Lia Fáil

Template:Short description Template:For Template:EngvarB Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox historic site

The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}) or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; "Stone of Fál") is a stone at the Inauguration Mound (Template:Langx) on the Hill of Tara in County Meath, Ireland, which served as the coronation stone for the King of Tara and hence High King of Ireland. It is also known as the Stone of Destiny or Speaking Stone.<ref name=tara>Template:Cite book</ref> According to legend, all of the kings of Ireland were crowned on the stone up to Muirchertach mac Ercae, Template:Circa.

GeologyEdit

Archibald Geikie noted resemblances to the calcareous red sandstone of which the Stone of Scone is composed;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> it is not currently believed the stones originated from connected quarry sites.Template:Citation needed It has also been identified as a whitish granitoid.Template:Needs independent confirmation

Mythical originEdit

There are several different, and conflicting, legends in Irish mythology describing how the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is said to have been brought to Ireland.<ref name=skene>William Forbes Skene: The Coronation Stone. Edmonston & Douglas, 1869. p. 23</ref> The Lebor Gabala, dating to the eleventh century, states that it was brought in antiquity by the semi-divine race known as the Tuatha Dé Danann. The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} had travelled to the "Northern Isles" where they learned many skills and magic in its four cities Falias, Gorias, Murias and Findias. From there they travelled to Ireland bringing with them a treasure from each city – the four legendary treasures of Ireland. From Falias came the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. The other three treasures are the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or Sword of Light, the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or Spear of Lugh and the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or The Dagda's Cauldron.

Some Scottish chroniclers, such as John of Fordun and Hector Boece from the thirteenth century, treat the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} the same as the Stone of Scone in Scotland.<ref name=tara/> According to this account, the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} left Tara in AD 500 when the High King of Ireland Murtagh MacEirc loaned it to his great-uncle, Fergus (later known as Fergus the Great) for the latter's coronation in Scotland. Fergus's sub-kingdom, Dalriada, had by this time expanded to include the north-east part of Ulster and parts of western Scotland. Not long after Fergus's coronation in Scotland, he and his inner circle were caught in a freak storm off the County Antrim coast in which all perished. The stone remained in Scotland, which is why Murtagh MacEirc is recorded in history as the last Irish King to be crowned on it.

However, historian William Forbes Skene commented: "It is somewhat remarkable that while the Scottish legend brings the stone at Scone from Ireland, the Irish legend brings the stone at Tara from Scotland."<ref name=skene/>

The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, recording a tradition from early Irish literature and echoing ancient legends, reports that Lia Fáil would roar in the presence of a false king pretending to hold dominion in Ireland.<ref>Book of Leister pp. 9–13.</ref>

Mythical powersEdit

The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was thought to be magical: when the rightful High King of Ireland put his feet on it, the stone was said to roar in joy.<ref name=tara/> The stone is also credited with the power to rejuvenate the king and also to endow him with a long reign. According to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Cúchulainn split it with his sword when it failed to cry out under his protégé, Lugaid Riab nDerg — from then on it never cried out again, except under Conn of the Hundred Battles<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and according to legend, at the coronation of Brian Boru in 1002.

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}Edit

Template:Redirect

The stone was originally called Fál, a word of obscure meaning;<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> the Dictionary of the Irish Language distinguishes this word from five homonyms in Old Irish and Middle Irish, whose meanings cluster respectively around "barrier", "chieftain", "abundance", "learning", and "valley".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} — the six homonyms are labelled "1 fál" to "6 fál", with the stone being "5 fál".</ref> It is from this stone the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} metonymically named Ireland {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("island of Fál"), and from this {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} became an ancient name for Ireland.<ref name=tara/> The stone in turn by reverse metonymy was named {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "[Standing] Stone of Ireland". {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} appears as a synonym for {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in some Irish romantic and nationalist poetry in English in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; Aubrey Thomas de Vere's 1863 poem {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is an example.

The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} [warrior-band] of the Fenian Cycle, though usually simply "the Fianna", was sometimes poetically called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "Fianna of Ireland". Hence {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was a sobriquet for modern Irish nationalist militias; for the Irish Volunteers it was an Irish-language alternative to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and the initials "FF" used on their cap badge have been retained on that of the current Irish Army. In {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ["The Soldier's Song"], the republic's national anthem, the opening "Soldiers are We" is translated "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}". For similar reasons, Fianna Fáil is the name of a major political party in the republic.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The identification of the Lia Fáil with the Scottish "Stone of Destiny" has fostered the idea that "Fá[i]l" means "[of] Destiny", and hence {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is rendered "Soldiers of Destiny".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

VandalismEdit

Sometime in June 2012, the stone was damaged by a hammer in 11 places.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was vandalised again in May 2014 when green and red paint was poured on the stone covering at least 50% of its surface.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The stone was vandalised again c. 6–7 February 2023 when the word "Fake" was spray painted on the stone.<ref>'Mindless vandalism' at Hill of Tara condemned RTÉ News, 2023-02-08.</ref><ref>Vandalism of Hill of Tara standing stone a ‘desecration’ The Irish Times, 2023-02-07.</ref>

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

External linksEdit

Template:Sister project

Template:Celtic mythology (Mythological)