Glenn Research Center

NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field is a NASA center within the cities of Brook Park and Cleveland between Cleveland Hopkins International Airport and the Rocky River Reservation of Cleveland Metroparks, with a subsidiary facility in Sandusky, Ohio. Its director is James A. Kenyon. Glenn Research Center is one of ten major NASA facilities, whose primary mission is to develop science and technology for use in aeronautics and space. Template:As of, it employed about 1,650 civil servants and 1,850 support contractors on or near its site.

In 2010, the formerly on-site NASA Visitors Center moved to the Great Lakes Science Center in the North Coast Harbor area of downtown Cleveland.

History

File:Interior View of Drafting Room in ERB - GPN-2000-001447.jpg

The drafting room at the Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory in 1942.

The installation was established in 1942 as part of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) and was later incorporated into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration as a laboratory for aircraft engine research.

It was first named the Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory after funding was approved in June 1940. It was renamed the Flight Propulsion Research Laboratory in 1947, the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory (LFPL) in 1948 (after George W. Lewis, the head of NACA from 1919 to 1947), and the NASA Lewis Research Center in 1958.

On March 1, 1999, the center was officially renamed the NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field, in honor of John Glenn, who was a fighter pilot, astronaut (the first American to orbit the Earth) and a politician.

As early as 1951, researchers at the LFPL were studying the combustion processes in liquid rocket engines.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Facilities

Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility

File:GRC PBS B-2 Facility Aerial View.jpg

GRC Armstrong Spacecraft Propulsion Facility (B-2)

The Template:Convert NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at the Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility or just Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility, formerly the NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Plum Brook Station or just Plum Brook Station, in southern Erie County, Ohio, near Sandusky, is also part of Glenn (Template:Coord).<ref name="nasa">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is located about Template:Convert from the main campus. It specializes in very large scale tests that would be hazardous on the main campus.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Template:As of the station consisted of five major facilities:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• B-2 Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility
• Combined Effects Chamber
• Cryogenic Components Laboratory: slated for demolitionTemplate:Citation needed
• Hypersonic Test Facility
• Space Power Facility

The Plum Brook Reactor was decontaminated and decommissioned under a 2008 cost-plus-fee contract valued at more than $33.5 million.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2019 the U.S. senators from Ohio, Rob Portman and Sherrod Brown, proposed to rename Plum Brook Station after Neil Armstrong.<ref>Sherrod Brown, Rob Portman want to rename Ohio NASA facility after Neil Armstrong Template:Webarchive Retrieved July 21, 2019</ref> The legislation<ref>Template:USBill</ref> was signed into law on December 30, 2020, and Plum Brook Station was renamed the Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref><ref name="nasa"/>

B-2 Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility

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The B-2 Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility is the world's only facility capable of testing full-scale, upper-stage launch vehicles and rocket engines under simulated high-altitude conditions. The Space Power Facility houses the world's largest space environment vacuum chamber.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Icing Research Tunnel

The icing Research Tunnel is a wind tunnel capable of simulating atmospheric icing condition to test the effect of ice accretion on aircraft wings and body as well as to test anti-icing systems for aircraft.

Zero Gravity Research Facility

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Zero Gravity Research Facility is a vertical vacuum chamber used for dropping experiment payloads for testing in microgravity. It enables the investigation of the behavior of components, systems, liquids, gases, and combustion when dropped in vacuum.

The facility consists of a concrete-lined shaft, Template:Convert in diameter, that extends Template:Convert below ground level. An aluminum vacuum chamber, Template:Convert in diameter and Template:Convert high, is contained within the concrete shaft. The pressure in this vacuum chamber is reduced to 13.3 newtons per square meter (1.3Template:Eatm) before use.

The facility also includes a smaller drop tower with a free fall time of 2.2 seconds and a much lower cost per drop. It is used for the Dropping in a Microgravity Environment (DIME) and What if No Gravity (WING) educational programs.

The facility was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985. It has been the world's largest microgravity facility since the 2003 closing of the Japan Microgravity Centre.

Developments

Aeronautics science and technology

NASA Glenn does research and technology development on jet engines, producing designs that reduce energy consumption, pollution, and noise. The chevrons it developed for noise reduction appear on many commercial jet engines today, including those used on the Boeing 787 Dreamliner.<ref name="Chevrons">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Space science and technology

The Glenn Research Center, along with companies it has hired, are credited with the following:

• The liquid hydrogen rocket engine, which Wernher von Braun called the critical technology that allowed the Apollo Moon landings.<ref name="Hydrogen">[1] Template:Webarchive</ref>
• The Centaur upper-stage rocket<ref name="Hydrogen"/>
• The gridded ion thruster, a high-efficiency engine for spaceflight.<ref name="Ion">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> A Glenn-derived ion engine was used on the NASA probe Deep Space 1.

• The Electrical Power System for Space Station Freedom. A slightly modified version is used on the International Space Station.
• The Universal Stage Adapter for the planned Block 1B iteration of the Space Launch System (SLS).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Contributions

NASA Glenn's core competencies are:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Air-breathing propulsion
• Communications technology and development
• Space propulsion and cryogenic fluids management
• Power, energy storage, and conversion
• Materials and structures for extreme environments

Education

The Glenn Research Center is home to the Lewis' Educational and Research Collaborative Internship Program (LERCIP).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It provides internships for high school and college students and high school teachers. The high school program is an eight-week internship for sophomores and juniors with interests in science, technology, engineering, math, or professional administration. The college level consists of a 10-week internship and is open to college students at all levels. Only residents of the Cleveland area are eligible for high school LERCIP, but college LERCIP is open to students nationwide. Interns work closely with their NASA mentors and are involved in the daily activities of the center. They are expected to be available to work 40 hours a week for the duration of the internship. The LERCIP Teacher program is a 10-week internship for educators in STEM fields.

Other

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} }} The Dropping In Microgravity Environment is an annual contest held yearly by the center. Teams of high school students write proposals for experiments to be performed in the Drop Tower. The winners travel to the center, perform their experiments, and submit a research report to NASA.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Future

After 2004, NASA had been shifting its focus towards space exploration as mandated by the Vision for Space Exploration. Because of this, it was perceived by some that regional NASA centers like Glenn, which focus on research and technology, were becoming more and more marginalized in terms of resources and relevance.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, on May 13, 2006, it was announced that NASA Glenn Research Center had secured management of the Crew Exploration Vehicle's service module, which promised to generate billions of dollars and hundreds of jobs for the center. This work secured the center's future in the near term, and signalled a shift in priority for the center from aeronautical research to space exploration, aligning itself closer with NASA's new mission.

Another change of direction created uncertainty in 2010, however, when President Obama and Congress declared the end of the Vision for Space Exploration and sought to chart a new courseTemplate:Clarify for human space flight and NASA. However, the 2015 budget for NASA made substantial increases to projects in which the Research Center participates, such as aeronautics research, planetary science and space technology, and some of that funding was expected to flow down to the center.<ref name=CCB2015>Template:Cite news</ref>

Center directors

These people served as the director of the Glenn Research Center:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Template:Abbr	Image	Director	Start	End	Notes
1	File:Edward R. Sharp.jpg	Edward R. Sharp	May 1942	June 1947	Manager, NACA Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory
			June 1947	September 1948	Director, NACA Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory,
			September 1948	September 1958	NACA Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory
			October 1, 1958	December 31, 1960	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Acting	File:Eugene Manganiello.jpg	Eugene J. Manganiello	January 1, 1961	October 31, 1961
2	File:Abe Silverstein.jpg	Abe Silverstein	November 1, 1961	October 31, 1969	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
3	File:Bruce T. Lundin official portrait.webp	Bruce T. Lundin	November 1, 1969	August 26, 1977	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Acting	File:Bernard Lubarsky.jpg	Bernard Lubarsky	August 27, 1977	September 30, 1978
4	File:John F. McCarthy Jr.jpg	John F. McCarthy Jr.	October 1, 1978	June 21, 1982	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
5	File:Andrew J. Stofan.jpg	Andrew J. Stofan	June 22, 1982	June 29, 1986	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Acting	File:Director at the Glenn Research Center and Goddard Space Flight Center John M. Klineberg.jpg	John M. Klineberg	June 30, 1986	May 28, 1987
6			May 29, 1987	June 30, 1990	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
7	File:Lawrence J. Ross.jpg	Lawrence J. Ross	July 1, 1990	February 28, 1994	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
8	File:Donald J. Campbell.webp	Donald J. Campbell	March 1, 1994	September 30, 2003	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
9	File:Dr Julian Manly Earls.jpg	Julian M. Earls	October 1, 2003	December 25, 2005	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
10	File:Whitlow Woodrow.jpg	Woodrow Whitlow Jr.	December 25, 2005	February 2010	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Acting	File:Ramon Lugo III.jpg	Ramon Lugo III	March 1, 2010	July 17, 2010
11			July 18, 2010	January 3, 2013	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
12	File:NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free Official Portrait (NHQ202411220001).jpg	James M. Free	January 4, 2013	March 13, 2016	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
13	File:JanetLKavandi-NASA.jpg	Janet L. Kavandi	March 14, 2016	September 31, 2019	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Acting	File:Marla E. Pérez-Davis official portrait (cropped).jpg	Marla E. Perez-Davis	October 1, 2019	January 23, 2020
14			January 24, 2020	June 17, 2022	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Acting	File:James A. Kenyon official portrait.webp	James A. Kenyon	June 17, 2022	November 6, 2022
15			November 7, 2022	present	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>

NASA Glenn Visitor Center

File:Skylab 3 Apollo Command Module.JPG

The Apollo Command Module of the 1973 Skylab 3 mission being moved to the Great Lakes Science Center

In September 2009, the Glenn Research Center closed its Visitor Center and sent many of its displays to the Great Lakes Science Center. The move was intended to reduce the public-relations budget; provide easier access to the general public, especially the under-served community; and bring the NASA Glenn facility more public exposure by putting the displays at the much more visited science center in Cleveland.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Compared to the 60,000 visitors per year at its former site, the new Glenn Visitor Center section of the Great Lakes Science Center drew 330,000 visitors in its first year.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The NASA Glenn Research Center offers public tours of its research facilities on the first Saturday of each month. Reservations must be made in advance.

See also

• NASA Environmental Management System

External links

• NASA.gov: official Glenn Research Center website Template:Webarchive
• NASA Glenn Visitor Center Template:Webarchive
• Engines and Innovation: Lewis Laboratory and American Propulsion Technology (NASA SP-4306, 1991) Template:Webarchive—The whole book, including photos and diagrams in on-line format.
• Historic American Engineering Record documentation, filed under Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH:
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