Lei Feng
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Lei FengTemplate:Family name footnote (18 December 1940Template:Spnd15 August 1962), born Lei Zhengxing, was a soldier in the People's Liberation Army who was the object of several major propaganda campaigns in China. The most well-known of these campaigns in 1963 promoted the slogan "Follow the examples of Comrade Lei Feng."<ref>In Chinese, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.</ref> Lei was portrayed as a model citizen, and the masses were encouraged to emulate his selflessness, modesty, and devotion to Mao Zedong. In the following years, Lei Feng was portrayed as a symbol and model of party revolution by both the Chinese Communist Party and Government of China. For decades, he promoted the "Learn from Lei Feng as a Model" in the media.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Political ideology closely follows the Chinese Communist Party, actively helping others in work and daily life, practicing frugality and thrift, and upholding the socialist spirit of “Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno” which is known as the Lei Feng spirit.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After Mao's death, Chinese state media continued to promote Lei Feng as a model of earnestness and service, and his image still appears in popular forms such as on T-shirts and memorabilia.<ref>Yan Yunxiang: The Individual and the Transformation of Bridewealth in Rural North China, Department of Anthropology, University of California.</ref>
The biographic details of Lei Feng's life, and especially his diary, supposedly discovered after his death, are generally believed to be propaganda creations; even the historicity of Lei Feng himself is sometimes questioned.<ref name=Fraser>John Fraser, The Chinese: portrait of a people (William Collins & Sons, 1980): "Lei Feng is an invention of the propaganda department. Perhaps there was someone once, even with the same name, who actually existed and did good deeds...But the Lei Feng all Chinese people know stretches credulity to special dimensions."</ref><ref name=Cull>Nicholas John Cull et al., Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, (ABC-CLIO, 2003), Template:ISBN. Quote: "Lei Feng, a soldier whose diary was alleged to have been found posthumously, was touted by the party as a model citizen; his diary—almost certainly concocted by party propagandists—is filled with praise of Mao and accounts of Lei Feng's efforts to inspire revolutionary zeal among his comrades".</ref> The continuing use of Lei in government propaganda has become a source of cynicism and even derision amongst segments of the Chinese population.<ref>Fraser, p 100. Quote: "Lei Feng...is also a laughingstock among many Chinese youths, for the simplest of reasons: he never existed, at least not in the form served up by the Party".</ref> Nevertheless, Lei's function as a propaganda icon has survived decades of political change in China.<ref name="Military Celebrity in China"/>
LifeEdit
The current biography of Lei Feng as given in China's state media says that he was born in Wangcheng (near the town of Leifeng, Changsha, Hunan, named in his honour). According to CNTV, Lei lost all of his family before the establishment of the People's Republic, becoming an orphan. His father died when he was just five (killed by the invading Japanese Army),<ref>Chi-Yue Chiu and Ying-Yi Hong, Social Psychology of Culture, Psychology Press (2006), Template:ISBN, p. 236</ref> his elder brother, who was exploited as a child labourer, died a year later, and his younger brother passed soon afterward. Finally, his mother died by suicide after being "dishonored by a landlord."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In the autumn of 1958, Anshan Iron and Steel Grouprecruited workers in Changsha, Hunan Province. Lei Feng was recommended and joined the Angang Mining Company's Gongchangling Iron Mine as a bulldozer operator.Template:Citation needed
He became a member of the Communist youth corps when he was young and joined a transportation unit of the People's Liberation Army at the age of twenty. According to his official biography, Lei died in 1962 at the age of 21 (22 by Chinese East Asian age reckoning, by which a newborn is age 1 at birth), when a telephone pole, struck by an army truck, hit him as he was directing the truck in backing up.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Popular imageEdit
Lei Feng was not widely known until after his death. In 1963, Lei Feng's Diary was first presented to the public by Lin Biao in the first of many "Learn from Lei Feng" campaigns.<ref name="Tanner">Tanner, Harold Miles. China: A History. Indianapolis, Indiana: Hackett Publishing Company. 2009. Template:ISBN. p.522. Retrieved 13 December 2011.</ref> The diary was full of accounts of Lei's admiration for Mao Zedong, his selfless deeds, and his desire to foment revolutionary spirit. Famously, he pledged that his only ambition was "to be a rustless screw" in the revolutionary cause.<ref name=Cull/> Lin's use of Lei's diary was part of a larger effort to improve Mao's image, which had suffered after the Great Leap Forward.<ref>Spence, Jonathan D. The Search for Modern China. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1999. Template:ISBN. p. 566.</ref> Western scholars generally believe that the diary was forged by Party officials under Lin's direction.<ref name=Cull/><ref name="Tanner" />
The diary contains about 200,000 words describing selfless thoughts with enthusiastic comments on Mao and the inspiring nature of the Party.<ref>Osaarchivum.org Template:Webarchive</ref> The campaign began at a time when the Chinese economy was recovering from the Great Leap Forward campaign. In 1964 the Lei Feng campaign shifted gradually from doing good deeds to a cult of Mao.Template:Citation needed
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When Lei Feng died in the line of duty, he was only 22, but his short life gives concentrated expression to the noble ideals of a new people, nurtured with the communist spirit, and also to the noble moral integrity and values of the Chinese people in the new period. These are firm faith in communist ideals, political warmheartedness for the party and the socialist cause, the revolutionary will to work arduously for self-improvement, the moral quality and self-cultivation of showing fraternal unity and taking pleasure in assisting others, the heroic spirit of being ready to take up cudgels for a just cause without caring for one's safety, the attitude of seeking advancement and studying hard, and the genuine spirit of matching words with deeds and enthusiastically carrying out one's duties.{{#if: Editorial|{{#if:|}}
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Chinese leaders have praised Lei Feng as the personification of altruism. Leaders who have written about Lei Feng include Deng Xiaoping, Zhou Enlai, and Jiang Zemin. His cultural importance is still reproduced and reinforced by the media and cultural apparatus of the Chinese party-state, including emphasizing the importance of moral character during Mao's era. Lei Feng's prominence in school textbooks has since declined, although he remains part of the national curriculum. The phrase huó Léi Fēng ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; lit. "living Lei Feng") has become a noun (or adjective) for anyone who is seen as selfless, or anyone who goes out of their way to help others.Template:Citation needed
The CCP's construction of Lei Feng as a celebrity soldier is unique to the PRC and differs from the more typical creation of military heroes by governments during times of war. In the PRC, Lei Feng was part of continuing public promotion of soldiers as exemplary models, and evidence of the People's Liberation Army's role as social and political support to the Communist government.<ref name="Military Celebrity in China">Template:Cite book</ref>
HistoricityEdit
Details of Lei Feng's life have been subject to dispute. While someone named Lei Feng may have existed, scholars generally believe the person depicted in the campaign was almost certainly a fabrication.<ref name=Fraser/><ref name=Cull/><ref name="Tanner"/> Some observers noted, for instance, that the campaign presented a collection of twelve photographs of Lei Feng performing good deeds. The photographs were of exceptionally high professional quality, and depicted Lei—supposedly an obscure and unknown young man—engaging in mundane tasks.<ref name=Fraser/><ref name="Jacobs2012"/>
The lauded details of Lei Feng's life according to official documents led him to become a subject of derision and cynicism among segments of the Chinese populace.<ref name=Fraser/><ref name="Jacobs2012">Template:Cite news</ref> As John Fraser recalled, "Any Chinese I ever spoke to outside of official occasions always snorted about Lei Feng."<ref name=Fraser/>
A 2008 Xinhua survey noted that a large number of elementary school students have vague knowledge of Lei Feng's life, and that 32 percent of the surveyed have read Lei's diary.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Contemporary cultural importanceEdit
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5 March has become the official "Learn from Lei Feng Day" (Template:Lang-zh). This day involves various community and school events where people go to clean up parks, schools, and other community locations. Local news on that day usually has footage from these events.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Lei Feng is especially honoured in Changsha, Hunan, and in Fushun, Liaoning. The Lei Feng Memorial Hall (in his birthplace, now named for him, Leifeng) and Lei Feng statue are located in Changsha. The local hospital carries his name. There is also a Lei Feng Memorial Hall, with a museum, in Fushun. Lei Feng's military unit was based in Fushun, where he died. His tomb is located on the memorial grounds. To commemorate Lei Feng, the city of Fushun named several landmarks in honor of him. There is a Lei Feng Road, a Lei Feng Elementary School, a Lei Feng Middle School and a Leifeng bank office.Template:Citation needed
There is a common misconception that Lei Feng was well known in the US and honored at West Point. The myth has been traced to a 1981 April Fool's Day article that Xinhua News Agency reporter Li Zhurun mistook for a real article. Li issued a retraction in 2015.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Lei Feng's story continues to be referenced in popular culture. A popular song by Jilin singer Xue Cun (雪村) is called "All Northeasterners are Living Lei Fengs" (Template:Lang-zh).Template:Efn-lr A 1995 release,Template:Citation needed originally notable only for its use of Northeastern Mandarin, it shot to nationwide fame when it was combined with kitsch animations on the Internet in 2001.<ref name="cw2">Template:Cite journal </ref> In March 2006, a Chinese organization released an online game titled Learn from Lei Feng Online (学雷锋) in which the player has to do good deeds, fight spies, and collect parts of Mao Zedong's collection. If the player wins, he or she gets to meet Chairman Mao in the game.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the 21st century his image has been used to sell items including, in one case, condom packaging.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
By the 2010s, interest in Lei Feng had devolved into kitsch, with his face still commonly appearing on t-shirts, stickers, and posters, but interest in his life story and diary minimal, as ticket sales to feature-length biographical films, Young Lei Feng, Lei Feng’s Smile and Lei Feng 1959, released on Learn from Lei Feng Day, failed to produce any takers at all in some cities. Reportedly, party cadres in rural areas have been charged by the State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television with organizing group viewings.<ref name=NYT031113>Template:Cite news</ref>
Learn from Lei Feng CampaignEdit
PurposeEdit
The 'Learn from Lei Feng' campaign is a political education initiative vigorously promoted by the People's Republic of China and the Chinese Communist Party. It forms part of the state's efforts in promoting Marxism–Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, Party ideology, and communist moral education.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} </ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} </ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} </ref>
Liaoning ProvinceEdit
Following his death, Lei Feng was posthumously honored as an outstanding Young Pioneers counselor across the country.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} </ref> Liaoning initiated a province-wide campaign to learn from Lei Feng. On October 23, the Fushun Municipal Youth League Committee issued a notice titled 'Notice on Organizing Youth to Visit the Lei Feng Exhibition Room and Conduct Class Education.' The Liaoning Provincial Youth League printed 400,000 copies of 'Chairman Mao's Good Soldier' and reprinted 70,000 copies of comic strips depicting Lei Feng's deeds. Additionally, they produced 800 sets of photos for grassroots-level small exhibitions in cooperation with the Liaoning Photo Agency, promoting the Lei Feng learning movement across the province. This initiative caught the attention of Hu Yaobang, the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League at the time. He emphasized the importance of this activity as a model of noble communist ideological qualities and instructed that it should be established as an important measure in the ongoing communist education. On February 15, 1963, the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League issued a notice titled 'Notice on Widely Conducting the "Learn from Lei Feng" Educational Campaign Among Youth Nationwide.' The notice stated, 'Comrade Lei Feng's brilliant life has set an example for Chinese youth, with a firm proletarian stance and noble communist moral character. The Central Committee of the Communist Youth League believes that local youth organizations should follow the experience of Liaoning and widely promote the "Learn from Lei Feng" educational campaign among youth.' The Central Youth League's publication, 'China Youth,' published Mao Zedong's inscription in support of the campaign.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} </ref>
NationwideEdit
The nationwide "Learn from Lei Feng" campaign began with Mao Zedong's inscription, "Learn from Comrade Lei Feng." On March 5, 1963, People's Daily published Mao's call on its front page. On the second page, an article by Luo Ruiqingstated: “The most fundamental and prominent reason why Lei Feng became a great soldier is that he repeatedly read Chairman Mao's books, sincerely followed Chairman Mao's words, acted at all times according to Chairman Mao's instructions, and wholeheartedly strove to be a good soldier of Chairman Mao.”March 5 was designated as the national "Learn from Lei Feng Day." On March 15, 1963, the Sichuan Provincial Committee of the Communist Youth League issued a notice titled “On Extensively and Deeply Launching the Learn from Lei Feng Campaign Among Youth Across the Province,” which called for people to “earnestly study Chairman Mao's works, follow Chairman Mao's words, and act in accordance with Chairman Mao's instructions.” In 1964, Luo Ruiqing remarked, “Wherever Chairman Mao's works are well studied—be it by individuals or units—the work is done well. This is true of the Daqing Oil Field, the ‘Model Eighth Company,’ Lei Feng, Guo Xingfuas well.”In Issue 21 of China Youth magazine in 1964, readers were urged to “Learn from Comrade Lei Feng” and to “earnestly follow Chairman Mao’s instructions.”<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some scholars argue that Lin Biao's interpretation of the Learn from Lei Feng campaign, which emphasized being a “good soldier of Chairman Mao,” shifted the revolutionary standard from loyalty to the cause and the people, to loyalty to the Party, and ultimately to personal loyalty to Mao Zedong, contributing to the development of the Cultural Revolution.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> <ref name="modernchinastudies.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
From 1965 onwards, ideological and political education in schools centered on the study of Mao Zedong's works, following Lin Biao's directive of "active learning and application, integrating study with use, prioritizing immediate use, and achieving immediate results." Everyone was required to write study notes. Various groups dedicated to learning from Lei Feng emerged, as well as numerous stories of people doing good deeds and becoming 'unsung heroes' by following his example. However, after the Cultural Revolution began in 1966, political textbooks were denounced as 'reactionary' and 'bourgeois,' and the practice of learning from Lei Feng was criticized as a 'tool for ideological indoctrination.' Students who were eager to learn and disciplined were labeled as 'five-pointed sheep' and accused of being seeds of revisionism.<ref name="modernchinastudies.org"/>
TimelineEdit
The current "Learn from Lei Feng" movement primarily involves activities organized through schools for students and the military for officers and soldiers.Template:Citation needed These activities mainly include cleaning, offering visiting and comforting and similar actions, with the goal of promoting the "Spirit of Lei Feng".Template:Citation needed The activities typically take place on Lei Feng's birthday, the anniversary of his death, Learn from Lei Feng Day (March 5), or other special occasions. These events usually last only one day and are sometimes referred to as One-Day Lei Feng activities.Template:Citation needed
| Date | Initiating Organization | Official Document | Related Events | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| November 1960 | Shenyang Military RegionPeople's Liberation Army Infrastructure Engineering Corps | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref>|| | |
| February 15, 1963 | Central Committee of the Communist Youth League of China | "Notice on the Nationwide Campaign to Promote 'Learning from Lei Feng' Among Young People" | After the Great Leap Forward, during the Great Chinese Famine | |
| March 5, 1963 | Mao Zedong | Inscription "Learn from Comrade Lei Feng" | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
| March 5, 1977 | People's Daily | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref>||Down with the Gang of Four， ending the Cultural Revolution | |
| July 21, 1977 | 10th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref>||Welcoming the 11th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party | |
| February 21, 1981 | Central Committee of the Communist Youth League of China | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref>|| | |
| December 25, 1989 | Central Committee of the Communist Youth League of China | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref>||1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre，Anti-bourgeois liberalization | |
| January 9, 1990 | Central Committee of the Communist Youth League of China | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref>||1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre | |
| February 15, 1990 | Hunan Provincial Committee of the Chinese Communist Party、Hunan Provincial People's Government、Hunan Military District | "Notice on Mobilizing All Military and Civilian Forces in the Province to Deeply Study the Spirit of Lei Feng and Make Contributions to Socialist Construction and Reform" | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
| February 21, 1991 | Central Committee of the Communist Youth League of China | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref>|| | |
| February 12, 1992 | Central Committee of the Communist Youth League of China、ACYF、ACSF、Young Pioneers of China | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref>|| | |
| October 18, 2011 | CCP | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref>||Sixth Plenary Session of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party | |
| March 2, 2012 | General Office of the Chinese Communist Party | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref>||Wang Lijun incident，in anticipation of the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party，building thesocialist core value system | |
| February 21, 2012 | All-China Federation of Trade Unions | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref>|| | |
| February 27, 2012 | Party Committees of Departments of All Central State Organs | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref>|| | |
| December 4, 2016 | Publicity Department of the CCP Central Committee, National Civilization Office of the CCP Central Committee, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Civil Affairs, Ministry of Culture, State Administration of Cultural Heritage, and China Association for Science and Technology | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
See alsoEdit
- Comrade Ogilvy
- Dong Cunrui
- Wang Jinxi
- Former Residence of Lei Feng
- List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
- Zhang Side
- Pavlik Morozov
- Alexey Stakhanov
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Edwards, L. (2010). "Military Celebrity in China: The Evolution of 'Heroic and Model Servicemen'". In Jeffreys, Elaine & Edwards, Louise (eds.), Celebrity in China, Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong pp. 21–44. Template:ISBN.
External linksEdit
- Lei Feng Museum Website in Fushun, Liaoning (Chinese)
- Propaganda posters of Lei Feng from Dutch academic collections