials by secular courts when an accused defendant claimed a jurisdictional exemption under benefit of the clergy and if the church accepted the claim the official would reply legit ut clericus ("he reads like a clerk")

See also

• Brocard (law)
• Byzantine law
• Code of Hammurabi
• Corpus Juris Canonici
• International Roman Law Moot Court
• Law French
• List of Latin abbreviations
• List of Latin phrases (full)
• List of fallacies
• List of Philippine legal terms
• List of Roman laws
• Twelve Tables

References

• Gabriel Adeleye & Kofi Acquah-Dadzie. World dictionary of foreign expressions: A resource for readers and writers. Ed. by Thomas J. Sienkewicz & James T. McDonough, Jr. Wauconda, Ill.: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1999.
• Ruben E. Agpalo. Agpalo's legal words and phrases. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store, 1997.
• Aaron X. Fellmeth & Maurice Horwitz. Guide to Latin in international law, 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.
• Harold Rudolf Walraven Gokkel & Nicolaas van der Wal. Juridisch Latijn, 6th edn. Deventer: Kluwer, 2001.
• V.G. Hiemstra & H.L. Gonin. Trilingual legal dictionary, 3rd edn. Cape Town, South Africa: Juta, 2001.
• William Allen Jowitt. Jowitt's dictionary of English law, 2nd edn. Revised by John Burke, Clifford Walsh, & Emlyn Williams. 2 vols. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1977.
• Cezar C. Peralejo & Pacifico A. Agabin. English-Filipino legal dictionary. Quezon City, Philippines: Sentro ng Wikang Filipino, University of the Philippines, 1995.
• Theo B. Rood. Glossarium: A compilation of Latin words and phrases generally used in law with English translations. Bryanston, South Africa: Proctrust Publications, 2003.
• Jan Scholtemeijer & Paul Hasse. Legal Latin: A basic course. Pretoria, South Africa: J.L. van Schaik Publishers, 1993.
• Datinder Sodhi & R. S. Vasan, eds. Latin words & phrases for lawyers. New York: Law and Business Publications, 1980.
• Russ VerSteeg. Essential Latin for lawyers. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press, 1990.